Upscaling as ecological information transfer: A simple framework with application to Arctic ecosystem carbon exchange

Landscape Ecology

Volumn 24, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 971-986

  Stoy, Paul C ^a   Williams, Mathew ^a   Disney, Mathias ^b   Prieto Blanco, Ana ^b   Huntley, Brian ^c   Baxter, Robert ^c   Lewis, Philip ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^c DURHAM UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Abisko; Information content; Information theory; Leaf area index; Net ecosystem exchange; Normalized difference vegetation index; Skew normal distribution; Tundra; Upscaling; Wavelet decomposition

Indexed keywords

ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON SINK; ERROR ANALYSIS; INFORMATION SYSTEM; LEAF AREA INDEX; NDVI; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTION; TUNDRA; WAVELET;

ABISKO; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORRBOTTEN; NORTHERN EUROPE; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN;

EID: 70350028353     PISSN: 09212973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10980-009-9367-3     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Akaike H (1974) A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans Automat Contr 19:716-723. doi:10.1109/TAC.1974.1100705.
2. Azzalini A (1985) A class of distributions which includes the normal ones. Scand J Stat 12:171-178.
3. Boegh E, Soegaard H, Broge N, Hasager CB, Jensen NO, Schelde K (2002) Airborne multispectral data for quantifying leaf area index, nitrogen concentration and photosynthetic efficiency in agriculture. Remote Sens Environ 81:179-193. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00342-X.
4. Boelman NT et al (2003) Response of NDVI, biomass, and ecosystem gas exchange to long-term warming and fertilization in wet sedge tundra. Oecologia 135:414-421.
5. Brunsell NA, Young CB (2007) Land surface response to precipitation events using MODIS and NEXRAD data. Int J Remote Sens 29:1965-1982. doi:10.1080/01431160701373747.
6. Brunsell NA, Ham JM, Owensby CE (2008) Assessing the multi-resolution information content of remotely sensed variables and elevation for evapotranspiration in a tall-grass prairie environment. Remote Sens Environ 112:2977-2987. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.02.002.
7. Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach, 2nd edn. Springer, New York.
8. Chang SG, Yu B, Vetterli M (1997) Image denoising via lossy compression and wavelet thresholding. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Image Processing, Santa Barbara.
9. Chen K, Blong R (2002) Integrating remotely sensed images and areal census data for building new models across scales. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2002. IGARSS '02. 2002 IEEE International vol 4, pp. 2385-2387.
10. Clark JS (2005) Why environmental scientists are becoming Bayesians. Ecol Lett 8:2-14. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00702.x.
11. Enquist BJ, Economo EP, Huxman TE, Allen AP, Ignace DD, Gillooly JF (2003) Scaling metabolism from organisms to ecosystems. Nature 423:639-642. doi:10.1038/nature01671.
12. Enquist BJ, Kerkhoff AJ, Stark SC, Swenson NG, McCarthy MC, Price CA (2007) A general integrative model for scaling plant growth, carbon flux and functional trait spectra. Nature 449:218-222. doi:10.1038/nature06061.
13. Fox AM, Huntley B, Lloyd CR, Williams M, Baxter R (2008) Net ecosystem exchange over heterogeneous Arctic tundra: scaling between chamber and eddy covariance measurements. J Geophys Res 22:GB2027.
14. Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan S, Daube BC, Wofsy S (1996) Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Glob Change Biol 2:169-182. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00070.x.
15. Jiang Z et al (2006) Analysis of NDVI and scaled difference vegetation index retrievals of vegetation fraction. Remote Sens Environ 101:366-378. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.003.
16. Jiang Z, Huete AR, Didan K, Miura T (2008) Development of a two-band enhanced vegetation index without a blue band. Remote Sens Environ 112:3833-3845. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.006.
17. Kessler MA, Werner BT (2003) Self-organization of sorted patterned ground. Science 299:380-383. doi:10.1126/science.1077309.
18. Kolaczyk ED, Ju J, Gopal S (2005) Multiscale, multigranular statistical image segmentation. J Am Stat Assoc 100:1358-1369. doi:10.1198/016214505000000385.
19. Krantz WB (1990) Self-organization manifest as patterned ground in recurrently frozen soils. Earth Sci Rev 29:117-130.
20. Kullback S (1997) Information theory and statistics, 2nd edn. Dover Publications, Mineola.
21. Kullback S, Leibler RA (1951) On information and sufficiency. Ann Math Stat 22:79-86. doi:10.1214/aoms/1177729694.
22. Laurance WF (2000) Do edge effects occur over large spatial scales. Trends Ecol Evol 15:134-135. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)01838-3.
23. Liang S (2001) Numerical experiments on spatial scaling of land surface albedo and leaf area index. Remote Sens Rev 19:225-242.
24. Liu X, Kafatos M (2005) Land-cover mixing and spectral vegetation indices. Int J Remote Sens 26:3321-3327. doi:10.1080/01431160500056907.
25. MacArthur R (1955) Fluctuations of animal populations, and a measure of community stability. Ecology 36:533-536. doi:10.2307/1929601.
26. Mandal MK, Panchanathan S, Aboulnasr T (1996) Choice of wavelets for image compression. LNCS 1133:239-249.
27. Moncrieff JB, Mahli Y, Leuning R (1996) The propagation of errors in long-term measurements of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water. Glob Change Biol 2:231-240. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00075.x.
28. O'Neill RV, Rust B (1979) Aggregation error in ecological models. Ecol Model 7:91-105. doi:10.1016/0304-3800(79)90001-2.
29. Ogle K, Barber JJ (2008) Bayesian data-model integration in plant physiological and ecosystem ecology. In: Lüttge U, Beyschlag W, Murata J (eds) Progress in botany, vol 69. Springer, Berlin.
30. Pelgrum H (2000) Aggregation of a nonlinear land surface model for heterogeneous terrain. In: Owe M, Brubaker K, Ritchie J, Rango A (eds) Remote sensing and hydrology, vol 267. IAHS, Santa Fe, pp 181-186.
31. Quaife T et al (2008) Assimilating canopy reflectance data into an ecosystem model with an ensemble Kalman filter. Remote Sens Environ 112:1347-1364. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2007.05.020.
32. Rastetter EB, King AW, Cosby BJ, Hornberger GM, O'Neill RV, Hobbie JE (1992) Aggregating fine-scale ecological knowledge to model coarser-scale attributes of ecosystems. Ecol Appl 2:55-70. doi:10.2307/1941889.
33. Reza FM (1994) An introduction to information theory. Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, pp. 496.
34. Rocha AV, Shaver GR (2009) Advantages of a two band EVI calculated from solar and photosynthetically active radiation fluxes. Agric For Meteorol. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.03.016.
35. Schwarz G (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat 6:461-464. doi:10.1214/aos/1176344136.
36. Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379-423 and 623-656.
37. 2 flux in heterogeneous tundra landscapes in Alaska and Sweden. J Ecol 95:802-817. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01259.x.
38. Spadavecchia L, Williams M, Bell R, Stoy PC, Huntley B, van Wijk MT (2008) Topographic controls on the leaf area index of a Fennoscandian tundra ecosystem. J Ecol 96:1238-1251. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01424.x.
39. Stoy PC, Katul GG, Siqueira MBS, Juang J-Y, Novick KA, Oren R (2006) An evaluation of methods for partitioning eddy covariance-measured net ecosystem exchange into photosynthesis and respiration. Agric For Meteorol 141:2-18. doi:10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.09.001.
40. Stoy PC et al. (2009) Using information theory to determine optimum pixel size and shape for ecological studies: application to leaf area index aggregation in arctic ecosystems. Ecosystems 12:574-589.
41. Street LE, Shaver GR, Williams M, van Wijk MT (2007) What is the relationship between changes in canopy leaf area and changes in photosynthetic CO2 flux in arctic ecosystems? J Ecol 95:139-150. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01187.x.
42. Turner MG (1989) Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 20:171-197. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131.
43. Ulanowicz RE (1980) An hypothesis on the development of natural communities. J Theor Biol 85:223-245. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(80)90019-3.
44. Ulanowicz RE (2001) Information theory in ecology. Comput Chem 25:393-399. doi:10.1016/S0097-8485(01)00073-0.
45. van Wijk MT, Williams M (2005) Optical instruments for measuring leaf area index in low vegetation: application in arctic ecosystems. Ecol Appl 15:1462-1470. doi:10.1890/03-5354.
46. Verstraete M, Pinty B (1996) Designing optimal spectral indexes for remote sensing applications. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 34:1254-1265. doi:10.1109/36.536541.
47. Verstraete M, Pinty B, Myneni RB (1996) Potential and limitations of information extraction on the terrestrial biosphere from satellite remote sensing. Remote Sens Environ 58:201-214. doi:10.1016/S0034-4257(96)00069-7.
48. Walker DA, Auerbach NA, Lewis BE, Shippert MM (1995) NDVI, biomass, and landscape evolution of glaciated terrain in northern Alaska. Polar Rec (Gr Brit) 31:169-178.
49. West GB, Brown JH, Enquist BJ (1997) A general model for the origin of allometric scaling laws in biology. Science 276:122-126. doi:10.1126/science.276.5309.122.
50. Williams M, Schwarz PA, Law B, Irvine J, Kurpius MR (2005) An improved analysis of forest carbon dynamics using data assimilation. Glob Change Biol 11:89-105. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00891.x.
51. Williams M, Bell R, Spadavecchia L, Street LE, van Wijk MT (2008) Upscaling leaf area index in an Arctic landscape through multi-scale observations. Glob Change Biol 14:1517-1530. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01590.x.