The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes

International SportMed Journal

Volumn 10, Issue 3, 2009, Pages

  Ljungqvist, Arne ^a   Jenoure, Peter ^b   Engebretsen, Lars ^c   Alonso, Juan Manuel ^d   Bahr, Roald ^e   Clough, Anthony ^f   de Bondt, Guido ^g   Dvorak, Jiri ^h   Maloley, Robert ⁱ   Matheson, Gordon ^j   Meeuwisse, Willem ^k   Meijboom, Erik ^l   Mountjoy, Margo ^m   Pelliccia, Antonio ⁿ   Schwellnus, Martin ^o   Sprumont, Dominique ^p   Schamasch, Patrick ^a   Gauthier, Jean Benoît ^a   Dubi, Christophe ^a   Stupp, Howard ^a   Thill, Christian ^a   more..

^a International Olympic Committee   (Switzerland)

^b Sports Medicine   (Switzerland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^d AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF MADRID   (Spain)

^e NORWEGIAN SCHOOL OF SPORT SCIENCES   (Norway)

^f UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^g Belgian Olympic and Interfederal Committee (BOIC)   (Belgium)

^h SCHULTHESS CLINIC   (Switzerland)

ⁱ PrivIT Healthcare Inc   (Canada)

^j STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^l LAUSANNE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

^m UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

ⁿ Italian National Olympic Committee   (Italy)

^o SOUTH AFRICAN MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^p UNIVERSITY OF NEUCHÂTEL   (Switzerland)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70350042192     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15283356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Sarna S, Sahi T, Koskenvuo M, et al. Increased life expectancy of world class athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 25: 237-244.
2. Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J et al. Hospital care in later life among former world-class Finnish athletes. JAMA 1996; 276: 216-220.
3. Junge A, Langevoort G, Pipe A, et al. Injuries in team sport tournaments during the 2004 Olympic Games. Am J Sports Med 2006 Apr;34(4):565-576.
4. Junge A, Engebretsen L, Alonso JM, et al. Injury surveillance in multi-sport events: the International Olympic Committee approach. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42:413-421
5. Wingfield K, Matheson G, Meeuwisse WH. Preparticipation evaluation: An evidence-based review. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14(3): 109-122.
6. Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease. Public Health Papers No. 34, WHO, Geneva, 1968.
7. Bahr R, Enegebretsen L (Eds.). IOC Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science -Sports Injury Prevention. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
8. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, et al. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003; 42:1959-1963.
9. Maron, BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. New Engl J Med 2003; 349:1064-1075.
10. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, et al. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young athletes. New Engl J Med 1998; 339:364-369.
11. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, et al. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA 2006; 296:1593?.
12. Corrado D, McKenna WJ. Appropriate interpretation of the athlete's electrocardiogram saves lives as well as money. Eur Heart J 2007; 28:1920-1922.
13. Lawless C, Best TM. Electrocardiograms in athletes: Interpretation and diagnostic accuracy. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2008; 40:787-798.
14. Bille K, Figueras D, Schamasch P, et al. Sudden cardiac death in athletes: The Lausanne recommendations. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006; 13:859-875.
15. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: Proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26:516-524.
16. Chaitman BR. An electrocardiogram should not be included in routine preparticipation screening of young athletes. Circulation. 2007; 116:2610-2615.
17. Myerburg RJ, Vetter VL. Electrocardiograms should be included in preparticipation screening of athletes. Circulation. 2007; 116:2616-2627.
18. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, et al. Pre-participation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52:1981-1989.
19. Sofi F, Capalbo, Pucci N, et al, Cardiovascular evaluation, including resting and exercise electrocardiography, before participation in competitive sports: Cross-sectional study. BMJ 2008; 337:a346.
20. Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, et al. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2007 May 1; 115(17): 2358-2368
21. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. 36th Bethesda Conference: Eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2005 45, 2-64.
22. Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease. A Consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology, and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1422-1445.
23. Biffi A, Maron BJ, Verdile L, et al. Impact of physical deconditioning on ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 44:1053-1058.
24. Pelliccia A, Zipes DP, Maron BJ. Bethesda Conference #36 and the European Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations revisited a comparison of US and European criteria for eligibility and disqualification of competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008; 52:1990-1996
25. Beckerman J, Wang P, Hlatky M. Cardiovascular screening of athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14: 127-133.
26. Garrick JG. Preparticipation orthopedic screening evaluation. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14: 123-126.
27. McCrory P. Preparticipation assessment for head injury. Clin J Sport Med 2004;14: 139-144.
28. Fallon KE. Utility of hematological and iron-related screening in elite athletes. Clin. J. Sport Med. 2004; 14:145-152.
29. Holzer K, Brukner P. Screening of athletes for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Clin. J Sport Med 2004; 14: 134-138.
30. Rumball JS, Lebrun CM. Preparticipation physical examination: selected issues for the female athlete. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14: 153-160.
31. Derman W. Medical care of the South African Olympic team - The Sydney 2000 experience. SAJSM 2003; Dec: 22-25.
32. Derman W. Profile of medical and injury consultations of Team South Africa during the XXVIIIth Olympiad, Athens 2004. SAJSM 2008; 20: 72-76.
33. Grissom CK, Finnoff JT, Murdock DC, et al. Nordic venue medical services during the 2002 Winter Olympics. J Emerg. Med 2006; 30: 203-210.
34. Wetterhall SF, Coulombier DM, Herndon JM, et al. Medical care delivery at the 1996 Olympic Games. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Olympics Surveillance Unit. JAMA 1998; 279: 1463-1468.
35. Rifat SF, Ruffin MT, Gorenflo DW. Disqualifying criteria in a preparticipation sports evaluation. J Fam Pract. 1995; 41: 42-50.
36. Lively MW. Preparticipation physical examinations: A collegiate experience. Clin. J Sport Med 1999; 9: 3-8.
37. Joy EA, Paisley TS, Price R, Jr, et al. Optimizing the collegiate preparticipation physical evaluation. Clin. J Sport Med 2004; 14: 183-187.
38. Batt ME, Jaques R, Stone M. Preparticipation examination (screening): Practical issues as determined by sport: A United Kingdom perspective. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14: 178-182.
39. Brukner P, White S, Shawdon A, et al. Screening of athletes: Australian experience. Clin J Sport Med 2004; 14: 169-177.
40. Fuller CW, Ojelade EO, Taylor A. Preparticipation medical evaluation in professional sport in the UK: Theory or practice? Br. J Sports Med 2007; 41: 890-896.
41. Constantini N, Mann G. Preparticipation examination: The Israeli perspective. Clin. J Sport Med 2005; 15: 111-112.
42. Nichols AW, Buxton BP, Ho KW. Pre-participation examination: a new form for Hawaii. Hawaii Med J 1995; 54: 434-438.
43. Fitch KD, Sue-Chu M, Anderson SD, et al. Asthma and the elite athlete: Summary of the International Olympic Committee's consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008. J Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2008; 122: 254-260.
44. Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: Epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy 2008; 63: 387-403.
45. Cummiskey J, Carlsen K, Kim K, et al. Sports Pulmonology. In: Schwellnus MP (Ed.). The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, pp 268-301
46. Gropper SS, Blessing D, Dunham K, et al. Iron status of female collegiate athletes involved in different sports. Biol Trace Elem Res 2006; 109: 1-14.
47. Sinclair LM, Hinton PS. Prevalence of iron deficiency with and without anemia in recreationally active men. J Am Diet Assoc 2005; 105: 975-978.
48. Fallon KE. Screening for haematological and iron-related abnormalities in elite athletes: Analysis of 576 cases. J Sci Med Sport 2008; 11: 329-336.
49. Eliakim A, Nemet D, Constantini N. Screening blood tests in members of the Israeli National Olympic team. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2002; 42: 250-255.
50. Rietjens GJ, Kuipers H, Hartgens F, et al. Red blood cell profile of elite Olympic distance triathletes: A three-year follow-up. Int. J. Sports Med. 2002; 23: 391-396.
51. Di Santolo M, Stel G, Banfi G, et al. Anemia and iron status in young fertile non-professional female athletes. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol 2008; 102: 703-709.
52. Schumacher YO, Jankovits R, Bultermann D, et al. Hematological indices in elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2002; 12: 301-308.
53. Dubnov G, Foldes AJ, Mann G, et al. High prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia in female military recruits. Mil Med 2006; 171: 866-869.
54. Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, et al. Patterns of allergic reactivity and disease in Olympic athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2006; 16: 401-405.
55. Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, et al. A springtime Olympics demands special consideration for allergic athletes. J Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2000; 106: 260-266.
56. Katelaris CH. Allergy and athletes. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001; 1: 397-398.
57. Hawarden D, Baker S, Toerien A, et al. Aero-allergy in South African Olympic athletes. S Afr Med J 2002; 92:355-356.
58. Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in elite athletes: optimal management for quality of life and performance. Sports Med 2003; 33: 401-406.
59. Gleeson M. Immune system adaptation in elite athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2006; 9: 659-665.
60. Ekblom B, Ekblom O, Malm C. Infectious episodes before and after a marathon race. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16: 287-293.
61. Schwellnus MP, Jeans A, Motaung S, et al. Exercise and infections. In: Schwellnus MP (Ed.). The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008, pp 344-364.
62. Luke A, d'Hemecourt P. Prevention of infectious diseases in athletes. Clin. Sports Med. 2007; 26: 321-344.
63. Pirozzolo JJ, LeMay DC. Blood-borne infections. Clin. Sports Med. 2007; 26: 425-431.
64. Malm C. Susceptibility to infections in elite athletes: The S-curve. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2006; 16: 4-6.
65. Adams BB. Dermatology. In: Schwellnus MP (Ed.). The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2008, pp 326-343.
66. Adams BB. Dermatologic disorders of the athlete. Sports Med 2002; 32: 309-321.
67. Adams BB. Skin infections in sport. ISMJ 2003; 4: Available at URL: http://www.ismj.com
68. Rayner B, Schwellnus MP. Exercise and the kidney. In: Schwellnus MP (Ed.). The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2008, pp 375-389.
69. Schwellnus MP, Wright J. Gastrointestinal system and exercise: A clinical approach to gastrointestinal problems in athletes. In: Schwellnus MP (Ed.). The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2008, pp 365-374.
70. McCrory P. Neurologic problems in sport. In: Schwellnus MP (Ed.). The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2008, pp 412-428.
71. Tsitsimpikou C, Tsiokanos A, Tsarouhas K, et al. Medication use by athletes at the Athens 2004 Summer Olympic Games. Clin J Sport Med 2009; 19: 33-38.
72. Anderson JM, Trojian T, Kraemer WJ. Endocrinology. In: Schwellnus MP (Ed.). The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 2008, pp 302-325.
73. Carek PJ, Mainous AG, III. A thorough yet efficient exam identifies most problems in school athletes. J. Fam. Pract. 2003; 52: 127-134.
74. Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. Summary and Agreement Statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Clin J Sports Med 2002;12 (1): 6-11.
75. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006; 21: 375-378.
76. United States of America Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Non-fatal sports- and recreation-related traumatic brain injuries treated in emergency departments - United States, 2001- 2005. MMWR. 2007; 56(29); 733-737.
77. Browne GT, Lam LT. Concussive head injury in children and adolescents related to sports and other leisure physical activities. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40: 163?.
78. Guskiewicz KM, Weaver NL, Padua DA, et al. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med 2000; 28: 643-650.
79. rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Clin J Sport Med 2009; 19 (3): 185-200.
80. Fasel R. Analysis of pathological and therapeutic services at the Olympic games with special attention to the oral health of athletes. Doctorate thesis. Univ Barcelona, 2008.
81. Levin l, Gili R, Samorodnitzky DM. Self assessed dental status, oral behaviour, DMF, and dental anxiety. J Dent Educ 2005; 69(12):1385-1389.
82. th ed. 1997, pp.40-47.
83. Sirimaharaj V, Meserr LB, Morgan M. Acidic diet and dental erosion among athletes. Aust Dent J 2008; 7(3):228-236.
84. Vasan N. An in vitro examination of the erosive potential of 3 popular sports drinks on human enamel. MDSc thesis. Univ. Melbourne,1998.
85. Milosevic A. Sports drinks a hazard to health Br J Sp Med 1997; 31: 28-30.
86. Milosevic A. Tooth surface loss; eating disorders and the dentist. BDJ 1999; 186:109-113.
87. rd molars alter the risk for mandibular fracture? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 60(5): 514-518.
88. Yamada T, Sawaki Y, Tomida S, et al. Oral injury and mouthguard use by athletes in Japan. Endodod Dent Traum 1998; 14: 84-87.
89. Kvittem B, Hardie N, Roettger M, et al. Incidence of orofacial injury in high school sport J Pub Health Dent 1998; 58: 288-293.
90. Burden DJ, An investigation of the association between overjet size, lip coverage, and traumatic injury to maxillary incisors. Eur J Orth 1995; 17: 513-517.
91. Andrade R A, Evans PLS, Almeida ALS, et al. Prevalence of dental trauma in Para-Pan American Games athletes. 2008, Conference presentation, 3 July.
92. rd molar a risk factor for mandibular angle fracture? Oral Med Oral Surg Oral Path Endod 2000; 89(2):143-146.
93. Schwimmer A, Stern R, Kritchman D. Impacted third molars: A contributing factor in mandibular fractures in contact sports. Am J Sports Med 1983; 11:262-266.
94. Kerr L. Dental problems in athletes. Clin Sports Med 1983; 2(1): 115-122.
95. Croll TP, Castaldi CR, Customised protective mouthguards for orthodontic patients. J Clin Dent 1996; 30: 15-19.
96. Standards Australia. Guidelines for the fabrication, use and maintenance of sports mouthguards. (HB209-2003) SAI Global 2003, pp.1-7.
97. Cornwell H, Dental trauma due to sport in the paediatric patient. CDA 2005; 33: 457-470.
98. Badel T, Jerolimov V, Panduric J, et al. Custom made mouthguards and the prevention of orofacial injuries in sports. Act Med Croatica 2007; 61: Supp 1; 9-14.
99. International Olympic Committee 2008. Official report from Beijing.
100. Nattiv A, Loucks A, Manore M et al. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand: The female athlete triad. Med Sci in Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1867-1882.
101. Peeling P, Dawson B, Goodman C, et al. Athletic induced iron deficiency: New insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:381-391.
102. Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit M. Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clin J. Sport Med 2004; 14:25?.
103. Byrne S, Mclean N. Elite athletes: effects of the pressure to be thin. J Sci Med Sport 2002; 5: 80?.
104. Dusek T. Influence of high intensity training on menstrual cycle disorders in athletes. Croat Med J 2001; 42:79?.
105. Bachmann G, Kemmann E. Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in a college population. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 144: 98?.
106. Sanborn C, Martin B, Wagner W. Is athletic amenorrhea specific to runners? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982; 143:859?.
107. Torstveit M, Sundgot-Borgen J. Participation in leanness sports but not training volume is associated with menstrual dysfunction: A national survey of 1276 elite athletes and controls. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39: 141-147.
108. Baker R, Mathur R, Kirk R, et al. Female runners and secondary amenorrhea: correlation with age, parity, mileage, and plasma hormonal and sex-hormone binding globulin concentrations. Fertil Steril 1981; 36:183?.
109. Beals K, Manore M. Disorders of the female athlete triad among collegiate athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2002; 12: 281?.
110. Chumlea W, Schubert C, Roche A, et al. Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls. Pediatrics 2003; 111: 110?.
111. Khan K, Liu-Ambrose T, Sran M, et al. New criteria for female athlete triad syndrome? As osteoporosis is rare, should osteopenia be among the criteria for defining the female athlete triad syndrome? Br J Sports Med 2002; 36:10?.
112. Bennell K, Matheson G, Meeuwisse W, et al. Risk factors for stress fractures. Sports Med 1999; 28: 91?.
113. Carter J, Steward D, Fairburn C. Eating disorder examination questionnaire: norms for young adolescent girls. Behav Res Ther 2001; 39: 625-632.
114. Passi V, Bryson S, Lock J. Assessment of eating disorders in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: Self-report questionnaire versus interview. Int J Eat Disord 2003: 33 (1): 45-54.
115. Wolk S, Loeb K, Walsh T. Assessment of patients with anorexia nervosa: interview versus self-report. Int J Eat Disord. 2005: 37 (2): 92-99.
116. Luck A, Morgan J, Reid F, et al. The SCOFF questionnaire and clinical interview for eating disorders in general practice: comparative study. BMJ 2002; 325: 755-756.
117. Morgan J, Reid F, Lacey J. The SCOFF questionnaire: Assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ 1999: 319: 1467-1468.
118. Cotton A, Ball C, Robinson P. Four Simple Questions Can Help Screen for Eating Disorders. J Gen Intern Med 2003: 18:53-56.
119. Barrack M, Rauh M, Barkai H, et al. Dietary restraint and low bone mass in female adolescent endurance runners. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87 (1): 36-43.
120. rd Ed. McGraw Hill, 2005, pp. 93-94.
121. Meeuwisse WH, Matheson GO, Wroble R. Prevalence of positive responses on sports preparticipation screening in Ohio students. Clin J Sport Med 2003: 13(6), 381.
122. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 Update. Circulation 2007;115:1643-1655.