Varieties of popular science and the transformations of public knowledge: Some historical reflections

ISIS

Volumn 100, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 319-332

  Daum, Andreas W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349604480     PISSN: 00211753     EISSN: 15456994     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/599550     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Steven Shapin, " Science and the Public, " in Companion to the History of Modern Science, ed. R. C. Olby et al. (London/New York: Routledge, 1990), pp. 990-1007.
2. Roger Cooter and Stephen Pumfrey, " Separate Spheres and Public Places: Reflections on the History of Science Popularization and Science in Popular Culture, " History of Science, 1994, 32:237-267.
3. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent, " A Genealogy of the Increasing Gap between Science and the Public, " Public Understanding of Science, 2001, 10:99 -113.
4. and the short summary by Bruce V. Lewenstein, " Popularization, " in The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science, ed. John L. Heilbron (Oxford/New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2003), pp. 667-668.
5. Stephen Hilgartner, " The Dominant View of Popularization: Conceptual Problems, Political Uses, " Social Studies of Science, 1990, 20:519 -539. For the diametrically opposite concept of " expository science, " which assumes a " sort of continuum of methods and practices utilized both within research and far beyond, for purposes of conveying science-based information, ".
6. Terry Shinn and Richard Whitley, eds., Expository Science: Forms and Functions of Popularisation (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985), p. viii.
7. The sweeping critique of the two-stage model tends to overlook, however, that popularizing activities throughout history have often construed rhetorically a gap between expert knowledge and popular knowledge to make the opposite argument-i.e., to present popular knowledge as something positive and necessary.
8. Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The " Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1988).
9. For exemplary studies that focus on national settings see, for England, David E. Allen, The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History, 2nd ed. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1994).
10. Roger Cooter, The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organization of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984).
11. Alison Winter, Mesmerized: Powers of Mind in Victorian Britain (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1998).
12. James A. Secord, Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2000). For France: Bruno Béguet, ed., La science pour tous: Sur la vulgarisation scientifique en France de 1850 à 1914 (Paris: Bibliotheque du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 1990).
13. Daniel Raichvarg and Jean Jacques, Savants et ignorants: Une histoire de la vulgarisation des sciences (Paris: Seuil, 1991). For Germany: Alfred Kelly, The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860-1914 (Chapel Hill: Univ. North Carolina Press, 1981).
14. Andreas W. Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert: Bu"rgerliche Kultur, naturwissenschaftliche Bildung und die deutsche O" ffentlichkeit, 1848-1914, 2nd ed. (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2002).
15. For the United States: Annette M. Woodlief, " Science in Popular Culture, " in Handbook of American Popular Culture, ed. M. Thomas Inge, Vol. 3 (Westport, Conn./London: Greenwood, 1981), pp. 429-458.
16. John C. Burnham, How Superstition Won and Science Lost: Popularizing Science and Health in the United States (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1987). For some recent essay collections.
17. Bernard Lightman, ed., Victorian Science in Context (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1997).
18. Aileen Fyfe and Lightman, eds., Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2007).
19. Carsten Kretschmann, ed., Wissenspopularisierung: Konzepte der Wissensverbreitung im Wandel (Berlin: Akademie, 2003).
20. Many relevant articles can be found in N. Jardine, J. A. Secord, and E. C. Spary, eds., Cultures of Natural History (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1996).
21. Catherine Bénédic, " Le monde des vulgarisateurs, " in La science pour tous, ed. Béguet, pp. 30-40.
22. Dictionnaire des principaux vulgarisateurs," Bénédic C., Le monde des vulgarisateurs
23. Barbara T. Gates and Ann B. Shteir, eds., Natural Eloquence: Women Reinscribe Science (Madison: Univ. Wisconsin Press, 1997).
24. Shteir, Cultivating Women, Cultivating Science: Flora's Daughters and Botany in England, 1760 to 1860 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996).
25. Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert, pp. 377-458, 473-518.
26. Bernard Lightman, Victorian Popularizers of Science: Designing Nature for New Audiences (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2007).
27. See Fyfe and Lightman, eds., Science in the Marketplace (cit. n. 5).
28. Sally G. Kohlstedt, " From Learned Society to Public Museum: The Boston Society of Natural History, " in The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, 1860-1920, ed. Alexandra Olsen and John Voss (Baltimore/London: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1979), pp. 386-406.
29. Anne Secord, " Science in the Pub: Artisan Botanists in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire, " Hist. Sci., 1994, 32:269 -315.
30. with a focus on the intersection of bourgeois family life and scientific imagination, Deborah R. Coen, Vienna in the Age of Uncertainty: Science, Liberalism, and Private Life (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2007). On science in twentieth-century (visual) media.
31. Gregg Mitman, Reel Nature: America's Romance with Wildlife on Film (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1999).
32. Marcel C. LaFollette, Science on the Air: Popularizers and Personalities on Radio and Early Television (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2008).
33. Jim Secord's Victorian Sensation (cit. n. 5) stands out as a landmark study. For the British context see also Geoffrey Cantor et al., Science in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical: Reading the Magazine of Nature (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004).
34. Louise Henson, Culture and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Media (Aldershot/Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2004).
35. James Mussell, Science, Time, and Space in the Late Nineteenth-Century Periodical Press: Movable Types (Aldershot/Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2007).
36. Jonathan R. Topham, " Publishing 'Popular Science' in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain, " in Science in the Marketplace, ed. Fyfe and Lightman, pp. 135-168. More generally, .
37. Robert Darnton, " History of Reading, " in New Perspectives on Historical Writing, ed. Peter Burke, 2nd ed. (University Park: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press, 2001), pp. 157-186.
38. James J. Bono, " Science, Discourse, and Literature: The Role/Rule of Metaphor in Science, " in Literature and Science: Theory and Practice, ed. Stuart Peterfreund (Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press, 1990), pp. 59-89.
39. Robert M. Young, Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985).
40. Caroline A. Jones, Peter Louis Galison, and Amy E. Slaton, eds., Picturing Science, Producing Art (New York: Routledge, 1998).
41. Bernard Lightman, " The Visual Theology of Victorian Popularizers of Science: From Reverent Eye to Chemical Retina, " Isis, 2000, 91:651- 680.
42. Anke te Heesen, The World in a Box: The Story of an Eighteenth-Century Picture Encyclopedia (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2002).
43. Anne Secord, " Botany on a Plate: Pleasure and the Power of Pictures in Promoting Early Nineteenth- Century Scientific Knowledge, " Isis, 2002, 93:28 -57.
44. " Science and Visual Culture" [Focus section], Anne Secord, " Botany on a Plate: Pleasure and the Power of Pictures in Promoting Early Nineteenth- Century Scientific Knowledge, " ibid., 2006, 97:75-132.
45. Ann B. Shteir and Lightman, eds., Figuring It Out: Science, Gender, and Visual Culture (Hanover, N.H.: Dartmouth College Press, 2006).
46. Bernd Hu"ppauf and Peter Weingart, eds., Science Images and Popular Images of the Sciences (New York: Routledge, 2007).
47. John Hedley Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991).
48. Peter J. Bowler, Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early Twentieth- Century Britain (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2001).
49. David C. Lindberg and Ronald L. Numbers, eds., When Science and Christianity Meet (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2003).
50. Aileen Fyfe, Science and Salvation: Evangelical Popular Science Publishing in Victorian Britain (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2004).
51. On the role of microhistory in the history of science see Paula Findlen, " The Two Cultures of Scholarship?" Isis, 2005, 96:230 -237.
52. Eric J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914-1991 (New York: Pantheon, 1994).
53. In contrast to the use of the term " science" in the English-speaking world, " Wissenschaft" has not been limited to the natural sciences in the German context.
54. Andreas W. Daum, " Wissenschaft and Knowledge, " in Germany, 1800-1870, ed. Jonathan Sperber (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004), pp. 137-161.
55. On theories of political economy in the early nineteenth century see Noel W. Thompson, The People's Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis, 1816-34 (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1984).
56. On the spread of Darwin's theory Thomas F. Glick, ed., The Comparative Reception of Darwinism: With a New Preface (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1988).
57. Eve-Marie Engels, ed., Die Rezeption von Evolutionstheorien im 19. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1995). On the popularization of psychoanalysis.
58. Joy Damousi and Mariano Ben Plotkin, eds., The Transnational Unconscious: Essays in the History of Psychoanalysis and Transnationalism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). On the international reception of economic models coined in the United States.
59. Richard Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1993).
60. Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (Oxford/New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1994). On the rise of music journalism.
61. Celia Applegate, Bach in Berlin: Nation and Culture in Mendelssohn's Revival of the St. Matthew Passion (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 2005). On the role ofarchaeology.
62. Suzanne L. Marchand, Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750-1970 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1996).
63. Jean-Marc Drouin and Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent, " Nature for the People, " in Cultures of Natural History, ed. Jardine et al. (cit. n. 5), pp. 408-425.
64. James A. Secord, " Knowledge in Transit, " Isis, 2004, 95:654-672, on p. 669.
65. Aileen Fyfe and Bernard Lightman, " Science in the Marketplace: An Introduction, " in Science in the Marketplace, ed. Fyfe and Lightman (cit. n. 5), pp. 1-19, on p. 9.
66. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 2000).
67. Chakrabarty, "Postcoloniality and the Artifice of History: Who Speaks for 'Indian' Pasts?" Representations, 1992, 37:1-26, on p. 8.
68. Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer, Leviathan and the Air-Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1985).
69. Larry Stewart, The Rise of Public Science: Rhetoric, Technology, and Natural Philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).
70. Jan Golinski, Science as Public Culture: Chemistry and Enlightenment in Britain, 1760-1820 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992).
71. Helmar Schramm, ed., Spektakula"re Experimente: Praktiken der Evidenzproduktion im 17. Jahrhundert (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2006).
72. Steven Paul Palmer, From Popular Medicine to Medical Populism: Doctors, Healers, and Public Power in Costa Rica, 1800-1940 (Durham, N.C.: Duke Univ. Press, 2003).
73. Narender K. Sehgal, Satpal Sangwan, and Subodh Mahanti, eds., Uncharted Terrains: Essays on Science Popularisation in Pre-Independence India (New Delhi: Vigyan Prasar, 2000), p. 4.
74. Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert (cit. n. 5), pp. 85-191, 210-225.
75. Faidra Papanelopoulou, Agustí Nieto-Galan, and Enrique Perdiguero, eds., Popularizing Science and Technology in the European Periphery, 1800-2000 (Aldershot: Ashgate, forthcoming).
76. Marta Petrusewicz, " The Modernization of the European Periphery: Ireland, Poland, and the Two Sicilies, 1820-1870: Parallel and Connected, Distinct and Comparable, " in Comparison and History: Europe in Cross-National Perspective, ed. Deborah Cohen and Maura O'Connor (New York/London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 145-163.
77. See Susan Sheets-Pyenson, " Popular Science Periodicals in Paris and London: The Emergence of a Low Scientific Culture, 1820-1875, " Annals of Science, 1985, 42:549 -572.
78. Angela Schwarz, Der Schlu"ssel zur modernen Welt: Wissenschaftspopularisierung in Gro-britannien und Deutschland im U" bergang zur Moderne (ca. 1870-1914) (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1999).
79. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and Anne Rasmussen, eds., La science populaire dans la presse et l'édition XIXe et XXe siècles (Paris: CNRS, 1997).
80. Joachim Schummer, Bensaude-Vincent, and Brigitte Van Tiggelen, eds., The Public Image of Chemistry (Singapore/Hackensack, N.J.: World Scientific, 2007).
81. Dora Barrancos, La escena iluminada: Ciencias para trabajadores, 1890-1930 (Buenos Aires: Plus Ultra, 1996).
82. Werner Michler, Darwinismus und Literatur: Naturwissenschaftliche und literarische Intelligenz in O"sterreich, 1859-1914 (Vienna/Cologne: Bo"hlau, 1999).
83. Leszek Zasztowt, Popularyzacja nauki w Kró-lestwie Polskim 1864-1905 (Warsaw: Zakł ad Narodowy, 1989), p. 269.
84. The quotation is from Eduard von Hartmann (" Evangelium der Descendenztheorie" ), Deutsche Rundschau, 1875, 4:17.
85. Topham, " Publishing 'Popular Science' in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain" (cit. n. 8).
86. Andreas W. Daum, " Science, Politics, and Religion: Humboldtian Thinking and the Transformations of Civil Society in Germany, 1830-1870, " in Science and Civil Society, ed. Tom Broman and Lynn Nyhart (Osiris, 17) (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2002), pp. 107-140.
87. Robert Darnton, The Business of Enlightenment: A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie, 1775-1800 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap, 1979).
88. Darnton, The Forbidden Best-Sellers of Pre-Revolutionary France (New York: Norton, 1995).
89. See also Thomas Broman, " The Habermasian Public Sphere and 'Science in the Enlightenment, '" Hist. Sci., 1998, 36:123-149.
90. On politics and science referring to one another as resources see Mitchell G. Ash, " Wissenschaft und Politik als Ressourcen fu"reinander, " in Wissenschaften und Wissenschaftspolitik- Bestandaufnahmen zu Formationen, Bru"chen und Kontinuita"ten im Deutschland des 20. Jahrhunderts, ed. Ru"diger vom Bruch and Brigitte Kaderas (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2002), pp. 32-51.
91. Detlev J. K. Peukert, " The Genesis of the 'Final Solution' from the Spirit of Science, " in Reevaluating the Third Reich, ed. Thomas Childers and Jane Caplan (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1993), pp. 234-252.
92. Morris Low, ed., Building a Modern Japan: Science, Technology, and Medicine in the Meiji Era and Beyond (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005).
93. James T. Andrews, Science for the Masses: The Bolshevik State, Public Science, and the Popular Imagination in Soviet Russia, 1917-1934 (College Station: Texas A& M Univ. Press, 2003).
94. Robert Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1999).
95. Sigrid Schmalzer, The People's Peking Man: Popular Science and Human Identity in Twentieth-Century China (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2008).
96. Dolores L. Augustine, Red Prometheus: Engineering and Dictatorship in East Germany, 1945-1990 (Cambridge, Mass./London: MIT Press, 2007).
97. Daniel Gasman, The Scientific Origins of National Socialism: With a New Introduction (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2004).
98. Richard Weikart, From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics, and Racism in Germany (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
99. Charles S. Maier, " Consigning the Twentieth Century to History: Alternative Narratives for the Modern Era, " American Historical Review, 2000, 165:807- 831.
100. Two new grand syntheses emphasize the ambiguous notions of Europe's history in the twentieth century: Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe's Twentieth Century (New York: Vintage, 2000).
101. Bernard Wasserstein, Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in Our Time (Oxford/New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2007).
102. Marc Bloch, The Historian's Craft, trans. Peter Putnam (New York: Vintage, 1953), pp. 8, 157.
103. The following categories are different in nature from those that may be derived primarily from science studies and the sociology of science.
104. see, e.g., the suggestions in Robert E. Kohler, " A Generalist's Vision, " Isis, 2005, 96:224 -229.
105. Ju"rgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989).
106. For discussion of the Habermasian model see Craig Calhoun, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1992).
107. Adrian Desmond, The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 1989).
108. Andrews, Science for the Masses (cit. n. 27).
109. Michael Burleigh and Wolfgang Wippermann, The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945 (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991).
110. Lewis Pyenson, " 'Who the Guys Were': Prosopography in the History of Science, " Hist. Sci., 1977, 15:155-188. See in particular Lightman's groundbreaking study Victorian Popularizers of Science (cit. n. 6).
111. J. Secord, " Knowledge in Transit" (cit. n. 16).
112. Fyfe and Lightman, eds., Science in the Marketplace (cit. n. 5).
113. See Lorraine Daston and Katharine Park, Wonders and the Order of Nature, 1150-1750 (New York: Zone, 1998).
114. Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and Christine Blondel, eds., Science and Spectacle in the European Enlightenment (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).
115. Helmar Schramm, Ludger Schwarte, and Jan Lazardzig, eds., Kunstkammer-Laboratorium-Bu"hne: Schaupla"tze des Wissens im 17. Jahrhundert (Berlin/New York: De Gruyter, 2003).
116. Simon Schaffer, " Natural Philosophy and Public Spectacle in the Eighteenth Century, " Hist. Sci., 1983, 21:1- 43.
117. Ralph O'Connor, The Earth on Show: Fossils and the Poetics of Popular Science, 1802-1856 (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2007).
118. Fred Nadis, Wonder Shows: Performing Science, Magic, and Religion in America (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2005).
119. Easy access to Goffman's writings is provided by Charles Lemert and Ann Branaman, eds., The Goffman Reader (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1997).
120. A. Paul Hare and Herbert H. Blumberg, Dramaturgical Analysis of Social Interaction (New York: Praeger, 1988).
121. Stephen Hilgartner, Science on Stage: Expert Advice as Public Drama (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 2000), relies explicitly on Goffman.
122. among others, George L. Mosse, The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movements in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Univ. Press, 1991).
123. Michael B. Miller, The Bon Marché: Bourgeois Culture and the Department Store, 1869-1920 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1981).
124. Vanessa R. Schwartz, Spectacular Realities: Early Mass Culture in Fin-de-Siecle Paris (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1998).
125. Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1997).
126. and, with a focus on performance, theatricality, and the politics of visibility in international relations, Andreas W. Daum, Kennedy in Berlin, trans. Dona Geyer (Cambridge/New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2008).
127. Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland: Theosophische Weltanschauung und gesellschaftliche Praxis 1884-1945, 2 vols. (Go"ttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007).
128. There are now myriads of writings-some more empirical, some more theoretical-articulating the desire to introduce more transnational and global angles to historiography at large and to situate national narrative in world history. One place to start is the recent discussion about U.S. history. See Thomas Bender, ed., Rethinking American History in a Global Age (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 2002).
129. and Bender, A Nation among Nations: America's Place in World History (New York: Hill & Wang, 2006).
130. For the Open Court and a more systematic treatment of these issues, with various other examples, see Andreas W. Daum, " 'The Next Great Task of Civilization': International Exchange in Popular Science: The German-American Case, 1850-1900, " in The Mechanics of Internationalism: Culture, Society, and Politics from the 1840s to the First World War, ed. Martin H. Geyer and Johannes Paulmann (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001), pp. 280-314.
131. For the other cases mentioned see William J. Astore, Observing God: Thomas Dick, Evangelicalism, and Popular Science in Victorian Britain and America (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), pp. 171-235, esp. p. 179.
132. Amitabha Ghosh, " Popularisation of Science in Bengal: The Pioneering Role of Rajendral Mitra, " in Uncharted Terrains, ed. Sehgal et al. (cit. n. 20), pp. 67-75, esp. p. 71.
133. and Masao Watanabe, Science and Cultural Exchange in Modern History: Japan and the West (Tokyo: Hokusen-Sha, 1997), p. 203.
134. On these processes in the sciences generally see David N. Livingstone, Putting Science in Its Place: Geographies of Scientific Knowledge (Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 135-187.
135. See William H. Sewell, Jr. " The Concept(s) of Culture, " in Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture, ed. Victoria E. Bonnell and Lynn Hunt (Berkeley: Univ. California Press, 1999), pp. 35-61.
136. Morag Shiach, Discourse on Popular Culture: Class, Gender, and History in Cultural Analysis, 1730 to the Present (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford Univ. Press, 1989).
137. Dominic Strinati, An Introduction to Theories of Popular Culture, 2nd ed. (London/New York: Routledge, 2004).
138. and John Storey, ed., Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: A Reader, 3rd ed. (Harlow/New York: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006).