메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 71, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 919-927

Vigilance in ursine black and white colobus monkeys (colobus vellerosus): An examination of the effects of conspecific threat and predation

Author keywords

Black and white colobus; Conspecific threat; Infanticide; Predator avoidance; Vigilance

Indexed keywords

BEAR; CANOPY; CONSPECIFIC; ESCAPE BEHAVIOR; FEEDING; HOME RANGE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; PREDATION; PREDATION RISK; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTION; PRIMATE; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; VIGILANCE;

EID: 70349802323     PISSN: 02752565     EISSN: 10982345     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20730     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (19)

References (69)
  • 1
    • 0000145115 scopus 로고
    • The evolution of social behavior
    • Alexander RD. 1974. The evolution of social behavior. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 5:325-383.
    • (1974) Annu Rev Ecol Syst , vol.5 , pp. 325-383
    • Alexander, R.D.1
  • 2
    • 0016235113 scopus 로고
    • Observational study of behavior-sampling methods
    • Altmann J. 1974. Observational study of behavior-sampling methods. Behaviour 49:227-267.
    • (1974) Behaviour , vol.49 , pp. 227-267
    • Altmann, J.1
  • 3
    • 0026564226 scopus 로고
    • Vigilance, predator detection and the presence of supernumerary males in vervet monkey troops
    • Baldellou M, Henzi SP. 1992. Vigilance, predator detection and the presence of supernumerary males in vervet monkey troops. Anim Behav 43:451-461.
    • (1992) Anim Behav , vol.43 , pp. 451-461
    • Baldellou, M.1    Henzi, S.P.2
  • 4
    • 0037710537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing explanations of the group size effect on vigilance: Let's be direct
    • Bednekoff PA. 2003. Testing explanations of the group size effect on vigilance: let's be direct. Behav Proc 63:135-136.
    • (2003) Behav Proc , vol.63 , pp. 135-136
    • Bednekoff, P.A.1
  • 5
    • 0002068109 scopus 로고
    • Living in groups: Predators and prey
    • In: Davies NB, editor, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific
    • Bertram BCR. 1978. Living in groups: predators and prey. In: Davies NB, editor. Behavioral ecology: an evolutionary approach. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. p 64-96.
    • (1978) Behavioral ecology: an evolutionary approach , pp. 64-96
    • Bertram, B.C.R.1
  • 6
    • 34447256099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Panthera pardus) and the lion (Panthera leo) in the Comoé and Marahoué National Parks, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Mammalia
    • Bodendorfer T, Hoppe-Dominik B, Fischer F, Linsenmair KE. 2006. Prey of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and the lion (Panthera leo) in the Comoé and Marahoué National Parks, Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Mammalia 231-246.
    • (2006) Prey of the leopard , pp. 231-246
    • Bodendorfer, T.1    Hoppe-Dominik, B.2    Fischer, F.3    Linsenmair, K.E.4
  • 7
    • 0030865530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infanticide in seasonally breeding multimale groups of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Ramnagar (South Nepal)
    • Borries C. 1997. Infanticide in seasonally breeding multimale groups of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in Ramnagar (South Nepal). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 41:139-150.
    • (1997) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.41 , pp. 139-150
    • Borries, C.1
  • 8
    • 56449087783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs of group size: Lower developmental and reproductive rates in larger groups of leaf monkeys
    • Borries C, Larney E, Lu A, Ossi K, Koenig A. 2008. Costs of group size: lower developmental and reproductive rates in larger groups of leaf monkeys. Behav Ecol 19:1186-1191.
    • (2008) Behav Ecol , vol.19 , pp. 1186-1191
    • Borries, C.1    Larney, E.2    Lu, A.3    Ossi, K.4    Koenig, A.5
  • 9
    • 0000575566 scopus 로고
    • Vigilance and social organization in two species of primates
    • Caine NG, Marra SL. 1988. Vigilance and social organization in two species of primates. Anim Behav 36:897-904.
    • (1988) Anim Behav , vol.36 , pp. 897-904
    • Caine, N.G.1    Marra, S.L.2
  • 10
    • 20444403437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social influences on vigilance behaviour in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis
    • Cameron EZ, Du Toit JT. 2005. Social influences on vigilance behaviour in giraffes, Giraffa camelopardalis. Anim Behav 69:1337-1344
    • (2005) Anim Behav , vol.69 , pp. 1337-1344
    • Cameron, E.Z.1    du Toit, J.T.2
  • 12
    • 0042570766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: Does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics?
    • Childress MJ, Lung MA. 2003. Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend upon the behaviour of conspecifics? Anim Behav 66:189-198.
    • (2003) Anim Behav , vol.66 , pp. 189-198
    • Childress, M.J.1    Lung, M.A.2
  • 13
    • 12044258480 scopus 로고
    • Dominance statistics: Ordinal analyses to answer ordinal questions
    • Cliff N. 1993. Dominance statistics: ordinal analyses to answer ordinal questions. Psychol Bull 114:494-509.
    • (1993) Psychol Bull , vol.114 , pp. 494-509
    • Cliff, N.1
  • 14
    • 0025224345 scopus 로고
    • Vigilance and mixed-species associations of some East-African forest monkeys
    • Cords M. 1990. Vigilance and mixed-species associations of some East-African forest monkeys. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 26:297-300.
    • (1990) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.26 , pp. 297-300
    • Cords, M.1
  • 15
    • 0032382829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of vigilance in the survival and reproductive strategies of desert baboons
    • Cowlishaw G. 1998. The role of vigilance in the survival and reproductive strategies of desert baboons. Behaviour 135:431-452.
    • (1998) Behaviour , vol.135 , pp. 431-452
    • Cowlishaw, G.1
  • 17
    • 0024857149 scopus 로고
    • Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: A critical review of the empirical evidence
    • Elgar MA. 1989. Predator vigilance and group size in mammals and birds: a critical review of the empirical evidence. Biol Rev 64:13-33.
    • (1989) Biol Rev , vol.64 , pp. 13-33
    • Elgar, M.A.1
  • 18
    • 0027065845 scopus 로고
    • Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary-an example of traditional conservation in Ghana
    • Fargey PJ. 1992. Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary-an example of traditional conservation in Ghana. Oryx 26:151-155.
    • (1992) Oryx , vol.26 , pp. 151-155
    • Fargey, P.J.1
  • 19
    • 0034864865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male and female strategies during intergroup encounters in guerezas (Colobus guereza): Evidence for resource defense mediated through males and a comparison with other primates
    • Fashing PJ. 2001. Male and female strategies during intergroup encounters in guerezas (Colobus guereza): evidence for resource defense mediated through males and a comparison with other primates. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 50: 219-230.
    • (2001) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.50 , pp. 219-230
    • Fashing, P.J.1
  • 20
    • 0030923177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why be vigilant? The case of the alpha animal
    • Gould L, Fedigan LM, Rose LM. 1997. Why be vigilant? The case of the alpha animal. Int J Primatol 18:401-414.
    • (1997) Int J Primatol , vol.18 , pp. 401-414
    • Gould, L.1    Fedigan, L.M.2    Rose, L.M.3
  • 21
    • 0015061168 scopus 로고
    • Geometry for the selfish herd
    • Hamilton WD. 1971. Geometry for the selfish herd. J Theor Biol 31:295-311.
    • (1971) J Theor Biol , vol.31 , pp. 295-311
    • Hamilton, W.D.1
  • 22
    • 33751377928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Between-group contest competition for food in a highly folivorous population of black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza)
    • Harris TR. 2006. Between-group contest competition for food in a highly folivorous population of black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 61:317-329.
    • (2006) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.61 , pp. 317-329
    • Harris, T.R.1
  • 23
    • 0345581117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behavioral and endocrine dynamics associated with infanticide in a black and white Colobus monkey (Colobus guereza)
    • Harris TR, Monfort SL. 2003. Behavioral and endocrine dynamics associated with infanticide in a black and white Colobus monkey (Colobus guereza). Am J Primatol 61:135-142.
    • (2003) Am J Primatol , vol.61 , pp. 135-142
    • Harris, T.R.1    Monfort, S.L.2
  • 24
    • 0036873316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social monitoring and vigilance behavior in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
    • Hirsch BT. 2002. Social monitoring and vigilance behavior in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 52:458-464.
    • (2002) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.52 , pp. 458-464
    • Hirsch, B.T.1
  • 25
    • 0016265010 scopus 로고
    • Male-male competition and infanticide among langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu
    • Hrdy SB. 1974. Male-male competition and infanticide among langurs (Presbytis entellus) of Abu, Rajasthan. Folia Primatol 22:19-58.
    • (1974) Rajasthan. Folia Primatol , vol.22 , pp. 19-58
    • Hrdy, S.B.1
  • 26
    • 0035181566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of male emigration on the vigilance behavior of coresident males in White-faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus)
    • Jack KM. 2001. Effect of male emigration on the vigilance behavior of coresident males in White-faced Capuchins (Cebus capucinus). Int J Primatol 22:715-732.
    • (2001) Int J Primatol , vol.22 , pp. 715-732
    • Jack, K.M.1
  • 27
    • 0001149388 scopus 로고
    • Visual monitoring in social groups of talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin)
    • Keverne EB, Leonard RA, Scruton DM, Young SK. 1978. Visual monitoring in social groups of talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin). Anim Behav 26:933-944.
    • (1978) Anim Behav , vol.26 , pp. 933-944
    • Keverne, E.B.1    Leonard, R.A.2    Scruton, D.M.3    Young, S.K.4
  • 28
    • 29844440958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup relationships in western black and white colobus, Colobus polykomos polykomos
    • Korstjens A, Nijssen E, Noe R. 2005. Intergroup relationships in western black and white colobus, Colobus polykomos polykomos. Int J Primatol 26:1267-1289.
    • (2005) Int J Primatol , vol.26 , pp. 1267-1289
    • Korstjens, A.1    Nijssen, E.2    Noe, R.3
  • 29
    • 33744492067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The context and quality of social relationships affect vigilance behavior in wild chimpanzees
    • Kutsukake N. 2006. The context and quality of social relationships affect vigilance behavior in wild chimpanzees. Ethology 112:581-591.
    • (2006) Ethology , vol.112 , pp. 581-591
    • Kutsukake, N.1
  • 30
    • 34648817565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conspecific influences on vigilance behaviour in wild chimpanzees
    • Kutsukake N. 2007. Conspecific influences on vigilance behaviour in wild chimpanzees. Int J Primatol 28:907-918.
    • (2007) Int J Primatol , vol.28 , pp. 907-918
    • Kutsukake, N.1
  • 31
    • 33845887969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of conspecifics and predation risk on the vigilance of elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park
    • Lung MA, Childress MJ. 2007. The influence of conspecifics and predation risk on the vigilance of elk (Cervus elaphus) in Yellowstone National Park. Behav Ecol 18:12-20.
    • (2007) Behav Ecol , vol.18 , pp. 12-20
    • Lung, M.A.1    Childress, M.J.2
  • 32
    • 39049127490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different forms of vigilance in response to the presence of predators and conspecifics in a group-living mammal, the European rabbit
    • Monclus R, Rodel HG. 2008. Different forms of vigilance in response to the presence of predators and conspecifics in a group-living mammal, the European rabbit. Ethology 114:287-297
    • (2008) Ethology , vol.114 , pp. 287-297
    • Monclus, R.1    Rodel, H.G.2
  • 33
    • 0032125977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of statistical programs for nonparametric tests of small samples often leads to incorrect P values: Examples from Animal Behaviour
    • Mundry R, Fischer J. 1998. Use of statistical programs for nonparametric tests of small samples often leads to incorrect P values: examples from Animal Behaviour. Anim Behav 56:256-259.
    • (1998) Anim Behav , vol.56 , pp. 256-259
    • Mundry, R.1    Fischer, J.2
  • 34
    • 8144231087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A farewell to Bonferroni: The problems of low statistical power and publication bias
    • Nakagawa S. 2004. A farewell to Bonferroni: the problems of low statistical power and publication bias. Behav Ecol 15:1044-1045.
    • (2004) Behav Ecol , vol.15 , pp. 1044-1045
    • Nakagawa, S.1
  • 35
    • 0017536672 scopus 로고
    • Social life of a black and white colobus monkey, Colobus Guereza
    • Oates JF. 1977. Social life of a black and white colobus monkey, Colobus Guereza. J Comp Ethol 45:1-60.
    • (1977) J Comp Ethol , vol.45 , pp. 1-60
    • Oates, J.F.1
  • 36
    • 0034042142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infanticide of a newborn black-and- white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) in Kibale National Park
    • Onderdonk DA. 2000. Infanticide of a newborn black-and- white colobus monkey (Colobus guereza) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Primates 41:209-212.
    • (2000) Uganda. Primates , vol.41 , pp. 209-212
    • Onderdonk, D.A.1
  • 37
    • 34547997637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social monitoring reflects dominance relationships in a small captive group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
    • Panozzo PL, Phillips KA, Haas ME, Mintz EM. 2007. Social monitoring reflects dominance relationships in a small captive group of brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Ethology 113:881-888.
    • (2007) Ethology , vol.113 , pp. 881-888
    • Panozzo, P.L.1    Phillips, K.A.2    Haas, M.E.3    Mintz, E.M.4
  • 38
    • 0015579784 scopus 로고
    • On the advantages of flocking
    • Pulliam HR. 1973. On the advantages of flocking. J Theor Biol 38:419-422.
    • (1973) J Theor Biol , vol.38 , pp. 419-422
    • Pulliam, H.R.1
  • 39
    • 70349794480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases
    • Roberts G. 1996. Why individual vigilance declines as group size increases. Anim Behav 36:905-913.
    • (1996) Anim Behav , vol.36 , pp. 905-913
    • Roberts, G.1
  • 40
    • 0028977043 scopus 로고
    • Vigilance in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus, in Costa-Rica
    • Rose LM, Fedigan LM. 1995. Vigilance in white-faced capuchins, Cebus capucinus, in Costa-Rica. Anim Behav 49:63-70.
    • (1995) Anim Behav , vol.49 , pp. 63-70
    • Rose, L.M.1    Fedigan, L.M.2
  • 41
    • 24144455586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Male takeover in Colobus vellerosus at boabeng-fiema monkey sanctuary, central Ghana
    • Saj TL, Sicotte P. 2005. Male takeover in Colobus vellerosus at boabeng-fiema monkey sanctuary, central Ghana. Primates 46:211-214.
    • (2005) Primates , vol.46 , pp. 211-214
    • Saj, T.L.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 42
    • 34250656578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting the competitive regime of female Colobus vellerosus from the distribution of food resources
    • Saj TL, Sicotte P. 2007a. Predicting the competitive regime of female Colobus vellerosus from the distribution of food resources. Int J Primatol 28:315-336.
    • (2007) Int J Primatol , vol.28 , pp. 315-336
    • Saj, T.L.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 43
    • 34250652464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Scramble competition among Colobus vellerosus at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana
    • Saj TL, Sicotte P. 2007b. Scramble competition among Colobus vellerosus at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana. Int J Primatol 28:337-355.
    • (2007) Int J Primatol , vol.28 , pp. 337-355
    • Saj, T.L.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 44
    • 84893941952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species profile for Colobus vellerosus
    • In: Kingdon J, Happold D, Butynski T, editors, Amsterdam: Elsevier Press
    • Saj T, Sicotte P. 2009. Species profile for Colobus vellerosus. In: Kingdon J, Happold D, Butynski T, editors. Mammals of Africa. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press.
    • (2009) Mammals of Africa
    • Saj, T.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 46
    • 33646425026 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Traditional taboos in biological conservation: The case of Colobus vellerosus at the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Central Ghana
    • Saj TL, Mather C, Sicotte P. 2006. Traditional taboos in biological conservation: the case of Colobus vellerosus at the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Central Ghana. Soc Sci Inf 45:285-310.
    • (2006) Soc Sci Inf , vol.45 , pp. 285-310
    • Saj, T.L.1    Mather, C.2    Sicotte, P.3
  • 47
    • 3242706958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intergroup encounters and male incursions in Colobus vellerosus in central Ghana
    • Sicotte P, MacIntosh AJ. 2004. Intergroup encounters and male incursions in Colobus vellerosus in central Ghana. Behavior 141:533-553.
    • (2004) Behavior , vol.141 , pp. 533-553
    • Sicotte, P.1    Macintosh, A.J.2
  • 48
    • 34547798064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspects of male competition in Colobus vellerosus: Preliminary data on male and female loud calling, and infant deaths after a takeover
    • Sicotte P, Teichroeb J, Saj TL. 2007. Aspects of male competition in Colobus vellerosus: preliminary data on male and female loud calling, and infant deaths after a takeover. Int J Primatol 28:627-636.
    • (2007) Int J Primatol , vol.28 , pp. 627-636
    • Sicotte, P.1    Teichroeb, J.2    Saj, T.L.3
  • 50
    • 2442438760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting vigilance within mixed-species troops of saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached tamarins (S. mystax)
    • Smith AC, Kelez S, Buchanan-Smith HM. 2004. Factors affecting vigilance within mixed-species troops of saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and moustached tamarins (S. mystax). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 56:18-25.
    • (2004) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.56 , pp. 18-25
    • Smith, A.C.1    Kelez, S.2    Buchanan-Smith, H.M.3
  • 51
    • 56449119330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red colobus monkeys display alternative behavioral responses to the costs of scramble competition
    • Snaith TV, Chapman CA. 2008. Red colobus monkeys display alternative behavioral responses to the costs of scramble competition. Behav Ecol 19:1289-1296.
    • (2008) Behav Ecol , vol.19 , pp. 1289-1296
    • Snaith, T.V.1    Chapman, C.A.2
  • 52
    • 84990115155 scopus 로고
    • Social dynamics of intergroup encounters in the capped langur (Presbytis pileata)
    • Stanford CB. 1991. Social dynamics of intergroup encounters in the capped langur (Presbytis pileata). Am J Primatol 25:35-47.
    • (1991) Am J Primatol , vol.25 , pp. 35-47
    • Stanford, C.B.1
  • 53
    • 0002002662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infanticide by males and female choice in wild Thomas's langurs
    • In: van Schaik CP, Janson CH, editors, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Steenbeek R. 2000. Infanticide by males and female choice in wild Thomas's langurs. In: van Schaik CP, Janson CH, editors. Infanticide by males and its implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 153-177.
    • (2000) Infanticide by males and its implications , pp. 153-177
    • Steenbeek, R.1
  • 54
    • 0033030649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance in wild Thomas's langurs (Presbytis thomasi): The importance of infanticide risk
    • Steenbeek R, Piek RC, van Buul M, van Hooff J. 1999. Vigilance in wild Thomas's langurs (Presbytis thomasi): the importance of infanticide risk. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 45:137-150.
    • (1999) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.45 , pp. 137-150
    • Steenbeek, R.1    Piek, R.C.2    van Buul, M.3    van Hooff, J.4
  • 55
    • 0003024253 scopus 로고
    • Colobines: Infanticide by adult males
    • In: Smuts B, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
    • Struhsaker TT, Leland L. 1987. Colobines: infanticide by adult males. In: Smuts B, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p 83-97.
    • (1987) Primate societies , pp. 83-97
    • Struhsaker, T.T.1    Leland, L.2
  • 56
    • 0005732952 scopus 로고
    • On the social change of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in their natural condition
    • Sugiyama Y. 1965. On the social change of Hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus) in their natural condition. Primates 6:381-418.
    • (1965) Primates , vol.6 , pp. 381-418
    • Sugiyama, Y.1
  • 57
    • 41349087794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infanticide in ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) in Ghana: New cases and a test of the existing hypotheses
    • Teichroeb J, Sicotte P. 2008a. Infanticide in ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) in Ghana: new cases and a test of the existing hypotheses. Behaviour 145:727-755.
    • (2008) Behaviour , vol.145 , pp. 727-755
    • Teichroeb, J.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 58
    • 47549102010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social correlates of fecal testosterone in male Colobus vellerosus: The effect of male competition in a seasonal breeders
    • Teichroeb JA, Sicotte P. 2008b. Social correlates of fecal testosterone in male Colobus vellerosus: the effect of male competition in a seasonal breeders. Horm Behav 54:417-423.
    • (2008) Horm Behav , vol.54 , pp. 417-423
    • Teichroeb, J.A.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 59
    • 58249097211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of group size in ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana: A test of the ecological-constraints model
    • Teichroeb JA, Sicotte P. 2009. Determinants of group size in ursine colobus monkeys (Colobus vellerosus) at Boabeng-Fiema, Ghana: a test of the ecological-constraints model. Am J Primatol 71:49-59.
    • (2009) Am J Primatol , vol.71 , pp. 49-59
    • Teichroeb, J.A.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 60
    • 0032386543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of group size and neighbors on vigilance in two species of arboreal monkeys
    • Treves A. 1998. The influence of group size and neighbors on vigilance in two species of arboreal monkeys. Behaviour 135:453-481.
    • (1998) Behaviour , vol.135 , pp. 453-481
    • Treves, A.1
  • 61
    • 0033197794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance and spatial cohesion among blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis)
    • Treves A. 1999a. Vigilance and spatial cohesion among blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis). Folia Primatol 70:291-294.
    • (1999) Folia Primatol , vol.70 , pp. 291-294
    • Treves, A.1
  • 62
    • 0032961783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Within-group vigilance in red colobus and redtail monkeys
    • Treves A. 1999b. Within-group vigilance in red colobus and redtail monkeys. Am J Primatol 48:113-126.
    • (1999) Am J Primatol , vol.48 , pp. 113-126
    • Treves, A.1
  • 63
    • 0034490811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theory and method in studies of vigilance and aggregation
    • Treves A. 2000. Theory and method in studies of vigilance and aggregation. Anim Behav 60:711-722.
    • (2000) Anim Behav , vol.60 , pp. 711-722
    • Treves, A.1
  • 64
    • 2442602690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicting predation risk for foraging, arboreal monkeys
    • In: Miller LE, editor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • Treves A. 2002. Predicting predation risk for foraging, arboreal monkeys. In: Miller LE, editor. Eat or be eaten: predator sensitive foraging among primates. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 222-241.
    • (2002) Eat or be eaten: Predator sensitive foraging among primates , pp. 222-241
    • Treves, A.1
  • 65
    • 0034949065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance and aggregation in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)
    • Treves A, Drescher A, Ingrisano N. 2001. Vigilance and aggregation in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 50:90-95.
    • (2001) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.50 , pp. 90-95
    • Treves, A.1    Drescher, A.2    Ingrisano, N.3
  • 66
    • 0037319679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal watchfulness in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)
    • Treves A, Drescher A, Snowdon CT. 2003. Maternal watchfulness in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra). Ethology 109:135-146.
    • (2003) Ethology , vol.109 , pp. 135-146
    • Treves, A.1    Drescher, A.2    Snowdon, C.T.3
  • 67
    • 0031801457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A preliminary study of Selective visual attention in female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei)
    • Watts D. 1998. A preliminary study of Selective visual attention in female mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei). Primates 39:71-78.
    • (1998) Primates , vol.39 , pp. 71-78
    • Watts, D.1
  • 68
    • 33646577813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population size and density of Colobus vellerosus at the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary and surrounding forest fragments in Ghana
    • Wong SNP, Sicotte P. 2006. Population size and density of Colobus vellerosus at the Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary and surrounding forest fragments in Ghana. Am J Primatol 68:465-476.
    • (2006) Am J Primatol , vol.68 , pp. 465-476
    • Wong, S.N.P.1    Sicotte, P.2
  • 69
    • 0024903273 scopus 로고
    • The special role of male cebus monkeys in predation avoidance and its effect on group composition
    • van Schaik CP, van Noordwijk MA. 1989. The special role of male cebus monkeys in predation avoidance and its effect on group composition. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 24:265-276.
    • (1989) Behav Ecol Sociobiol , vol.24 , pp. 265-276
    • van Schaik, C.P.1    van Noordwijk, M.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.