Calcineurin inhibitors in oral medicine

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 61, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 829-840

  Al Johani, Khalid A ^a   Hegarty, Anne M ^b   Porter, Stephen R ^a   Fedele, Stefano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

calcineurin inhibitors; cyclosporine; mucous membrane pemphigoid; oral cancer; oral lichen planus; orofacial granulomatosis; pemphigus vulgaris; pimecrolimus; tacrolimus

Indexed keywords

CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CLOBETASOL; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PIMECROLIMUS; TACROLIMUS; TRIAMCINOLONE;

BURNING SENSATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; CROHN DISEASE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSGEUSIA; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; LICHEN PLANUS; MOUTH MUCOSA; MUCOUS MEMBRANE PEMPHIGOID; NEPHROTOXICITY; ORAL MUCOSAL DISEASE; PARANEOPLASTIC PEMPHIGUS; PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SORE THROAT; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; TASTE DISORDER;

ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; CALCINEURIN; ENZYME INHIBITORS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; MOUTH DISEASES; MOUTH NEOPLASMS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 70349816913     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2009.03.012     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Nghiem P., Pearson G., and Langley R.G. Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus: from clever prokaryotes to inhibiting calcineurin and treating atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 228-241
2. Paul C., Graeber M., and Stuetz A. Ascomycins: promising agents for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 9 (2000) 69-77
3. Marsland A.M., and Griffiths C.E.M. The macrolide immunosuppressants in dermatology: mechanisms of action. Eur J Dermatol 12 (2002) 618-621
4. Gupta A.K., and Chow M. Pimecrolimus: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 17 (2003) 493-503
5. Liu Z.W., Lin T.N., and He G.Z. Research of compound cyclosporin A mouthwash in the treatment of oral lichen planus. [Chinese]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 25 (2000) 183-184
6. de Paulis A., Stellato C., Cirillo R., Ciccarelli A., Oriente A., and Marone G. Anti-inflammatory effect of FK-506 on human skin mast cells. J Invest Dermatol 99 (1992) 723-728
7. Lauerma A.I., Maibach H.I., Granlund H., Erkko P., Kartamaa M., and Stubb S. Inhibition of contact allergy reactions by topical Fk506. Lancet 340 (1992) 556
8. Goldman D. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of steroid-induced rosacea: a preliminary report. J Am Acad Dermatol 44 (2001) 995-998
9. Byrd J.A., Davis M.D., Bruce A.J., Drage L.A., and Rogers III R.S. Response of oral lichen planus to topical tacrolimus in 37 patients. Arch Dermatol 140 (2004) 1508-1512
10. Chiba T., Isomura I., Suzuki A., and Morita A. Topical tacrolimus therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum. J Dermatol 32 (2005) 199-203
11. Remitz A., Harper J., Rustin M., Goldschmidt W.F.M., Palatsi R., van der Valk P.G.M., et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. Acta Derm Venereol 87 (2007) 54-61
12. Schreiber S.L., and Crabtree G.R. The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol Today 13 (1992) 136-142
13. Kaliakatsou F., Hodgson T.A., Lewsey J.D., Hegarty A.M., Murphy A.G., and Porter S.R. Management of recalcitrant ulcerative oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 35-41
14. Vente C., Reich K., Rupprecht R., and Neumann C. Erosive mucosal lichen planus: response to topical treatment with tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 140 (1999) 338-342
15. Lener E.V., Brieva J., Schachter M., West L.E., West D.P., and el Azhary R.A. Successful treatment of erosive lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. Arch Dermatol 137 (2001) 419-422
16. Olivier V., Lacour J.P., Mousnier A., Garraffo R., Monteil R.A., and Ortonne J.P. Treatment of chronic erosive oral lichen planus with low concentrations of topical tacrolimus: an open prospective study. Arch Dermatol 138 (2002) 1335-1338
17. Morrison L., Kratochvil III F.J., and Gorman A. An open trial of topical tacrolimus for erosive oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 47 (2002) 617-620
18. Rozycki T.W., Rogers III R.S., Pittelkow M.R., McEvoy M.T., el Azhary R.A., Bruce A.J., et al. Topical tacrolimus in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus: a series of 13 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 46 (2002) 27-34
19. Hodgson T.A., Sahni N., Kaliakatsou F., Buchanan J.A., and Porter S.R. Long-term efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus in the management of ulcerative/erosive oral lichen planus. Eur J Dermatol 13 (2003) 466-470
20. Shen J.T., and Pedvis-Leftick A. Mucosal staining after using topical tacrolimus to treat erosive oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 50 (2004) 326
21. Shichinohe R., Shibaki A., Nishie W., Tateishi Y., and Shimizu H. Successful treatment of severe recalcitrant erosive oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 (2006) 66-68
22. Lozada-Nur F.I., and Sroussi H.Y. Tacrolimus powder in Orabase 0.1% for the treatment of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: an open clinical trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 102 (2006) 744-749
23. Corrocher G., Di Lorenzo G., Mansueto P., Martinelli N., Esposito-Pellitteri M., Gelio S., et al. Comparison of topical tacrolimus 0.1% in pectin ointment with clobetasol 0.5% ointment in adults with moderate to severe desquamative gingivitis: a 4-week, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Clin Ther 28 (2006) 1296-1302
24. Eckardt A., Starke O., Stadler M., Reuter C., and Hertenstein B. Severe oral chronic graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: highly effective treatment with topical tacrolimus. Oral Oncol 40 (2004) 811-814
25. Sanchez A.R., Sheridan P.J., and Rogers R.S. Successful treatment of oral lichen planus-like chronic graft-versus-host disease with topical tacrolimus: a case report. J Periodontol 75 (2004) 613-619
26. Albert M.H., Becker B., Schuster F.R., Klein B., Binder V., Adam K., et al. Oral graft vs host disease in children: treatment with topical tacrolimus ointment. Pediatr Transplant 11 (2007) 306-311
27. Assmann T., Burchardt T., Becker J., Ruzicka T., and Megahed M. Topical immunomodulators: a therapeutic option for oral cicatricial pemphigoid. [German]. Hautarzt 55 (2004) 390-392
28. Assmann T., Becker J., Ruzicka T., and Megahed M. Topical tacrolimus for oral cicatricial pemphigoid. Clin Exp Dermatol 29 (2004) 674-676
29. Suresh L., Martinez Calixto L.E., and Radfar L. Successful treatment of mucous membrane pemphigoid with tacrolimus. Spec Care Dentist 26 (2006) 66-70
30. Hodgson T.A., Malik F., Hegarty A.M., and Porter S.R. Topical tacrolimus: a novel therapeutic intervention for recalcitrant labial pemphigus vulgaris. Eur J Dermatol 13 (2003) 142-144
31. Casson D.H., Eltumi M., Tomlin S., Walker-Smith J.A., and Murch S.H. Topical tacrolimus may be effective in the treatment of oral and perineal Crohn's disease. Gut 47 (2000) 436-440
32. Hegarty A., Hodgson T., and Porter S. Thalidomide for the treatment of recalcitrant oral Crohn's disease and orofacial granulomatosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 95 (2003) 576-585
33. Lodi G., Scully C., Carrozzo M., Griffiths M., Sugerman P.B., and Thongprasom K. Current controversies in oral lichen planus: report of an international consensus meeting, part 2: clinical management and malignant transformation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 100 (2005) 164-178
34. Radfar L., Wild R.C., and Suresh L. A comparative treatment study of topical tacrolimus and clobetasol in oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 105 (2008) 187-193
35. Corrocher G., Di Lorenzo G., Martinelli N., Mansueto P., Biasi D., Nocini P.F., et al. Comparative effect of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment and clobetasol 0.05% ointment in patients with oral lichen planus. J Clin Periodontol 35 (2008) 244-249
36. Thomson M.A., Hamburger J., Stewart D.G., and Lewis H.M. Treatment of erosive oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus. J Dermatolog Treat 15 (2004) 308-314
37. Chaudhry S.I., Pabari S., Hodgson T.A., and Porter S.R. The use of topical calcineurin inhibitors in the management of oral lichen planus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21 (2007) 554-556
38. Laeijendecker R., Tank B., Dekker S.K., and Neumann H.A. A comparison of treatment of oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus and triamcinolone acetonide ointment. Acta Derm Venereol 86 (2006) 227-229
39. Fricain J.C., Sibaud V., Campana F., Lepreux S., and Taieb A. Mucosal pigmentation after oral lichen planus treatment with topical tacrolimus. Dermatology 210 (2005) 229-232
40. Scully C., and Lo Muzio L. Oral mucosal diseases: mucous membrane pemphigoid. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 46 (2008) 358-366
41. Vecchietti G., Kerl K., Hugli A., Samson J., and Borradori L. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) for relapsing erosive stomatitis in paraneoplastic pemphigus. Br J Dermatol 148 (2003) 833-834
42. Nishifuji K., Amagai M., Kuwana M., Iwasaki T., and Nishikawa T. Detection of antigen-specific B cells in patients with pemphigus vulgaris by enzyme-linked immunospot assay: requirement of T cell collaboration for autoantibody production. J Invest Dermatol 114 (2000) 88-94
43. Kovich O.I., and Cohen D.E. Granulomatous cheilitis. Dermatol Online J 10 (2004) 10
44. Yamamoto T., and Nishioka K. Successful treatment with topical tacrolimus for oral psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 20 (2006) 1137-1138
45. Erkek E., Sahin S., Kilic R., and Erdogan S. A case of cheilitis glandularis superimposed on oral lichen planus: successful palliative treatment with topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 21 (2007) 999-1000
46. Connolly M., and Kennedy C. Exfoliative cheilitis successfully treated with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol 151 (2004) 241-242
47. Werchniak A.E., Storm C.A., Plunkett R.W., Beutner E.H., and Dinulos J.G. Treatment of pyostomatitis vegetans with topical tacrolimus. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 722-723
48. Hebert A.A. Review of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis. Clin Ther 28 (2006) 1972-1982
49. Dissemond J., Schroter S., Franckson T., Herbig S., and Goos M. Pimecrolimus in an adhesive ointment as a new treatment option for oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 150 (2004) 782-784
50. Esquivel-Pedraza L., Fernandez-Cuevas L., Ortiz-Pedroza G., Reyes-Gutierrez E., and Orozco-Topete R. Treatment of oral lichen planus with topical pimecrolimus 1% cream. Br J Dermatol 150 (2004) 771-773
51. Cedro M., Chaudhry S., and Porter S. Topical pimecrolimus for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 12 (2006) 11
52. Scheer M., Kawari-Mahmoodi N., Neugebauer J., and Kubler A.C. Pimecrolimus (Elidel) for therapy of lichen ruber mucosae. [German]. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 10 (2006) 403-407
53. Swift J.C., Rees T.D., Plemons J.M., Hallmon W.W., and Wright J.C. The effectiveness of 1% pimecrolimus cream in the treatment of oral erosive lichen planus. J Periodontol 76 (2005) 627-635
54. Passeron T., Lacour J.P., Fontas E., and Ortonne J.P. Treatment of oral erosive lichen planus with 1% pimecrolimus cream: a double-blind, randomized, prospective trial with measurement of pimecrolimus levels in the blood. Arch Dermatol 143 (2007) 472-476
55. Gorouhi F., Solhpour A., Beitollahi J.M., Afshar S., Davari P., Hashemi P., et al. Randomized trial of pimecrolimus cream versus triamcinolone acetonide paste in the treatment of oral lichen planus. J Am Acad Dermatol 57 (2007) 806-813
56. Volz T., Caroli U., Ludtke H., Brautigam M., Kohler-Spath H., Rocken M., et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% in erosive oral lichen planus-a prospective randomized double-blind vehicle-controlled study. Br J Dermatol 159 (2008) 936-941
57. Beauchesne P.R., Chung N.S., and Wasan K.M. Cyclosporine A: a review of current oral and intravenous delivery systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33 (2007) 211-220
58. Frances C., Boisnic S., Etienne S., and Szpirglas H. Effect of the local application of cyclosporin-A on chronic erosive lichen planus of the oral cavity. Dermatologica 177 (1988) 194-195
59. Eisen D., Ellis C.N., Duell E.A., Griffiths C.E.M., and Voorhees J.J. Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus: a double-blind analysis. N Engl J Med 323 (1990) 290-294
60. Porter S.R., Scully C., and Eveson J.W. The efficacy of topical cyclosporin in the management of desquamative gingivitis due to lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 129 (1993) 753-755
61. Pacor M.L., Biasi D., Urbani G., Lombardo G., and Lunardi C. The efficacy of cyclosporin for topical use in oral lichen planus. [Italian]. Minerva Stomatol 43 (1994) 129-132
62. Harpenau L.A., Plemons J.M., and Rees T.D. Effectiveness of a low dose of cyclosporine in the management of patients with oral erosive lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 80 (1995) 161-167
63. Epstein J.B., and Truelove E.L. Topical cyclosporine in a bioadhesive for treatment of oral lichenoid mucosal reactions: an open label clinical trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 82 (1996) 532-536
64. Pacor M.L., Biasi D., Carletto A., Maleknia T., Lombardo G., and Lunardi C. Topical cyclosporine in the treatment of oral pemphigus. [Italian]. Minerva Stomatol 47 (1998) 183-186
65. Salzano S., Arduino P., Zambruno G., Di Zenzo G., Baldovino S., Roccatello D., et al. Successful use of mycophenolate mofetil in combination with minocycline in a woman with severe predominantly oral mucous membrane pemphigoid: a case report. Oral Dis 12 Suppl (2006) 11
66. Lopez L.J., and Rosello L. Cyclosporine A, an alternative to the oral lichen planus erosive treatment. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 38 (1995) 33-38
67. Yoke P.C., Tin G.B., Kim M.J., Rajaseharan A., Ahmed S., Thongprasom K., et al. A randomized controlled trial to compare steroid with cyclosporine for the topical treatment of oral lichen planus. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 102 (2006) 47-55
68. Voute A.B., Schulten E.A., Langendijk P.N., Nieboer C., and van der Waal I. Cyclosporin A in an adhesive base for treatment of recalcitrant oral lichen planus: an open trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 78 (1994) 437-441
69. Femiano F., Gombos F., and Scully C. Oral erosive/ulcerative lichen planus: preliminary findings in an open trial of sulodexide compared with cyclosporine (cyclosporin) therapy. Int J Dermatol 42 (2003) 308-311
70. Eisen D., Griffiths C.E., Ellis C.N., Nickoloff B.J., and Voorhees J.J. Cyclosporin wash for oral lichen planus. Lancet 335 (1990) 535-536
71. Ho V.C., Gupta A.K., Ellis C.N., Nickoloff B.J., and Voorhees J.J. Treatment of severe lichen-planus with cyclosporine. J Am Acad Dermatol 22 (1990) 64-68
72. Demitsu T., Sato T., Inoue T., Okada O., and Kubota T. Corticosteroid-resistant erosive oral lichen planus successfully treated with topical cyclosporine therapy. Int J Dermatol 39 (2000) 79-80
73. Gombos F., Cappello B., Gaeta G.M., La Rotonda M.I., Serpico R., and Miro A. Cyclosporin in a bioadhesive formulation in the therapy of oral erosive lichen planus: a clinico-experimental evaluation. [Italian]. Minerva Stomatol 41 (1992) 385-389
74. Thongprasom K., Chaimusig M., Korkij W., Sererat T., Luangjarmekorn L., and Rojwattanasirivej S. A randomized-controlled trial to compare topical cyclosporin with triamcinolone acetonide for the treatment of oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med 36 (2007) 142-146
75. Ho V.C., and Conklin R.J. Effect of topical cyclosporine rinse on oral lichen planus. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 435
76. Levell N.J., Macleod R.I., and Marks J.M. Lack of effect of cyclosporine mouthwash in oral lichen planus. Lancet 337 (1991) 796-797
77. Veller Fornasa C., and Catalano P. Effect of local applications of cyclosporine in chronic ulcerative lichen planus. Dermatologica 182 (1991) 65
78. Itin P., Surber C., and Buchner S. Lack of effect after local treatment with a new cyclosporin formulation in recalcitrant erosive oral lichen planus. Dermatology 185 (1992) 262-265
79. Jungell P., and Malmstrom M. Cyclosporin A mouthwash in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 25 (1996) 60-62
80. Sieg P., Von Domarus H., Von Zitzewitz V., Iven H., and Färber L. Topical cyclosporin in oral lichen planus: a controlled, randomized, prospective trial. Br J Dermatol 132 (1995) 790-794
81. Conrotto D., Carbone M., Carrozzo M., Arduino P., Broccoletti R., Pentenero M., et al. Cyclosporin vs clobetasol in the topical management of atrophic and erosive oral lichen planus: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol 154 (2006) 139-145
82. Zakrzewska J.M., Chan E.S.Y., and Thornhill M.H. A systematic review of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials of treatments used in oral lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 153 (2005) 336-341
83. Gooptu C., and Staughton R.C.D. Use of topical cyclosporin in oral pemphigus. J Am Acad Dermatol 38 (1998) 860-861
84. Epstein J.B., and Reece D.E. Topical cyclosporine-A for treatment of oral chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 13 (1994) 81-86
85. Soter N.A., Fleischer Jr. A.B., Webster G.F., Monroe E., and Lawrence I. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety. J Am Acad Dermatol 44 Suppl (2001) S39-S46
86. Donovan J.C., Hayes R.C., Burgess K., Leong I.T., and Rosen C.F. Refractory erosive oral lichen planus associated with hepatitis C: response to topical tacrolimus ointment. J Cutan Med Surg 9 (2005) 43-46
87. Ruzicka T., Bieber T., Schopf E., Rubins A., Dobozy A., Bos J.D., et al. A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med 337 (1997) 816-821
88. Eisen D., and Ellis C.N. Topical cyclosporine for oral mucosal disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol 23 (1990) 1259-1264
89. Opelz G., and Henderson R. Incidence of non-Hodgkin-lymphoma in kidney and heart-transplant recipients. Lancet 342 (1993) 1514-1516
90. Stockfleth E., Ulrich C., Meyer T., Arndt R., and Christophers E. Skin diseases following organ transplantation: risk factors and new therapeutic approaches. Transplant Proc 33 (2001) 1848-1853
91. Jain A.B., Yee L.D., Nalesnik M.A., Youk A., Marsh G., Reyes J., et al. Comparative incidence of de novo nonlymphoid malignancies after liver transplantation under tacrolimus using surveillance epidemiologic end result data. Transplantation 66 (1998) 1193-1200
92. Niwa Y., Terashima T., and Sumi H. Topical application of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus accelerates carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Br J Dermatol 149 (2003) 960-967
93. Yarosh D.B., Pena A.V., Nay S.L., Canning M.T., and Brown D.A. Calcineurin inhibitors decrease DNA repair and apoptosis in human keratinocytes following ultraviolet B irradiation. J Invest Dermatol 125 (2005) 1020-1025
94. Food and Drug Administration. Postmarketing safety review: update on malignancy-related events in all age groups. 15-12-2004. ODS Postmarketing Safety Review. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/05/briefing/2005-4089b2_01_06_Pimecrolimus%20Tacrolimus%20Malignancy%20Update%20Pitts%20PID%20040754%20040752.pdf. Accessed November 2008.
95. Becker J.C., Houben R., Vetter C.S., and Brocker E.B. The carcinogenic potential of tacrolimus ointment beyond immune suppression: a hypothesis creating case report. BMC Cancer 6 (2006) 7
96. Langeland T., and Engh V. Topical use of tacrolimus and squamous cell carcinoma on the penis. Br J Dermatol 152 (2005) 183-185
97. Berger T.G., Duvic M., Van Voorhees A.S., and Frieden I.J. The use of topical calcineurin inhibitors in dermatology: safety concerns; report of the American Academy of Dermatology association task force. J Am Acad Dermatol 54 (2006) 818-823
98. Qureshi A.A., and Fischer M.A. Topical calcineurin inhibitors for atopic dermatitis: balancing clinical benefit and possible risks. Arch Dermatol 142 (2006) 633-637
99. Arellano F.M., Wentworth C.E., Arana A., Fernandez C., and Paul C.F. Risk of lymphoma following exposure to calcineurin inhibitors and topical steroids in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 127 (2007) 808-816
100. Food and Drug Administration. FDA news: Food and Drug Administration approves updated labeling with boxed warning and medication guide for two eczema drugs, Elidel and Protopic. 19-1-2006. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2006/NEW01299.html. Accessed November 2008.
101. Ormerod A.D. Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus and the risk of cancer: how much cause for concern?. Br J Dermatol 153 (2005) 701-705
102. EMEA. European Medicines Agency recommends cautious use of Protopic/Protopy and Elidel. European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency. 27-3-2006. Doc. Ref. EMEA/98882/2006. Available from: http://www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/general/direct/pr/9888206en.pdf. Accessed November 2008.
103. Tavassol F., Starke O.F., Volker B., Kokemuller H., and Eckardt A. Heat-shock protein expression and topical treatment with tacrolimus in oral lichen planus: an immunohistochemical study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 37 (2008) 66-69
104. Rabanal A., Bral M., and Goldstein G. Management of a patient with severe erosive lichen planus in need of an immediate complete denture: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 98 (2007) 256-259
105. Riano Arguelles A., Martino Gorbea R., Iglesias Zamora M.E., and Garatea Crelgo J. Topic tacrolimus, alternative treatment for oral erosive lichen planus resistant to steroids: a case report. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 11 (2006) E462-E466
106. Balato N., Derosa S., Bordone F., and Ayala F. Dermatological application of cyclosporine. Arch Dermatol 125 (1989) 1430-1431
107. Becherel P.A., Chosidow O., Boisnic S., Moyal-Barraco M., Pelisse M., Reigneau O., et al. Topical cyclosporine in the treatment of oral and vulvar erosive lichen planus: a blood level monitoring study. Arch Dermatol 131 (1995) 495-496
108. Carrozzo M., and Gandolfo S. The management of oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 5 (1999) 196-205