Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorders: Association with adhd

Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 193-224

  Gingras, Jeannine L ^a   Gaultney, Jane F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349978634     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.3109/9781420048087-19     Document Type: Chapter

References (107)

1. García-Borreguero d, Egatz R, Winkelmann J, et al. Epidemiology of "restless legs syndrome" The current status. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:153-67.
2. Walters AS, Hickey K, Maltzman J, et al. A questionnaire study of 138 patients with restless legs syndrome: The "night walkers" survey. Neurol 1996; 46:92-5.
3. Montplaisir J, Boucher Boucher S, Poirier G, et al. Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: A study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov Disord 1997; 12:61-5.
4. Ekbom KA. Restless legs: A clinical study. Acta Med Scand 1945; 158(suppl):1-122. Walters AS. Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome. Mov Disord 1995; 5:634-42.
5. Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: Diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med 2003; 4:101-19.
6. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders, 2nd edn Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Westchester, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005: Pp. 178-81.
7. Hening WA. Restless legs syndrome: The most common and least diagnosed sleep disorder. Sleep Med 2004; 5:429-30.
8. Montplaisisir J, Michaud M, Petit D. New trends in restless legs syndrome research. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:147-51.
9. Picchietti D, Allen RP, Walters AS, et al. Restless legs syndrome: Prevalence and impact in children and adolescents. The Peds REST Study. Pediatr 2007; 120:253-66.
10. Winkelmann J, Ferini-Strambi L. Genetic of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:179-83.
11. Merlino G, Fratticci L, Valente M, et al. Association of restless legs syndrome in Type 2 diabetes: A case-control study. Sleep 2007; 30(7):866-71.
12. Happe S, Treptau N, Ziegler R, et al. Restless legs syndrome and sleep problems in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type 1. Neuropediatr 2005; 36:98-103.
13. Allen R, Earley C. Restless legs syndrome: A review of clinical and pathophysiologic features. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18:128-47.
14. International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group rating scale for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2003; 4:121-32.
15. Kotagal S, Silber MH. Childhood-onset restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 2004; 56:803-7.
16. Walters AS, Picchietti DL, Ehrenberg BL, et al. Restless legs syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Pediatr Neurol 1994; 11:241-5.
17. Mindell JA, Owens JA. Resltess Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movment Disorder. In: Mindell JA, Owens JA, eds A Clinical Guide to Pediatric Sleep: Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Problems. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003: Pp. 123-34.
18. Ekbom KA. Growing pains and restless legs. Acta Pediatr Scand 1975; 64:264-6.
19. Rajaram S, Walters AS, England S, et al. Some children with growing pains may actually have restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004; 27:767-73.
20. Walters AS. Is there a subpopulation of children with growing pains who really have restless legs syndrome? A review of the literature. Sleep Med 2002; 3:93-8.
21. Mindell JA, Owens JA. AppendixD: Screening Questionnaire for Restless Legs Syndrome. In: Mindell JA, Owens JA, eds A Clinical Guide to Pediatric Sleep: Diagnosis and Management of Sleep Problems. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2003: Pp. 230-321.
22. Michaud M, Paquet J, Lavigne G, et al. Sleep laboratory diagnosis of restless legs syndrome. Eur Neurol 2002; 48:108-13.
23. Picchietti D, Winkelman JW. Restless legs syndrome: Periodic limb movements in sleep and depression. Sleep 2005; 28(7):891-8.
24. Walters AS, Lavigne G, Hening W, et al. The scoring of movements in sleep. J Clin Sleep Med 2007; 3(2):155-67.
25. American Sleep Disorder Association (ASDA). Atlas task force of the American Sleep Disorders Association. Recording and scoring leg movements. Sleep 1993; 16:748-59.
26. Coleman RM, Pollak CP, Wertzman ED. Periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclonus): Relation to sleep disorders. Ann Neurol 1980; 8:416-21.
27. Pennestri M-H, Whittom S, Adam B, et al. PLMS and PLMW in healthy subjects as a function of age: Prevalence and interval distribution. Sleep 2006; 29 (9):1183-7.
28. Michaud M, Poirier GG, Lavigne, et al. Restless legs syndrome: Scoring criteria for leg movement recorded during the suggested immobilization test. Sleep Med 2001; 2:317-21.
29. Pollmacher T, Schulz H. Periodic leg movements (PLM): Their relationship to sleep stages. Sleep 1993; 16(6):572-7.
30. Symonds CP. Nocturnal myoclonus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1953; 16:166-171.
31. Lugaresi E, Coccagna G, Mantovani M, et al. Some periodic phenomena arising during drowsiness and sleep in man. Electoencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972; 32:701-5.
32. Coleman RM. Periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclonus) and restless legs syndrome. In: Guilleminault C, ed. Sleep and waking disorders: Indications and techniques. Menlo Park, CA: Addison Wesley, 1982: Pp. 265-95.
33. Zucconi M, Ferri R, Allen R, et al. The official world association of sleep medicine (WASM) standards for recording and scoring periodic leg movements in sleep (PLMS) and wakefulness (PLMW) developed in collaboration with a task force from the International restless legs syndrome study group (IRLSSG). Sleep Med 2006; 7(2):175-83.
34. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders, 2nd edn Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Westchester, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005: Pp. 187-8.
35. Carrier J, Frenette S, Montplaisir J, et al. Effects of periodic leg movements during sleep in middle-aged subjects without sleep complaints. Mov Disord 2005; 20(9):1127-32.
36. Haba-Rubio J, Staner L, Krieger J, et al. What is the clinical significance of periodic limb movements during sleep? Neurophysiol Clin 2004; 34:293-300.
37. Hog B. Periodic limb movements are associated with disturbed sleep. J Clin Sleep Med 2007; 3(1):12-14.
38. Mahowald M. Periodic limb movements are not associated with disturbed sleep. J Clin Sleep Med 2007; 3(1):15-17.
39. Picchietti D. Periodic limb movements in sleep: Irrelevant epiphenomenon, marker for a potential problem, or a disorder? J Clin Sleep Med 2006; 2(4):446-7.
40. Montgomery-Downs HE, O'Brien LM, Gulliver TE, et al. Polysomnographic characteristics in normal preschool and early school-aged children. Pediatr 2006; 117(3):741-53.
41. O'Brien LM, Holbrook CR, Jones VF, et al. Ethnic difference in periodic limb movements in children. Sleep Med 2007; 8:240-6.
42. Godbout R, Bergeron C, Limoges E, et al. A laboratory study of sleep in Asperger's syndrome. Neuroreport 2000; 11(1):127-30.
43. Arens R, Wright B, Elliott J, et al. Periodic limb movement in sleep in children with Williams syndrome. J Pediatr 1998; 133:670-4.
44. Tayag-Kier CE, Keenan GF, Scalzi LV, et al. Sleep and periodic limb movement in sleep in juvenile fibromyalgia. Pediatr 2000; 106(5):e70.
45. Picchietti DL, England SJ, Walters AS, et al. Periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1998; 13(12):588-94.
46. Picchietti DL, Walters AS. Moderate to severe periodic limb movement disorder in childhood and adolescence. Sleep 1999; 22(3):297-300.
47. Crabtree VM, Ivanenko A, O'Brien LM, et al. Periodic limb movement disorder of sleep in children. J Sleep Res 2003; 12(1):73-81.
48. Gaultney JF, Gingras JL, Merchant K. Does a periodic limb movement index (PLMI) > 5 uniquely define periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) in children? Sleep 2006, 29 (abstract supplement), A89.
49. Gingras JL, Gaultney JK, Merchant K. Clinical Presentation, daytime sequelae among children with periodic limb movement disorder and sleep disrupted breathing: A comparative study. Sleep 2006; 29 (abstract supplement):A90.
50. VG Bohn S. Periodic limb movements in children: Prevalence in a referred population. Sleep 2004; 27(2):313-15.
51. Picchietti D, Stevens HE. Early manifestation of restless legs syndrome in childhood and adolescents. Sleep Med 2007; in press.
52. Hornyak M, Kopasz M, Feige B, et al. Variability of periodic leg movements in various sleep disorders: Implications of clinical and pathophysiologic studies. Sleep 2005; 28(3):331-5.
53. Mosko SS, Dickel MJ, Ashurst J. Night-to-night variability in sleep apnea and sleep in sleep-related periodic leg movements in the elderly. Sleep 1988; 11:340-8.
54. Durmer J. "Pathophysiology of RLS and PLMD " presented in a Clinical Discussion " RLS and PLMD in Childhood: Current Diagnostic and Treatment Considerations. Gingras J, Ivanenko A, Co-Chairs. Panelests: Durmer J, Walters A, Picchietti D, Chervin R. Sleep 2006, Salt Lake City, Utah.
55. Ivanenko A, Crabtree VM, Gozal D. Sleep in children with psychiatric disorders. Pediatr Clin N Am 2004; 51(1):51-68.
56. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders, 2nd edn Diagnostic and Coding Manual. Westchester, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005: Pp. 213-15.
57. Paulus W, Schomburg E. Dopamine and the spinal cord in restless legs syndrome: Does spinal cord physiology reveal a basis for augmentation? Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:185-96.
58. Walters AS. Review of receptor agonist and antagonist studies relevant to the opiate system in restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med 2002; 3:301-4.
59. Elrich J, Treede RD. Concergence of nociceptive and non-nociceptive inputs onto spinal reflex pathways to the tibialis anterior muscle in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 1998; 163(4):391-401.
60. Bucher SS, Seelos KC, Oertel WH, et al. Cerebral generators involved in the pathogenesis of the restless legs syndrome. Ann Neurol 1997; 41:639-45.
61. Chesson AL Jr, Wise M, Davila D, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 1999; 22:961-8.
62. Littner MR, Kushida C, McDowell A, et al. Practice parameters for the dopaminergi treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep 2004; 27(3):557-9.
63. Vignatelli L, Billiard M, Clarenbach P, et al. EFNS guidelines on management of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in sleep. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13:1049-65.
64. Earley C, Heckler D, Allen R. The treatment of RLS with intravenous iron dextran. Sleep Med 2004; 5(3):231-5.
65. Sun ER, Chen CA, Ho G, et al. Iron and the restless legs syndrome. Sleep 1998; 21:371-7.
66. Simakajomboon N, Gozal D, Blasic V, et al. Peirdic limb movment in sleep and iron status in children. Sleep 2003; 26:735-8.
67. Kryger MH, Otake K, Foerster J. Low body stores of iron on restless legs syndrome: A correctable cause of insomnia in adolescents and teenagers. Sleep Med 2002; 3:127-32.
68. Owens JA. The ADHD and sleep conundrum: A review. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2005; 26:312-22.
69. Wiggs L, Montgomery P, Stores G. Actigraphic and parent reports of sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sleep 2005; 28:1437-45.
70. O'Brien LM, Holbrook CR, Mervis, CB, et al. Sleep and neurobehavioral characteristics of 5- to 7-year-old children with parentally reported symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr; 2003; 111(3):554-63.
71. Sangal RB, Owens JA, Sangal J. Patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without observed apneic episodes in sleep or daytime sleepiness have normal sleep on polysomnography. Sleep 2006; 28:1041-42.
72. Lecendreux M, Konofal E, Bouvard M, et al. Sleep and alertness in children with ADHD. J Child Psychol and Psychiat 2000; 41:803-12.
73. Aronen ET, Paavonen EJ, Fjallberg M, et al. Sleep and psychiatric symptoms in schoolage children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat 2000; 39:502-8.
74. Golan N, Shahar E, Ravid S, Pillar G. Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Sleep 2004; 27:261-6.
75. Chervin RD, Dillon JE, Bassetti C, et al. Symptoms of sleep disorders, inattention, and hyperactivity in children. Sleep 1997; 20:1185-92.
76. Chervin RD, Dillon JE., Archbold, KH, Ruzicka DL. Conduct problems and symptoms of sleep disorders in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat 2003; 42:201-8.
77. Sadeh A, Pergamin L, Bar-Haim Y. Sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:381-98.
78. Philipsen A, Hornyak M, Riemann D. Sleep and sleep disorders in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:399-405.
79. Wagner ML, Walters AS, Fisher BC. Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with restless legs syndrome. Sleep 2004; 27:1499-504.
80. Gaultney JF, Terrell DF, Gingras JL. Parent-reported periodic limb movement, sleep disordered breathing, bedtime resistance behaviors, and ADHD. Behavi Sleep Med 2005; 3:32-43.
81. Crabtree VM, Ivanenko A, Gozal D. Clinical and parental assessment of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder referred to a pediatric sleep medicine center. Clin Pediatr 2003; 42:807-13.
82. Chervin RD, Archbold KH, Dillon JE, et al. Associations between symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, restless legs, and periodic leg movements. Sleep 2002; 25:213-18.
83. Picchietti DL, Underwood DJ, Farris WA. et al. Further studies on periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mov Disord 1999; 14:1000-7.
84. Lewin DS, Di Pinto M. Sleep disorders and ADHD: Shared and common phenotypes. Sleep 2004; 27:188-9.
85. Cortese S, Konofal E, Ledendreux M, et al. Restless legs syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A review of the literature. Sleep 2005; 28:1007-13.
86. Simakajornboon N. Periodic limb movement disorder in children. Paediatr Resp Rev 2006; 7:S55-S57.
87. Nieoullon, A. Dopamine and the regulation of cognition and attention. Prog Neurobiol 2002; 67:53-83.
88. Walters AS, Mandelbaum DE, Lewin DS, et al. Dopaminergic therapy in children with restless legs/periodic limb movements in sleep and ADHD. Dopaminergic Therapy Study Group. Pediatric Neurol 2000; 22:182-6.
89. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Arnulf I, Mouren MC. Iron deficiency in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr and Adolesc Med 2004; 158:1113-5.
90. Konofal E, Cortese S, Lecendreux M, et al. Effectiveness of iron supplementation in a young child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr 2005; 116:732-4.
91. Gaultney JF, Gingras JL. Cognitive and behavioral outcomes associated with insuffi-cient/disordered sleep among children. Talk presented at the American Association of SIDS Prevention Physicians meeting in Charlotte, NC, October 2006.
92. Ivanenko A, Crabtree VM., Gozal D. Sleep and depression in children and adolescents. Sleep Med Rev 2005; 9:115-29.
93. Ostrander R, Crystal DS, August G. Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, depression, and self- and other-assessments of social competence: A developmental study. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2006; 34:773-87.
94. Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu M, et al. EEG mapping, psychometric, and polysomno-graphic studies in restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) patients as compared with normal controls. Sleep Med 2002; 3:S35-S42.
95. Pearson VE, Allen RP, Dean, T, et al. Cognitive deficits associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Med 2006; 7:25-30.
96. Corkum P, Moldofsky H, Hogg-Johnson S, et al. Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication. Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat 1999; 38:1285-93.
97. Huang YS, Chen NH, Li HY, et al. Sleep disorders in Taiwanese children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Sleep Res 2004; 13:269-77.
98. Martinez S, Guilleminault C. Periodic leg movements in prepubertal children with sleep disturbance. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004; 46:765-70.
99. Hornyak M, Feige B, Riemann D, et al. Periodic leg movements in sleep and periodic limb movement disorder: Prevalence, clinical significance and treatment. Sleep Med Rev 2006; 10:169-77.
100. Konofal E, Arnulf I, Lecendreux, et al. Ropinirole in a child with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and restless legs syndrome. Pediatr Neurol 2005; 32:350-1.
101. Gaultney JF, Gingras JL. "PLMD in Childhood: Does treatment alter outcome?" Talk presented in a Clinical Workshop entitled "Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges in Children with Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD): Toward a Rational Diagnosis and Treatment Approach. Chair: Gingras JL, Panelests: Durmer J, Gaultney J, Ivanenko A, Picchietti D, Walters A. The Association of Professional Sleep Societies, Sleep 2007. Minneapolis, MN.
102. Chervin RD, Hedger KR. Clinical prediction of periodic leg movements during sleep in children. Sleep Med 2001; 2:501-10.
103. Blum NJ, Mason T, II. Restless Legs Syndrome: What is a pediatrician to do? Pediatr 2007; 120:438-9.
104. Silber MH, Ehrenberg BL, Allen RP, et al. An algorithm for the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 20004; 79:916-22.
105. Gingras JL (Chair), Durmer J, Gaultney J, Ivanenko A, Picchietti D, Walters A. "Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges in Children with Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD): Toward a Rational Diagnosis and Treatment Approach." Clinical Discussion presented at the Association of Professional Sleep Societies, Sleep 2007, Minneapolis, MN.
106. Sforza E, Nicolas A, Lavigne G, et al. EEG and cardiac activation during periodic leg movements in sleep: Support for a hierarchy of arousal responses. Neurol 1999; 52:786-91.
107. Gingras JL. "Clinical significance of PLMW" case presentation in a Clinical Workshop entitled "Diagnostic and Clinical Challenges in Children with Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD): Toward a Rational Diagnosis and Treatment Approach." Chair: Gingras JL. Panelists: Durmer J, Gaultney J, Ivanenko A, Picchietti D, Walters A. Presented at the Association of Professional Sleep Societies, Sleep 2007, Minneapolis, MN.