Parkinson's Disease and Deep Brain Stimulator Placement

Anesthesiology Clinics

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 391-415

  Deiner, Stacie ^a   Hagen, John ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway management; Anesthesia; Deep brain stimulation; Parkinson's disease; Scalp nerve blocks

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; BENZATROPINE; BENZODIAZEPINE; BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; CARBIDOPA; CARBIDOPA PLUS LEVODOPA; DEXMEDETOMIDINE; ENTACAPONE; ERGOT ALKALOID; LEVODOPA; MIDAZOLAM; OPIATE; PRAMIPEXOLE; PROPOFOL; ROPINIROLE; ROTIGOTINE; SELEGILINE; TOLCAPONE; TRIHEXYPHENIDYL BENZOTROPINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANAMNESIS; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN SURGERY; CAUTERIZATION; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DELUSION; DIARRHEA; DROWSINESS; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG MECHANISM; DYSKINESIA; DYSRHYTHMIA; DYSRHYTMIA; EDEMA; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; GENERAL ANESTHESIA; HALLUCINATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEMODYNAMIC MONITORING; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; LARYNGEAL MASK; MENTAL DISEASE; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NERVE BLOCK; NEUROIMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; RESPIRATION DEPRESSION; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; RIGIDITY; SIDE EFFECT; STEREOTACTIC PROCEDURE; THALAMOTOMY; TREMOR; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; URINARY DYSFUNCTION; URINE DISCOLORATION; URINE RETENTION; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VOMITING; XEROSTOMIA;

AGED; ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIA, GENERAL; ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION; ELECTRODES, IMPLANTED; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MALE; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; PARKINSON DISEASE; STEREOTAXIC TECHNIQUES;

EID: 70349740978     PISSN: 19322275     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2009.07.005     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Lang A.E., and Lozano A.M. Parkinson's disease. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 339 (1998) 1044-1053
2. Bower J.H., Maraganore D.M., McDonnel S.K., et al. Incidence and distribution of parkinsonism in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1976-1990. Neurology 52 (1999) 1214-1220
3. De Rijk M.C., Breteler M.M.B., and Graveland G.A. Prevalence of Parkinson's disease in Europe: a collaborative study of population-based cohorts. Neurological Disease in the Elderly Research Group. Neurology 54 (2000) S21-S23
4. Feldman R.G., and Ratner M.H. The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease: neurotoxic mechanisms of action and genetics. Curr Opin Neurol 12 (1999) 725-731
5. Zhang Y., Dawson V.L., and Dawson T.M. Oxidative stress and genetics in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 7 (2000) 240-250
6. Lang A.E., and Obeso J.A. Time to move beyond nigrostriatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 55 (2004) 761-765
7. Aminoff M.J., Greenberg D.A., and Simon R.P. Chapter 7. Movement disorders. Available at:. http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?aID=2082488 Accessed 2009
8. Lang A.E., and Lozano A.M. Parkinson's disease. Second of two parts. N Engl J Med 339 16 (1998) 1130-1143
9. Krack P., Batir A., et al. Five-year follow-up of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 349 20 (2003) 1925-1934
10. Rodriguez-Oroz M.C., Obeso J.A., Lang A.E., et al. Bilateral deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a multicentre study with 4 years follow-up. Brain 128 (2005) 2240-2249
11. Schupbach W.M., Chastan N., Welter M.L., et al. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: a 5-year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 76 (2005) 1640-1644
12. Goodman R.R., Kim B., Mclelland S., et al. Operative techniques and morbidity with subthalamic nucleus stimulation in 100 consecutive patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 77 (2006) 12-17
13. Lozano A., and Lang A.E. Pallidotomy for Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 62 (2005) 1377-1381
14. Blomstedt P., and Hariz M.I. Are complications less common in deep brain stimulation than in ablative procedures for movement disorders?. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 84 (2006) 72-81
15. Benabid A.L., Pollak P., Gervason C., et al. Long-term suppression of tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus. Lancet 337 (1991) 403-406
16. Kumar R., Lozano A.M., Kim Y.J., et al. Double-blind evaluation of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 51 3 (1998) 850-855
17. Ostergaard K., Sunde N., and Dupont E. Effects of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with severe Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations. Mov Disord 17 (2002) 693-700
18. Moro E., and Lang A.E. Criteria for deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: review and analysis. Expert Rev Neurother 6 11 (2006) 1695-1705
19. Krack P., Pollak, Limousin P., et al. Subthalamic nucleus or internal pallidal stimulation in young onset Parkinson's disease. Brain 121 Pt 3 (1998) 451-457
20. Anderson V.C., Burchiel K.J., Hogarth P., et al. Pallidal versus subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 62 (2005) 554-560
21. Volkmann J., Allert N., Voges J., et al. Safety and efficacy of pallidal or subthalamic nucleus stimulation in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 56 (2001) 548-551
22. Volkmann J., Allert N., Voges J., et al. Long-term results of bilateral pallidal stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 55 (2004) 871-875
23. Houeto J.L., Damier P., Bejjani P.B., et al. Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: a multidisciplinary approach. Arch Neurol 57 4 (2000) 461-465
24. Hilker R., Portman A.T., Voges J., et al. Disease progression continues in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease and effective subthalamic nucleus stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 76 (2005) 1217-1221
25. Defer G.L., Widnek H., Marie R.M., et al. Core Assessment Program for Surgical Interventional Therapies in Parkinson's disease (CAPSIT-PD). Mov Disord 14 (1999) 572-584
26. Lang A.E., and Widner H. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: patient selection and evaluation. Mov Disord 17 Suppl 3 (2002) S94-101
27. Lang A.E., Houeto J.L., Krack P., et al. Deep brain stimulation: preoperative issues. Mov Disord 21 Suppl 14 (2006) S171-S196
28. Welter M.L., Houeto J.L., Tezenas de Montcel S., et al. Clinical predictive factors of subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain 125 (2002) 575-583
29. Kleiner-Fisman G., Herzog J., Fisman D.N., et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: summary and meta-analysis of outcomes. Mov Disord suppl 14 (2006) S290-S304
30. Pahwa R., Wilkinson S.B., Overman J., et al. Bilateral subthalamic stimulation in patients with Parkinson disease: long-term follow-up. J Neurosurg 99 (2003) 71-77
31. Russman H., Ghika J., Villemure J.G., et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson disease patients over age 70 years. Neurology 63 (2004) 1952-1954
32. Gironell A., Kulisevsky J., Rami L., et al. Effects of pallidotomy and bilateral subthalamic stimulation on cognitive function in Parkinson disease. A controlled comparative study. J Neurol 250 (2003) 917-923
33. Charles P.D., Van Blercom N., Krack P., et al. Predictors of effective bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Neurology 59 6 (2002) 932-934
34. Kleiner-Fisman G., Fisman D.N., Sime E., et al. Long-term follow-up of bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in patients with advanced Parkinson disease. J Neurosurg 99 (2003) 489-495
35. Morrison C.E., Borod J.C., Perrine K., et al. Neuropsychological functioning following bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 19 (2004) 165-181
36. Trepanier L.L., Kumar R., Lozano A.M., et al. Neuropsychological outcome of GPi pallidotomy and GPi or STN deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain Cogn 42 (2000) 324-347
37. Hariz M.I., Johansson F., Shamsgovara P., et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in a parkinsonian patient with preoperative deficits in speech and cognition: persistent improvement in mobility but increased dependency: a case study. Mov Disord 15 (2000) 136-139
38. Troster A.I., Fields J.A., Wilkinson S.B., et al. Unilateral pallidal stimulation for Parkinson's disease: neurobehavioral functioning before and 3 months after electrode implantation. Neurology 49 (1997) 1078-1083
39. Loher T.J., Gutbrod K., Fravi N.L., et al. Thalamic stimulation for tremor. Subtle changes in episodic memory are related to stimulation per se and not to a microthalamotomy effect. J Neurol 250 (2003) 707-713
40. Caparros-Lefebvre D., Blond S., Pecheux N., et al. Neuropsychological evaluation before and after thalamic stimulation in 9 patients with Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol 148 (1992) 117-122
41. Ondo W., Jankovich J., Schwartz K., et al. Unilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation for refractory essential tremor and Parkinson disease tremor. Neurology 51 (1998) 1063-1069
42. Capelle H.H., Simpson R.K., Kronnenbuerger M., et al. Long-term deep brain stimulation in elderly patients with cardiac pacemaker. J Neurosurg 102 (2005) 53-59
43. Voon V., Saint-Cyr J., Lozano A.M., et al. Psychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease presenting for deep brain stimulation surgery. J Neurosurg 103 2 (2005) 246-251
44. Berney A., Vingerhoets F., Perrin A., et al. Effect on mood of subthalamic DBS for Parkinson's disease: a consecutive series of 24 patients. Neurology 59 9 (2002) 1427-1429
45. Taylor M.D., and Bernstein M. Awake craniotomy with brain mapping as the routine surgical approach to treating patients with supratentorial intraaxial tumors: a prospective trial of 200 cases. J Neurosurg 90 (1999) 35-41
46. Costello T., Cormack J.R., Hoy C., et al. Plasma ropivacaine levels following scalp block for awake craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 16 (2004) 147-150
47. Costello T.G., Cormack J.R., Mather L.E., et al. Plasma levobupivacaine concentrations following scalp block in patients undergoing awake craniotomy. Br J Anaesth 94 (2005) 848-851
48. Audu P.B., Wilkerson C., Bartkowski R., et al. Plasma ropivacaine levels during awake intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 17 (2005) 153-155
49. Raz A., Eimerl D., Bergman H., et al. Propofol induced changes in the neuronal activity of sub-thalamic nucleus neurons. Anesthesiology 109 (2008) A838
50. Manninen P.H., Balki M., Lukitto K., et al. Patient satisfaction with awake craniotomy for tumor surgery: a comparison of remifentanil and fentanyl in conjunction with propofol. Anesth Analg 102 1 (2006) 237-242
51. Keifer J.C., Dentchev D., Little K., et al. A retrospective analysis of a remifentanil/propofol general anesthetic for craniotomy before awake functional brain mapping. Anesth Analg 101 (2005) 502-508
52. Khatib R., Ebrahim Z., Rezai A., et al. Perioperative events during deep brain stimulation: the experience at cleveland clinic. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 20 (2008) 36-40
53. Bekker A., and Sturaitis M.K. Dexmedetomidine for neurological surgery. Neurosurgery 57 (2005) 1-10
54. Hsu Y.W., Cortinez L.I., Robertson K.M., et al. Dexmedetomidine pharmacodynamics: part I: crossover comparison of the respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and remifentanil in healthy volunteers. Anesthesiology 101 (2004) 1066-1076
55. Bustillo M.A., Lazar R.M., Finck A.D., et al. Dexmedetomidine may impair cognitive testing during endovascular embolization of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a retrospective case report series. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 14 3 (2002) 209-212
56. Hoffman W.E., Kochs E., Werner C., et al. Dexmedetomidine improves neurologic outcome from incomplete ischemia in the rat. Reversal by the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist atipamezole. Anesthesiology 75 (1991) 328-332
57. Kuhmonen J., Pokorny J., Miettinen R., et al. Neuroprotective effects of dexmedetomidine in the gerbil hippocampus after transient global ischemia. Anesthesiology 87 (1997) 371-377
58. Kuhmonen J., Haapalinna A., and Sivenius J. Effects of dexmedetomidine after transient and permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat. J Neural Transm 108 (2001) 261-271
59. Rozet I., Muangman S., Vavilala M.S., et al. Clinical experience with dexmedetomidine for implantation of deep brain stimulators in Parkinson's disease. Anesth Analg 103 (2006) 1224-1228
60. Dinsmore J. Anesthesia for elective neurosurgery. Br J Anaesth 99 1 (2007) 68-74
61. Mack P.F., Perrine K., Kobylarz E., et al. Dexmedetomidine and neurocognitive testing in awake craniotomy. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 16 (2004) 20-25
62. Moore T.A., Market J.M., and Knowlton R.C. Dexmedetomidine as rescue drug during awake craniotomy for cortical mapping and tumor resection. Anesth Analg 102 (2006) 1556-1558
63. Maltete D., Navarro S., Welter M.L., et al. Subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson disease: with or without anesthesia?. Arch Neurol 61 (2004) 390-392
64. Hertel F., Zuchner M., Weimar I., et al. Implantation of electrodes for deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in advanced Parkinson's disease with the aid of intraoperative microrecording under general anesthesia. Neurosurgery 59 (2006) 1138-1145
65. Lin S.H., Chen T.Y., Lin S.Z., et al. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation after anesthetic inhalation in Parkinson disease: a preliminary study. J Neurosurg 109 2 (2008) 238-244
66. Sanghera M.K., Grossman R.G., Kalhorn C.G., et al. Basal ganglia neuronal discharge in primary and secondary dystonia in patients undergoing pallidotomy. Neurosurgery 52 (2003) 1358-1373
67. Beric A., Kelly P.J., Rezai A., et al. Complications of deep brain stimulation surgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 77 (2001) 73-78
68. Lefaucheur J.P., Gurruchaga J.M., Pollin B., et al. Outcome of bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: correlation with intra-operative multi-unit recordings but not with the type of anesthesia. Eur Neurol 60 (2008) 186-199
69. Benazzouz A., Breit S., Koudsie A., et al. Intraoperative microrecordings of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 17 Suppl 3 (2004) S145-S149
70. Yamadaa K., Gotoa S., Kuratsua J., et al. Stereotactic surgery for subthalamic nucleus stimulation under general anesthesia: a retrospective evaluation of Japanese patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 13 2 (2007) 101-107
71. Huncke K., Van de Wiele B., Fried I., et al. The asleep-awake-asleep anesthetic technique for intraoperative language mapping. Neurosurgery 42 (1998) 1312-1317
72. Sarang A., and Dinsmore J. Anesthesia for awake craniotomy-evolution of a technique that facilitates awake neurological testing. Br J Anaesth 90 (2003) 161-165
73. Audu P.B., and Loomba N. Use of cuffed oropharyngeal airway (COPA) for awake intracranial surgery. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 16 2 (2004) 144-146
74. Hutchinson W.D., Lang A.E., Dostrovosky J.O., et al. Pallidal neuronal activity: implications for models of dystonia. Ann Neurol 53 (2003) 480-488
75. Binder D.K., Rau G., and Starr P.A. Hemorrhagic complications of microelectrode-guided deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 80 1-4 (2003) 28-31
76. Gorgulho A., De Salles A.A., Frighetto L., et al. Incidence of hemorrhage associated with electrophysiological studies performed using macroelectrodes and microelectrodes in functional neurosurgery. J Neurosurg 102 (2005) 888-896
77. Hans P., Bonhomme V., Born J.D., et al. Target controlled infusion of propofol and remifentanyl combined with bispectral index monitoring for awake craniotomy. Anaesthesia 55 (2000) 255-259
78. Johansen J.W., and Sebel P.S. Development and clinical application of electroencephalographic bispectrum monitoring. Anesthesiology 93 (2000) 1336-1344
79. Schulz U., Keh D., Barner C., et al. Bispectral index monitoring does not improve anesthesia performance in patients with movement disorders undergoing deep brain stimulating electrode implantation. Anesth Analg 104 6 (2007) 1481-1487
80. Masuda T., Yamada H., Takada K., et al. Bispectral index monitoring is useful to reduce total amount of propofol and to obtain immediate recovery after propofol anesthesia. Masui 51 4 (2002) 394-399
81. Duque P., Mateo O., Ruiz F., et al. Intraoperative microrecording under general anesthesia with bispectral analysis monitoring in a case of deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease. Letter to the Editor. Eur J Neurol 15 8 (2008) e76-e77
82. Hooper A.K., Okun M.S., Foote K.D., et al. Venous air embolism in deep brain stimulation. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 87 1 (2009) 25-30 [Epub 2008 Nov 27]
83. Balki M., Manninen P.H., McGuire G.P., et al. Venous air embolism during awake craniotomy in a supine patient. Can J Anaesth 50 (2003) 835-838
84. Orebaugh S.L. Venous air embolism: clinical and experimental considerations. Crit Care Med 20 (1992) 1169-1177
85. Swartz M.A., Munz M., and Stern M.B. Respiratory failure following stereotactic neurosurgery in a 53-year-old woman. Chest 111 (1997) 1112-1114
86. Rezai A.R., Kopell B.H., Gross R.E., et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: surgical issues. Mov Disord 21 suppl 14 (2006) S197-S218
87. Rezai A.R., Phillips M., Baker K.B., et al. Neurostimulation system used for deep brain stimulation (DBS): MR safety issues and implications of failing to follow safety recommendations. Invest Radiol 39 (2004) 300-303
88. Okajima H., Ushio M., Higuchi Y., et al. Anesthetic management of a patient with deep brain stimulators. Masui 56 10 (2007) 1211-1213
89. Dagtekin O., Berlet T., Gerbershagen H.J., et al. Anesthesia and deep brain stimulation: postoperative akinetic state after replacement of impulse generators. Anesth Analg 103 3 (2006) 784
90. Milligan D.J., and Milligan K.R. Deep brain neuro-stimulators and anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 62 8 (2007) 852-853
91. Nicholson G., Pereira A.C., and Hall G.M. Parkinson's disease and anesthesia. Br J Anaesth 89 6 (2002) 904-916
92. Hoehn M.M., and Yahr M.D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression and mortality. Neurology 17 (1967) 427-442
93. Backus W.W., Ward R.R., Vitkun S.A., et al. Postextubation laryngospasm in an unanaesthetised patient with Parkinson's disease. J Clin Anesth 3 (1991) 314-316
94. Easdown L.J., Tessler M.J., and Minuk J. Upper airway involvement in Parkinson's disease resulting in postoperative respiratory failure. Can J Anaesth 42 (1995) 344-347
95. Korczyn A.D. Autonomic nervous system disorders in Parkinson's disease. In: Streifler M.B., Korczyn A.D., and Melamed E. (Eds). Advances in neurology, vol. 53: Parkinson's disease: anatomy, pathology and therapy (1990), Raven Press, New York 463-468
96. Gross M., Bannister R., and Godwn-Austin R. Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1 (1972) 174-176
97. Rudra A., Rudra P., Chatterjee S., et al. Parkinson's disease and anaesthesia. Indian J Anaesth 51 5 (2007) 382-388
98. Mason L.J., Cojocaru T.T., and Cole D.J. Surgical intervention and anaesthetic management of the patient with Parkinson's disease. Int Anesthesiol Clin 34 (1996) 133-150
99. Mets B. Acute dystonia after alfentanil in untreated Parkinson's disease. Anesth Analg 72 (1991) 557-558
100. Muzzi D.A., Black S., and Cucchiara R.F. The lack of effect of succinylcholine on serum potassium in patients with Parkinson's disease. Anesthesiology 71 (1989) 322
101. Ngai S.H. Parkinsonism, levodopa, and anesthesia. Anesthesiology 37 (1972) 344-351
102. Roberts R. Differential diagnosis of sleep disorders, non-epileptic attacks and epileptic attacks. Curr Opin Neurol 11 (1998) 135-139
103. Parkinson Study Group. Impact of deprenyl and tocopherol treatment on Parkinson's disease in DATA TOP patients requiring levodopa. Ann Neurol 39 (1996) 37-45
104. Goetz C.G., Olanow C.W., Koller W.C., et al. Multicenter study of autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the corpus striatum in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 320 (1989) 337-341
105. Wiklund R.A., and Ngai S.H. Rigidity and pulmonary edema after Innovar in a patient on levodopa therapy: report of a case. Anesthesiology 35 (1971) 545-547
106. Stone D.J., and Difazio C.A. Sedation for patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Anesthesiology 68 (1988) 821
107. Rosenberg H., Clofine R., and Bialik O. Neurologic changes during awakening from anesthesia. Anesthesiology 54 (1981) 125-130
108. Fearnley J.M., and Lees A.J. Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain 114 (1991) 2283-2301
109. Lunn J.K., Stanley T.H., Eisele J., et al. High dose fentanyl for cardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 58 (1979) 390-395
110. Golden W.E., Lavender R.C., and Metzer W.S. Acute postoperative confusion and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Ann Intern Med 111 (1989) 218-222
111. Zornberg G.L., Alexander Bodkin J., and Cohen B.M. Severe adverse interaction between pethidine and selegiline. Lancet 337 (1991) 554
112. Muravchick S., and Smith D.S. Parkinsonian symptoms during emergence from general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 82 (1995) 305-307
113. Mantz J., Varlet C., Lecharny J.B., et al. Effects of volatile anaesthetics, thiopental and ketamine on spontaneous and depolarization-evoked dopamine release from striatal synaptosomes in the rat. Anesthesiology 80 (1994) 352-363
114. Hetherington A., and Rosenblatt R.M. Ketamine and paralysis agitans. Anesthesiology 52 (1980) 527
115. Krauss J.K., Akeyson E.W., Giam P., et al. Propofol-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease. Anesth Analg 83 (1996) 420-422
116. Anderson B.J., Marks P.V., and Futter M.E. Propofol-contrasting effects in movement disorders. Br J Neurosurg 8 (1994) 387-388
117. Gravlee G.P. Succinylcholine-induced hyperkalaemia in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Anesth Analg 59 (1980) 444-446
118. Klausner J.M., Caspi J., Lelcuk S., et al. Delayed muscle rigidity and respiratory depression following fentanyl anesthesia. Arch Surg 123 (1988) 66-67
119. Wand P., Kuschinsky K., and Sontag K.H. Morphine-induced muscle rigidity in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 24 (1973) 189-193
120. Berg D., Becker G., and Reiners K. Reduction of dyskinesia and induction of akinesia induced by morphine in two parkinsonian patients with severe sciatica. J Neural Transm 106 (1999) 725-728
121. Maidment I., Fox C., and Boustani M. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson's disease dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1 (2006) CD004747
122. Brown J.C., and Charlton J.E. Study of sensitivity to curare in certain neurological disorders using a regional technique. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 38 1 (1975) 34-45
123. El-Maghrabi E.A., and Eckenhoff R.G. Inhibition of dopamine transport in rat brain synaptosomes by volatile anesthetics. Anesthesiology 78 (1993) 750-756
124. Burton D.A., Nicholson G., and Hall G.M. Anaesthesia in elderly patients with neurodegenerative disorders: special considerations. Drugs Aging 21 4 (2004) 229-242