Monoclonal Antibody Therapy with Rituximab for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 949-971

  Thomas, Deborah A ^a   O'Brien, Susan ^a   Kantarjian, Hagop M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CD20; Monoclonal antibody; Prognosis; Rituximab

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ASPARAGINASE; AZACITIDINE; BRYOSTATIN 1; CARBOPLATIN; CD20 ANTIGEN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR; HYDROCORTISONE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; IFOSFAMIDE; LAMIVUDINE; MERCAPTOPURINE; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE SODIUM SUCCINATE; OCRELIZUMAB; OFATUMUMAB; PREDNISONE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; RASBURICASE; RITUXIMAB; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ADJUVANT THERAPY; ALLOGENEIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; B CELL LEUKEMIA; B CELL LYMPHOMA; BLOOD DYSCRASIA; BURKITT LYMPHOMA; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM METASTASIS; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; FOLLICULAR LYMPHOMA; HEPATITIS B; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; INJECTION SITE REACTION; INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; METASTASIS; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; NEUTROPENIA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; PHILADELPHIA 1 CHROMOSOME; PRE B LYMPHOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPREGULATION;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA;

EID: 70349748514     PISSN: 08898588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.07.005     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Liedtke M., and Cleary M.L. Therapeutic targeting of MLL. Blood 113 (2009) 6061-6068
2. Craig F.E., and Foon K.A. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasms. Blood 111 (2008) 3941-3967
3. Ginaldi L., De Martinis M., Matutes E., et al. Levels of expression of CD19 and CD20 in chronic B cell leukaemias. J Clin Pathol 51 (1998) 364-369
4. Riley J.K., and Sliwkowski M.X. CD20: a gene in search of a function. Semin Oncol 27 (2000) 17-24
5. Manshouri T., Do K.A., Wang X., et al. Circulating CD20 is detectable in the plasma of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and is of prognostic significance. Blood 101 (2003) 2507-2513
6. Czuczman M.S., Olejniczak S., Gowda A., et al. Acquirement of rituximab resistance in lymphoma cell lines is associated with both global CD20 gene and protein down-regulation regulated at the pretranscriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Clin Cancer Res 14 (2008) 1561-1570
7. Jazirehi A.R., Vega M.I., and Bonavida B. Development of rituximab-resistant lymphoma clones with altered cell signaling and cross-resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer Res 67 (2007) 1270-1281
8. Borowitz M.J., Shuster J., Carroll A.J., et al. Prognostic significance of fluorescence intensity of surface marker expression in childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A Pediatric Oncology Group Study. Blood 89 (1997) 3960-3966
9. Jeha S., Behm F., Pei D., et al. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 108 (2006) 3302-3304
10. Thomas D.A., O'Brien S., Jorgensen J.L., et al. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adults with de novo precursor B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 113 (2009) 6330-6337
11. Maury S., Huguet F., Pigneux A., et al. Prognostic significance of CD20 expression in adult B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [abstract 2829]. Blood 110 (2007) 832
12. Huguet F., Leguay T., Raffoux E., et al. Pediatric-inspired therapy in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia: the GRAALL-2003 study. J Clin Oncol 27 (2009) 911-918
13. Gaipa G., Basso G., Maglia O., et al. Drug-induced immunophenotypic modulation in childhood ALL: implications for minimal residual disease detection. Leukemia 19 (2005) 49-56
14. Gaipa G., Basso G., Aliprandi S., et al. Prednisone induces immunophenotypic modulation of CD10 and CD34 in nonapoptotic B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 74 (2008) 150-155
15. Dworzak M.N., Schumich A., Printz D., et al. CD20 up-regulation in pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction treatment: setting the stage for anti-CD20 directed immunotherapy. Blood 112 (2008) 3982-3988
16. Venugopal P., Sivaraman S., Huang X.K., et al. Effects of cytokines on CD20 antigen expression on tumor cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 24 (2000) 411-415
17. Yagci M., Akar I., Sucak G.T., et al. GM-CSF does not increase CD20 antigen expression on chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes. Leuk Res 29 (2005) 735-738
18. Schuster S.J., Venugopal P., Kern J.C., et al. GM-CSF plus rituximab immunotherapy: translation of biologic mechanisms into therapy for indolent B-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 49 (2008) 1681-1692
19. Ferrajoli A. Incorporating the use of GM-CSF in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 50 (2009) 514-516
20. Hiraga J., Tomita A., Sugimoto T., et al. Down-regulation of CD20 expression in B-cell lymphoma cells after treatment with rituximab-containing combination chemotherapies: its prevalence and clinical significance. Blood 113 (2009) 4885-4893
21. Wojciechowski W., Li H., Marshall S., et al. Enhanced expression of CD20 in human tumor B cells is controlled through ERK-dependent mechanisms. J Immunol 174 (2005) 7859-7868
22. Maloney D.G. Mechanism of action of rituximab. Anticancer Drugs 12 Suppl 2 (2001) S1-S4
23. Binder M., Otto F., Mertelsmann R., et al. The epitope recognized by rituximab. Blood 108 (2006) 1975-1978
24. McLaughlin P., Grillo-Lopez A.J., Link B.K., et al. Rituximab chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy for relapsed indolent lymphoma: half of patients respond to a four-dose treatment program. J Clin Oncol 16 (1998) 2825-2833
25. Leget G.A., and Czuczman M.S. Use of rituximab, the new FDA-approved antibody. Curr Opin Oncol 10 (1998) 548-551
26. McLaughlin P., Hagemeister F.B., and Grillo-Lopez A.J. Rituximab in indolent lymphoma: the single-agent pivotal trial. Semin Oncol 26 (1999) 79-87
27. Coiffier B., Lepage E., Briere J., et al. CHOP chemotherapy plus rituximab compared with CHOP alone in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 235-242
28. Feugier P., Van Hoof A., Sebban C., et al. Long-term results of the R-CHOP study in the treatment of elderly patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a study by the Groupe d'Etude des Lymphomes de l'Adulte. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 4117-4126
29. Pfreundschuh M., Trumper L., Osterborg A., et al. CHOP-like chemotherapy plus rituximab versus CHOP-like chemotherapy alone in young patients with good-prognosis diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma: a randomised controlled trial by the MabThera International Trial (MInT) Group. Lancet Oncol 7 (2006) 379-391
30. Bennett J.M., Catovsky D., Daniel M.T., et al. Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) co-operative group. Br J Haematol 33 (1976) 451-458
31. D'Achille P., Seymour J.F., and Campbell L.J. Translocation (14;18)(q32;q21) in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a study of 12 cases and review of the literature. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 171 (2006) 52-56
32. Hoelzer D., Ludwig W.D., Thiel E., et al. Improved outcome in adult B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 87 (1996) 495-508
33. Hoelzer D., Arnold R., and Diedrich H. Successful treatment of Burkitt's NHL and other high-grade NHL according to protocol for mature B-ALL. [abstract]. Blood 100 (2002) 159
34. Magrath I.T., Janus C., Edwards B.K., et al. An effective therapy for both undifferentiated (including Burkitt's) lymphomas and lymphoblastic lymphomas in children and young adults. Blood 63 (1984) 1102-1111
35. Thomas D.A., Cortes J., O'Brien S., et al. Hyper-CVAD program in Burkitt's-type adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 2461-2470
36. Rizzieri D.A., Johnson J.L., Niedzwiecki D., et al. Intensive chemotherapy with and without cranial radiation for Burkitt leukemia and lymphoma: final results of Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9251. Cancer 100 (2004) 1438-1448
37. Di Nicola M., Carlo-Stella C., Mariotti J., et al. High response rate and manageable toxicity with an intensive, short-term chemotherapy programme for Burkitt's lymphoma in adults. Br J Haematol 126 (2004) 815-820
38. Lacasce A., Howard O., Lib S., et al. Modified Magrath regimens for adults with Burkitt and Burkitt-like lymphomas: preserved efficacy with decreased toxicity. Leuk Lymphoma 45 (2004) 761-767
39. Divine M., Casassus P., Koscielny S., et al. Burkitt lymphoma in adults: a prospective study of 72 patients treated with an adapted pediatric LMB protocol. Ann Oncol 16 (2005) 1928-1935
40. Thomas D.A., Faderl S., O'Brien S., et al. Chemoimmunotherapy with hyper-CVAD plus rituximab for the treatment of adult Burkitt and Burkitt-type lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer 106 (2006) 1569-1580
41. Mead G.M., Barrans S.L., Qian W., et al. A prospective clinicopathologic study of dose-modified CODOX-M/IVAC in patients with sporadic Burkitt lymphoma defined using cytogenetic and immunophenotypic criteria (MRC/NCRI LY10 trial). Blood 112 (2008) 2248-2260
42. Oriol A., Ribera J.M., Bergua J., et al. High-dose chemotherapy and immunotherapy in adult Burkitt lymphoma: comparison of results in human immunodeficiency virus-infected and noninfected patients. Cancer 113 (2008) 117-125
43. Hoelzer D. Recent results in the treatment of Burkitt lymphomas. [abstract]. Ann Oncol 19 Suppl 4 (2008) iv83
44. Gokbuget N., and Hoelzer D. Rituximab in the treatment of adult ALL. Ann Hematol 85 (2006) 117-119
45. Kelly JL, Toothaker SR, Ciminello L, et al. Outcomes of patients with Burkitt lymphoma older than age 40 treated with intensive chemotherapeutic regimens. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma, in press.
46. de Vries M.J., Veerman A.J., and Zwaan C.M. Rituximab in three children with relapsed/refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia/Burkitt non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 125 (2004) 414-415
47. Daniels I., Abulayha A.M., Thomson B.J., et al. Caspase-independent killing of Burkitt lymphoma cell lines by rituximab. Apoptosis 11 (2006) 1013-1023
48. Jazirehi A.R., Gan X.H., De Vos S., et al. Rituximab (anti-CD20) selectively modifies Bcl-xL and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) expression and sensitizes human non-Hodgkin's lymphoma B cell lines to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2 (2003) 1183-1193
49. Jazirehi A.R., Vega M.I., Chatterjee D., et al. Inhibition of the Raf-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, Bcl-xL down-regulation, and chemosensitization of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma B cells by Rituximab. Cancer Res 64 (2004) 7117-7126
50. Thomas D.A., Kantarjian H., Faderl S., et al. Outcome after frontline therapy with the modified hyper-CVAD regimen with or without rituximab for de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma (LL). [abstract 1931]. Blood 112 (2008) 674
51. Abramson J.S., Barnes J.A., Toomey C.E., et al. Rituximab added to CODOX-M/IVAC is highly effective in HIV-negative and HIV-positive Burkitt lymphoma. [abstract 3595]. Blood 112 (2008) 1229-1230
52. Dunleavy K., Little R.F., Pittaluga S., et al. A prospective study of dose-adjusted (DA) EPOCH with rituximab in adults with newly diagnosed Burkitt lymphoma: a regimen with high efficacy and low toxicity. [abstract 009]. Ann Oncol 19 Suppl 4 (2008) iv83-iv84
53. Cortes J., Thomas D., Rios A., et al. Hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone and highly active antiretroviral therapy for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia. Cancer 94 (2002) 1492-1499
54. Thomas D.A., O'Brien S., Cortes J., et al. Outcome with the hyper-CVAD regimens in lymphoblastic lymphoma. Blood 104 (2004) 1624-1630
55. Rytting M., Thomas D., Franklin A., et al. Young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with adapted augmented Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (ABFM) therapy. [abstract 3957]. Blood (2008) 112
56. Hoelzer D., Huettmann A., Kaul F., et al. Immunochemotherapy with rituximab in adult CD20 B-precursor ALL improves molecular CR rate and outcome in standard risk (SR) as well as in high risk (HR) patients with SCT. [abstract 481]. Haematologica 94 Suppl 2 (2009)
57. Attias D., and Weitzman S. The efficacy of rituximab in high-grade pediatric B-cell lymphoma/leukemia: a review of available evidence. Curr Opin Pediatr 20 (2008) 17-22
58. Griffin T.C., Weitzman S., Weinstein H., et al. A study of rituximab and ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy in children with recurrent/refractory B-cell (CD20+) non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mature B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52 (2009) 177-181
59. Cairo M.S., Gerrard M., Sposto R., et al. Results of a randomized international study of high-risk central nervous system B non-Hodgkin lymphoma and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adolescents. Blood 109 (2007) 2736-2743
60. Cairo M.S., Lynch J., Harrison L., et al. Safety, efficacy, and rituximab levels following chemoimmunotherapy (rituximab + FAB chemotherapy) in children and adolescents with mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL): A Children's Oncology Group Report. [abstract]. Blood (2008) 112-310
61. Iori A.P., Torelli G.F., De Propris M.S., et al. B-cell concentration in the apheretic product predicts acute graft-versus-host disease and treatment-related mortality of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Transplantation 85 (2008) 386-390
62. Kebriaei P., Saliba R.M., Ma C., et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation after rituximab-containing myeloablative preparative regimen for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 38 (2006) 203-209
63. Rubenstein J.L., Combs D., Rosenberg J., et al. Rituximab therapy for CNS lymphomas: targeting the leptomeningeal compartment. Blood 101 (2003) 466-468
64. Neuwelt E.A., Specht H.D., and Hill S.A. Permeability of human brain tumor to 99mTc-gluco-heptonate and 99mTc-albumin. Implications for monoclonal antibody therapy. J Neurosurg 65 (1986) 194-198
65. Schulz H., Pels H., Schmidt-Wolf I., et al. Intraventricular treatment of relapsed central nervous system lymphoma with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Haematologica 89 (2004) 753-754
66. Jaime-Perez J.C., Rodriguez-Romo L.N., Gonzalez-Llano O., et al. Effectiveness of intrathecal rituximab in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia relapsed to the CNS and resistant to conventional therapy. Br J Haematol 144 (2009) 794-795
67. Campana D. Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Hematol 46 (2009) 100-106
68. Kalff A., and Juneja S. B-acute leukemic lymphoblasts versus hematogones: the wolf in sheep's clothing. Leuk Lymphoma 50 (2009) 523-524
69. Siami K., Awagu S., Cooper D.G., et al. Effects of rituximab on the immunophenotype of benign B-cell precursors: Implications for flow cytometric minimal residual disease detection in precursor B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lab Invest 86 Suppl 1 (2006) 246A-247A
70. Muzzafar T, Medeiros J, Wang S, et al. Aberrant underexpression of CD81 in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: utility in detection of minimal residual disease by flow cytometry. Amer J Clin Path, in press.
71. Ram R., Ben-Bassat I., Shpilberg O., et al. The late adverse events of rituximab therapy-rare but there!. Leuk Lymphoma 50 (2009) 1083-1095
72. Lalazar G., Rund D., and Shouval D. Screening, prevention and treatment of viral hepatitis B reactivation in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 136 (2007) 699-712
73. Carson K.R., Evens A.M., Richey E.A., et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the research on adverse drug events and reports project. Blood 113 (2009) 4834-4840
74. Stolz C., and Schuler M. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to rituximab and pharmacological strategies for its circumvention. Leuk Lymphoma 50 (2009) 873-885
75. Winiarska M., Bil J., Wilczek E., et al. Statins impair antitumor effects of rituximab by inducing conformational changes of CD20. PLoS Med 5 (2008) e64
76. Hatjiharissi E., Xu L., Santos D.D., et al. Increased natural killer cell expression of CD16, augmented binding and ADCC activity to rituximab among individuals expressing the Fc{gamma}RIIIa-158 V/V and V/F polymorphism. Blood 110 (2007) 2561-2564
77. Deans J.P., Kalt L., Ledbetter J.A., et al. Association of 75/80-kDa phosphoproteins and the tyrosine kinases Lyn, Fyn, and Lck with the B cell molecule CD20. Evidence against involvement of the cytoplasmic regions of CD20. J Biol Chem 270 (1995) 22632-22638
78. Suzuki E., Umezawa K., and Bonavida B. Rituximab inhibits the constitutively activated PI3K-Akt pathway in B-NHL cell lines: involvement in chemosensitization to drug-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 26 (2007) 6184-6193
79. Vega M.I., Huerta-Yepaz S., Garban H., et al. Rituximab inhibits p38 MAPK activity in 2F7 B NHL and decreases IL-10 transcription: pivotal role of p38 MAPK in drug resistance. Oncogene 23 (2004) 3530-3540
80. Stolz C., Hess G., Hahnel P.S., et al. Targeting Bcl-2 family proteins modulates the sensitivity of B-cell lymphoma to rituximab-induced apoptosis. Blood 112 (2008) 3312-3321
81. Olejniczak S.H., Hernandez-Ilizaliturri F.J., Clements J.L., et al. Acquired resistance to rituximab is associated with chemotherapy resistance resulting from decreased Bax and Bak expression. Clin Cancer Res 14 (2008) 1550-1560
82. Romaguera J., Fayad L., McLaughlin P., et al. Phase 1 trial of bortezomib in combination with rituximab-hyper-CVAD/methotrexate and cytarabine for untreated mantle cell lymphoma. [abstract 3051]. Blood 112 (2008) 1049
83. O'Brien S., Moore J.O., Boyd T.E., et al. Randomized phase III trial of fludarabine plus cyclophosphamide with or without oblimersen sodium (Bcl-2 antisense) in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 1114-1120
84. Chanan-Khan A. Bcl-2 antisense therapy in hematologic malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol 16 (2004) 581-585
85. Cruz R.I., Hernandez-Ilizaliturri F.J., Olejniczak S., et al. CD52 over-expression affects rituximab-associated complement-mediated cytotoxicity but not antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: preclinical evidence that targeting CD52 with alemtuzumab may reverse acquired resistance to rituximab in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 48 (2007) 2424-2436
86. Ginaldi L., De Martinis M., Matutes E., et al. Levels of expression of CD52 in normal and leukemic B and T cells: correlation with in vivo therapeutic responses to Campath-1H. Leuk Res 22 (1998) 185-191
87. Nijmeijer B., van Schie M.L.J., Willemze R., et al. Rituximab and alemtuzumab in combination, but not alone, induce complete remissions in a preclinical animal model of primary human ALL: rationale for combination treatment. [abstract 2833]. Blood 112 (2007) 833a-4
88. Faderl S., Thomas D.A., O'Brien S., et al. Experience with alemtuzumab plus rituximab in patients with relapsed and refractory lymphoid malignancies. Blood 101 (2003) 3413-3415
89. Castillo J., Milani C., and Mendez-Allwood D. Ofatumumab, a second-generation anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 18 (2009) 491-500
90. Teeling J.L., Mackus W.J., Wiegman L.J., et al. The biological activity of human CD20 monoclonal antibodies is linked to unique epitopes on CD20. J Immunol 177 (2006) 362-371
91. Osterborg A., Kipps T.J., Mayer J., et al. Ofatumumab (HuMax-CD20), a novel CD20 monoclonal antibody, is an active treatment for patients with CLL refractory to both fludarabine and alemtuzumab or bulky fludarabine-refractory disease: Results from the planned interim analysis of an international pivotal trial. [abstract 328]. Blood 112 (2008) 126-127
92. Morschhauser F., Leonard J.P., Fayad L., et al. Humanized anti-CD20 antibody, veltuzumab, in refractory/recurrent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: phase I/II results. J Clin Oncol 27 (2009) 3346-3353
93. Hutas G. Ocrelizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD20 for inflammatory disorders and B-cell malignancies. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 9 (2008) 1206-1215
94. Leonard J.P., Coleman M., Ketas J., et al. Combination antibody therapy with epratuzumab and rituximab in relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 23 (2005) 5044-5051
95. Leonard J.P., Schuster S.J., Emmanouilides C., et al. Durable complete responses from therapy with combined epratuzumab and rituximab: final results from an international multicenter, phase 2 study in recurrent, indolent, non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 113 (2008) 2714-2723