Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of cholangiocarcinoma: 1990-2009

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 15, Issue 34, 2009, Pages 4240-4262

  Aljiffry, Murad ^a   Walsh, Mark J ^a   Molinari, Michele ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Cholangiocarcinoma; Diagnosis; Epidemiology; Palliation; Systematic review; Therapy

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ASBESTOS; CA 19-9 ANTIGEN; CAPECITABINE; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CISPLATIN; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; GEMCITABINE; ISONIAZID; MITOMYCIN C; MUCIN 5AC; NITROSAMINE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; OXALIPLATIN; THORIUM DIOXIDE; UFT; VINYL CHLORIDE;

ADVANCED CANCER; BILE DUCT CARCINOMA; BILE DUCT CYST; BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION; BILE DUCT STONE; BILIARY TRACT DRAINAGE; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHEMOEMBOLIZATION; CHOLANGIOGRAPHY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG RESPONSE; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MAGNETIC RESONANCE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; METASTASIS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PARASITOSIS; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN BLOOD LEVEL; RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STENT; SURGICAL DRAINAGE; TUMOR BIOPSY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VIRUS INFECTION; BILE DUCT TUMOR; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; HEPATIC DUCT; INTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT; METHODOLOGY; PALLIATIVE THERAPY;

BILE DUCT NEOPLASMS; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HUMANS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PALLIATIVE CARE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 70349563344     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4240     Document Type: Review

References (303)

1. Olnes MJ, Erlich R. A review and update on cholangiocarcinoma. Oncology 2004; 66: 167-179
2. Shaib Y, El-Serag HB. The epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 115-125
3. Watanapa P. Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with opisthorchiasis. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 1062-1064
4. Cook DJ, Mulrow CD, Haynes RB. Systematic reviews: synthesis of best evidence for clinical decisions. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 376-380
5. Mulrow CD, Oxman AD. Cochrane Collaboration Handbook. Oxford: Update Software, 1997; 1
6. Downs SH, Black N. The feasibility of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non-randomised studies of health care interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998; 52: 377-384 (Pubitemid 28438523)
7. Sikora SS, Singh RK. Surgical strategies in patients with gallbladder cancer: nihilism to optimism. J Surg Oncol 2006; 93: 670-681
8. Thomas MB. Biological characteristics of cancers in the gallbladder and biliary tract and targeted therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 61: 44-51
9. Tang B, Cuschieri A. Conversions during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: risk factors and effects on patient outcome. J Gastrointest Surg 2006; 10: 1081-1091 (Pubitemid 44037470)
10. Oikarinen H. Diagnostic imaging of carcinomas of the gallbladder and the bile ducts. Acta Radiol 2006; 47: 345-358
11. Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 1655-1667
12. Vauthey JN, Blumgart LH. Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas. Semin Liver Dis 1994; 14: 109-114
13. Khan SA, Taylor-Robinson SD, Toledano MB, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas HC. Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours. J Hepatol 2002; 37: 806-813 (Pubitemid 35404220)
14. Patel T. Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies. BMC Cancer 2002; 2: 10
15. Zhou YM, Yin ZF, Yang JM, Li B, Shao WY, Xu F, Wang YL, Li DQ. Risk factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a case-control study in China. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 632-635 (Pubitemid 351320834)
16. Khan SA, Thomas HC, Davidson BR, Taylor-Robinson SD. Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet 2005; 366: 1303-1314
17. He XR, Wu XP. Difference in biological characteristics and sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy between intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro. Chin Med Sci J 2008; 23: 54-59
18. Guedj N, Martine P, Degos F, Zhan Q, Valla D, Belghiti J, Farges O, Bedossa P, Paradis V. Are hilar and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas different entities? J Hepatology 2007; 46: 242A
19. Shaib YH, Davila JA, McGlynn K, El-Serag HB. Rising incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a true increase? J Hepatol 2004; 40: 472-477 (Pubitemid 38230849)
20. Shaib YH, El-Serag HB, Davila JA, Morgan R, McGlynn KA. Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study. Gastroenterology 2005; 128: 620-626 (Pubitemid 40585364)
21. Patel T. Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1353-1357
22. Klatskin G. Adenocarcinoma of the hepatic duct at its bifurcation within the porta hepatis. An unusual tumor with distinctive clinical and pathological features. Am J Med 1965; 38: 241-256
23. Bismuth H, Corlette MB. Intrahepatic cholangioenteric anastomosis in carcinoma of the hilus of the liver. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1975; 140: 170-178
24. Patel T. Cholangiocarcinoma. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 3: 33-42
25. I shak KG, Anthony PP, Sobin LH. Wor ld Heal t h Organization International Histologic Classification of Tumors: Histological Typing of Tumors to the Liver. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1994
26. Carriaga MT, Henson DE. Liver, gallbladder, extrahepatic bile ducts, and pancreas. Cancer 1995; 75: 171-190
27. Lim JH, Park CK. Pathology of cholangiocarcinoma. Abdom Imaging 2004; 29: 540-547
28. Chapman RW. Risk factors for biliary tract carcinogenesis. Ann Oncol 1999; 10 Suppl 4: 308-311
29. Broomé U, Olsson R, Lööf L, Bodemar G, Hultcrantz R, Danielsson A, Prytz H, Sandberg-Gertzén H, Wallerstedt S, Lindberg G. Natural history and prognostic factors in 305 Swedish patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gut 1996; 38: 610-615 (Pubitemid 26111384)
30. Bergquist A, Broomé U. Hepatobiliary and extra-hepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 15: 643-656 (Pubitemid 32747016)
31. Bergquist A, Ekbom A, Olsson R, Kornfeldt D, Lööf L, Danielsson A, Hultcrantz R, Lindgren S, Prytz H, Sandberg-Gertzén H, Almer S, Granath F, Broomé U. Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 321-327 (Pubitemid 34194790)
32. Farrant JM, Hayllar KM, Wilkinson ML, Karani J, Portmann BC, Westaby D, Williams R. Natural history and prognostic variables in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1710-1717
33. Pitt HA, Dooley WC, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL. Malignancies of the biliary tree. Curr Probl Surg 1995; 32: 1-90
34. Rosen CB, Nagorney DM, Wiesner RH, Coffey RJ Jr, LaRusso NF. Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis. Ann Surg 1991; 213: 21-25
35. Claessen MM, Vleggaar FP, Tytgat KM, Siersema PD, van Buuren HR. High lifetime risk of cancer in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 158-164
36. Kaya M, de Groen PC, Angulo P, Nagorney DM, Gunderson LL, Gores GJ, Haddock MG, Lindor KD. Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1164-1169 (Pubitemid 32319155)
37. Watanapa P, Watanapa WB. Liver fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 962-970
38. Haswell-Elkins MR, Mairiang E, Mairiang P, Chaiyakum J, Chamadol N, Loapaiboon V, Sithithaworn P, Elkins DB. Cross-sectional study of Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma in communities within a high-risk area in northeast Thailand. Int J Cancer 1994; 59: 505-509 (Pubitemid 24357275)
39. Jang KT, Hong SM, Lee KT, Lee JG, Choi SH, Heo JS, Choi DW, Choi D, Lim JH. Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct associated with Clonorchis sinensis infection. Virchows Arch 2008; 453: 589-598
40. Su CH, Shyr YM, Lui WY, P'Eng FK. Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 1997; 84: 969-973
41. Chen MF, Jan YY, Wang CS, Hwang TL, Jeng LB, Chen SC, Chen TJ. A reappraisal of cholangiocarcinoma in patient with hepatolithiasis. Cancer 1993; 71: 2461-2465
42. Ku b o S , Ki n o s h i t a H, Hi r o h a s h i K, Hamb a H. Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 1995; 19: 637-641
43. Lesurtel M, Regimbeau JM, Farges O, Colombat M, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatolithiasis: an unusual association in Western countries. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 14: 1025-1027
44. Chu KM, Lo CM, Liu CL, Fan ST. Malignancy associated with hepatolithiasis. Hepatogastroenterology 1997; 44: 352-357
45. Kim YT, Byun JS, Kim J, Jang YH, Lee WJ, Ryu JK, Kim SW, Yoon YB, Kim CY. Factors predicting concurrent cholangiocarcinomas associated with hepatolithiasis. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50: 8-12 (Pubitemid 36182924)
46. Hewitt PM, Krige JE, Bornman PC, Terblanche J. Choledochal cysts in adults. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 382-385
47. Lipsett PA, Pitt HA, Colombani PM, Boitnott JK, Cameron JL. Choledochal cyst disease. A changing pattern of presentation. Ann Surg 1994; 220: 644-652 (Pubitemid 24355776)
48. Ohtsuka T, Inoue K, Ohuchida J, Nabae T, Takahata S, Niiyama H, Yokohata K, Ogawa Y, Yamaguchi K, Chijiiwa K, Tanaka M. Carcinoma arising in choledochocele. Endoscopy 2001; 33: 614-619
49. Goto N, Yasuda I, Uematsu T, Kanemura N, Takao S, Ando K, Kato T, Osada S, Takao H, Saji S, Shimokawa K, Moriwaki H. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma arising 10 years after the excision of congenital extrahepatic biliary dilation. J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 856-862
50. Sorensen HT, Friis S, Olsen JH, Thulstrup AM, Mellemkjaer L, Linet M, Trichopoulos D, Vilstrup H, Olsen J. Risk of liver and other types of cancer in patients with cirrhosis: a nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Hepatology 1998; 28: 921-925 (Pubitemid 28450250)
51. Donato F, Gelatti U, Tagger A, Favret M, Ribero ML, Callea F, Martelli C, Savio A, Trevisi P, Nardi G. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and hepatitis C and B virus infection, alcohol intake, and hepatolithiasis: a case-control study in Italy. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 959-964
52. Lee CH, Chang CJ, Lin YJ, Yeh CN, Chen MF, Hsieh SY. Viral hepatitis-associated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma shares common disease processes with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2009; 100: 1765-1770
53. Kobayashi M, Ikeda K, Saitoh S, Suzuki F, Tsubota A, Suzuki Y, Arase Y, Murashima N, Chayama K, Kumada H. Incidence of primary cholangiocellular carcinoma of the liver in japanese patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. Cancer 2000; 88: 2471-2477 (Pubitemid 30331952)
54. El-Serag HB, Engels EA, Landgren O, Chiao E, Henderson L, Amaratunge HC, Giordano TP. Risk of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers after hepatitis C virus infection: A population-based study of U.S. veterans. Hepatology 2009; 49: 116-123
55. Sahani D, Prasad SR, Tannabe KK, Hahn PF, Mueller PR, Saini S. Thorotrast-induced cholangiocarcinoma: case report. Abdom Imaging 2003; 28: 72-74
56. Lipshutz GS, Brennan TV, Warren RS. Thorotrast-induced liver neoplasia: a collective review. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 195: 713-718
57. Rubel LR, Ishak KG. Thorotrast-associated cholangiocarcinoma: an epidemiologic and clinicopathologic study. Cancer 1982; 50: 1408-1415
58. Szendröi M, Németh L, Vajta G. Asbestos bodies in a bile duct cancer after occupational exposure. Environ Res 1983; 30: 270-280
59. Wong O, Whorton MD, Foliart DE, Ragland D. An industrywide epidemiologic study of vinyl chloride workers, 1942-1982. Am J Ind Med 1991; 20: 317-334
60. Mitacek EJ, Brunnemann KD, Hoffmann D, Limsila T, Suttajit M, Martin N, Caplan LS. Volatile nitrosamines and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in the smoke of Thai cigarettes: a risk factor for lung cancer and a suspected risk factor for liver cancer in Thailand. Carcinogenesis 1999; 20: 133-137 (Pubitemid 29033855)
61. Lowenfels AB, Norman J. Isoniazid and bile duct cancer. JAMA 1978; 240: 434-435
62. Yen S, Hsieh CC, MacMahon B. Extrahepatic bile duct cancer and smoking, beverage consumption, past medical history, and oral-contraceptive use. Cancer 1987; 59: 2112-2116
63. Bergquist A, Glaumann H, Persson B, Broomé U. Risk factors and clinical presentation of hepatobiliary carcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a casecontrol study. Hepatology 1998; 27: 311-316 (Pubitemid 28081041)
64. Oh SW, Yoon YS, Shin SA. Effects of excess weight on cancer incidences depending on cancer sites and histologic findings among men: Korea National Health Insurance Corporation Study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4742-4754
65. Malhi H, Gores GJ. Review article: the modern diagnosis and therapy of cholangiocarcinoma. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 1287-1296
66. Hakamada K, Sasaki M, Endoh M, Itoh T, Morita T, Konn M. Late development of bile duct cancer after sphincteroplasty: a ten- to twenty-two-year follow-up study. Surgery 1997; 121: 488-492 (Pubitemid 27202893)
67. DeOliveira ML, Cunningham SC, Cameron JL, Kamangar F, Winter JM, Lillemoe KD, Choti MA, Yeo CJ, Schulick RD. Cholangiocarcinoma: thirty-one-year experience with 564 patients at a single institution. Ann Surg 2007; 245: 755-762 (Pubitemid 46684105)
68. Nakeeb A, Pitt HA, Sohn TA, Coleman J, Abrams RA, Piantadosi S, Hruban RH, Lillemoe KD, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL. Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 463-473; discussion 473-475
69. Khan SA, Davidson BR, Goldin R, Pereira SP, Rosenberg WM, Taylor-Robinson SD, Thillainayagam AV, Thomas HC, Thursz MR, Wasan H. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma: consensus document. Gut 2002; 51 Suppl 6: VI1-VI9
70. Washburn WK, Lewis WD, Jenkins RL. Aggressive surgical resection for cholangiocarcinoma. Arch Surg 1995; 130: 270-276
71. Jarnagin WR. Cholangiocarcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Semin Surg Oncol 2000; 19: 156-176
72. Patel AH, Harnois DM, Klee GG, LaRusso NF, Gores GJ. The utility of CA 19-9 in the diagnoses of cholangiocarcinoma in patients without primary sclerosing cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 204-207 (Pubitemid 30041560)
73. Chen CY, Shiesh SC, Tsao HC, Lin XZ. The assessment of biliary CA 125, CA 19-9 and CEA in diagnosing cholangiocarcinoma - the influence of sampling time and hepatolithiasis. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 616-620
74. Lamerz R. Role of tumour markers, cytogenetics. Ann Oncol 1999; 10 Suppl 4: 145-149
75. Maestranzi S, Przemioslo R, Mitchell H, Sherwood RA. The effect of benign and malignant liver disease on the tumour markers CA19-9 and CEA. Ann Clin Biochem 1998; 35 ( Pt 1): 99-103 (Pubitemid 28043632)
76. Chalasani N, Baluyut A, Ismail A, Zaman A, Sood G, Ghalib R, McCashland TM, Reddy KR, Zervos X, Anbari MA, Hoen H. Cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis: a multicenter case-control study. Hepatology 2000; 31: 7-11 (Pubitemid 30033681)
77. Nichols JC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Wiesner RH, Nagorney DM, Ritts RE Jr. Diagnostic role of serum CA 19-9 for cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68: 874-879
78. Charatcharoenwitthaya P, Enders FB, Halling KC, Lindor KD. Utility of serum tumor markers, imaging, and biliary cytology for detecting cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2008; 48: 1106-1117
79. Siqueira E, Schoen RE, Silverman W, Martin J, Rabinovitz M, Weissfeld JL, Abu-Elmaagd K, Madariaga JR, Slivka A. Detecting cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 40-47 (Pubitemid 41115047)
80. Bamrungphon W, Prempracha N, Bunchu N, Rangdaeng S, Sandhu T, Srisukho S, Boonla C, Wongkham S. A new mucin antibody/enzyme-linked lectin-sandwich assay of serum MUC5AC mucin for the diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2007; 247: 301-308 (Pubitemid 46240619)
81. Saini S. Imaging of the hepatobiliary tract. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1889-1894
82. Sharma MP, Ahuja V. Aetiological spectrum of obstructive jaundice and diagnostic ability of ultrasonography: a clinician's perspective. Trop Gastroenterol 1999; 20: 167-169
83. Bloom CM, Langer B, Wilson SR. Role of US in the detection, characterization, and staging of cholangiocarcinoma. Radiographics 1999; 19: 1199-1218
84. Slattery JM, Sahani DV. What is the current state-of-the-art imaging for detection and staging of cholangiocarcinoma? Oncologist 2006; 11: 913-922
85. Hann LE, Greatrex KV, Bach AM, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Cholangiocarcinoma at the hepatic hilus: sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 985-989 (Pubitemid 27146930)
86. Bach AM, Hann LE, Brown KT, Getrajdman GI, Herman SK, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Portal vein evaluation with US: comparison to angiography combined with CT arterial portography. Radiology 1996; 201: 149-154 (Pubitemid 26314380)
87. Robledo R, Muro A, Prieto ML. Extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma: US characteristics and accuracy in demonstration of tumors. Radiology 1996; 198: 869-873 (Pubitemid 26066312)
88. Valls C, Gumà A, Puig I, Sanchez A, Andía E, Serrano T, Figueras J. Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: CT evaluation. Abdom Imaging 2000; 25: 490-496
89. Zhang Y, Uchida M, Abe T, Nishimura H, Hayabuchi N, Nakashima Y. Intrahepatic peripheral cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of dynamic CT and dynamic MRI. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999; 23: 670-677 (Pubitemid 29463798)
90. Tillich M, Mischinger HJ, Preisegger KH, Rabl H, Szolar DH. Multiphasic helical CT in diagnosis and staging of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 171: 651-658
91. Asayama Y, Yoshimitsu K, Irie H, Tajima T, Nishie A, Hirakawa M, Nakayama T, Kakihara D, Taketomi A, Aishima S, Honda H. Delayed-phase dynamic CT enhancement as a prognostic factor for mass-forming intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Radiology 2006; 238: 150-155 (Pubitemid 43010591)
92. Kim TK, Choi BI, Han JK, Jang HJ, Cho SG, Han MC. Peripheral cholangiocarcinoma of the liver: two-phase spiral CT findings. Radiology 1997; 204: 539-543
93. Han JK, Choi BI, Kim AY, An SK, Lee JW, Kim TK, Kim SW. Cholangiocarcinoma: pictorial essay of CT and cholangiographic findings. Radiographics 2002; 22: 173-187
94. Watadani T, Akahane M, Yoshikawa T, Ohtomo K. Preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma using multidetector-row CT: correlation with histopathological findings. Radiat Med 2008; 26: 402-407
95. Seo H, Lee JM, Kim IH, Han JK, Kim SH, Jang JY, Kim SW, Choi BI. Evaluation of the gross type and longitudinal extent of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas on contrast-enhanced multidetector row computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2009; 33: 376-382
96. Okumoto T, Sato A, Yamada T, Takase K, Matsuhashi T, Tsuda M, Seiji K, Ishibashi T, Higano S, Katayose Y, Unno M, Takahashi S. Correct diagnosis of vascular encasement and longitudinal extension of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by four-channel multidetector-row computed tomography. Tohoku J Exp Med 2009; 217: 1-8
97. Hann LE, Getrajdman GI, Brown KT, Bach AM, Teitcher JB, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Hepatic lobar atrophy: association with ipsilateral portal vein obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 1017-1021 (Pubitemid 26322266)
98. Feydy A, Vilgrain V, Denys A, Sibert A, Belghiti J, Vullierme MP, Menu Y. Helical CT assessment in hilar cholangiocarcinoma: correlation with surgical and pathologic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999; 172: 73-77 (Pubitemid 29028434)
99. Yamashita Y, Takahashi M, Kanazawa S, Charnsangavej C, Wallace S. Parenchymal changes of the liver in cholangiocarcinoma: CT evaluation. Gastrointest Radiol 1992; 17: 161-166
100. Lee HY, Kim SH, Lee JM, Kim SW, Jang JY, Han JK, Choi BI. Preoperative assessment of resectability of hepatic hilar cholangiocarcinoma: combined CT and cholangiography with revised criteria. Radiology 2006; 239: 113-121
101. Aloia TA, Charnsangavej C, Faria S, Ribero D, Abdalla EK, Vauthey JN, Curley SA. High-resolution computed tomography accurately predicts resectability in hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Surg 2007; 193: 702-706 (Pubitemid 46733908)
102. Xu AM, Cheng HY, Jiang WB, Chen D, Jia YC, Wu MC. Multi-slice three-dimensional spiral CT cholangiography: a new technique for diagnosis of biliary diseases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2002; 1: 595-603 (Pubitemid 36748250)
103. Ahmetoǧlu A, Koşucu P, Kul S, Dinç H, Sari A, Arslan M, Alhan E, Gümele HR. MDCT cholangiography with volume rendering for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 183: 1327-1332
104. Singh P, Patel T. Advances in the diagnosis, evaluation and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2006; 22: 294-299 (Pubitemid 44090067)
105. Romagnuolo J, Bardou M, Rahme E, Joseph L, Reinhold C, Barkun AN. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatograph y: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary disease. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 547-557
106. Guthrie JA, Ward J, Robinson PJ. Hilar cholangiocarcinomas: T2-weighted spin-echo and gadolinium-enhanced FLASH MR imaging. Radiology 1996; 201: 347-351 (Pubitemid 26357624)
107. Schwartz LH, Coakley FV, Sun Y, Blumgart LH, Fong Y, Panicek DM. Neoplastic pancreaticobiliary duct obstruction: evaluation with breath-hold MR cholangiopancreatography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 1491-1495 (Pubitemid 28237636)
108. Manfredi R, Brizi MG, Masselli G, Vecchioli A, Marano P. [Malignant biliary hilar stenosis: MR cholangiography compared with direct cholangiography] Radiol Med 2001; 102: 48-54
109. Rös ch T, Meining A, Frühmorgen S, Zi l l inger C, Schusdziarra V, Hellerhoff K, Classen M, Helmberger H. A prospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of ERCP, MRCP, CT, and EUS in biliary strictures. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 870-876
110. Park MS, Kim TK, Kim KW, Park SW, Lee JK, Kim JS, Lee JH, Kim KA, Kim AY, Kim PN, Lee MG, Ha HK. Differentiation of extrahepatic bile duct cholangiocarcinoma from benign stricture: findings at MRCP versus ERCP. Radiology 2004; 233: 234-240
111. Varghese JC, Farrell MA, Courtney G, Osborne H, Murray FE, Lee MJ. A prospective comparison of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the evaluation of patients with suspected biliary tract disease. Clin Radiol 1999; 54: 513-520 (Pubitemid 29417687)
112. Loperfido S, Angelini G, Benedetti G, Chilovi F, Costan F, De Berardinis F, De Bernardin M, Ederle A, Fina P, Fratton A. Major early complications from diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998; 48: 1-10 (Pubitemid 28337421)
113. Manfredi R, Barbaro B, Masselli G, Vecchioli A, Marano P. Magnetic resonance imaging of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 155-164
114. Lopera JE, Soto JA, Múnera F. Malignant hilar and perihilar biliary obstruction: use of MR cholangiography to define the extent of biliary ductal involvement and plan percutaneous interventions. Radiology 2001; 220: 90-96 (Pubitemid 32577965)
115. Fulcher AS, Turner MA. HASTE MR cholangiography in the evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 1501-1505
116. Choi BI, Lee JM, Han JK. Imaging of intrahepatic and hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Abdom Imaging 2004; 29: 548-557
117. Lee JW, Han JK, Kim TK, Kim YH, Choi BI, Han MC, Suh KS, Kim SW. CT features of intraductal intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 721-725
118. Lee SS, Kim MH, Lee SK, Kim TK, Seo DW, Park JS, Hwang CY, Chang HS, Min YI. MR cholangiography versus cholangioscopy for evaluation of longitudinal extension of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 25-32
119. Hänninen EL, Pech M, Jonas S, Ricke J, Thelen A, Langrehr J, Hintze R, Röttgen R, Denecke T, Winter L, Neuhaus P, Felix R. Magnetic resonance imaging including magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for tumor localization and therapy planning in malignant hilar obstructions. Acta Radiol 2005; 46: 462-470
120. Masselli G, Manfredi R, Vecchioli A, Gualdi G. MR imaging and MR cholangiopancreatography in the preoperative evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: correlation with surgical and pathologic findings. Eur Radiol 2008; 18: 2213-2221
121. Lee MG, Park KB, Shin YM, Yoon HK, Sung KB, Kim MH, Lee SG, Kang EM. Preoperative evaluation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with contrast-enhanced three-dimensional fast imaging with steady-state precession magnetic resonance angiography: comparison with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. World J Surg 2003; 27: 278-283
122. Pitt HA, Nakeeb A, Abrams RA, Coleman J, Piantadosi S , Yeo CJ , Li l l emor e KD, Came ron JL. Pe r ihi l a r cholangiocarcinoma. Postoperative radiotherapy does not improve survival. Ann Surg 1995; 221: 788-797; discussion 797-798
123. Kumar M, Prashad R, Kumar A, Sharma R, Acharya SK, Chattopadhyay TK. Relative merits of ultrasonography, computed tomography and cholangiography in patients of surgical obstructive jaundice. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45: 2027-2032 (Pubitemid 29055771)
124. Hochwald SN, Burke EC, Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, Blumgart LH. Association of preoperative biliary stenting with increased postoperative infectious complications in proximal cholangiocarcinoma. Arch Surg 1999; 134: 261-266 (Pubitemid 29136009)
125. Harewood GC, Baron TH, Stadheim LM, Kipp BR, Sebo TJ, Salomao DR. Prospective, blinded assessment of factors influencing the accuracy of biliary cytology interpretation. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1464-1469
126. de Bellis M, Fogel EL, Sherman S, Watkins JL, Chappo J, Younger C, Cramer H, Lehman GA. Influence of stricture dilation and repeat brushing on the cancer detection rate of brush cytology in the evaluation of malignant biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58: 176-182 (Pubitemid 38220264)
127. Domagk D, Poremba C, Dietl KH, Senninger N, Heinecke A, Domschke W, Menzel J. Endoscopic transpapillary biopsies and intraductal ultrasonography in the diagnostics of bile duct strictures: a prospective study. Gut 2002; 51: 240-244 (Pubitemid 34791454)
128. Baskin-Bey ES, Moreno Luna LE, Gores GJ. Diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with PSC: a sight on cytology. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 476-479 (Pubitemid 44307388)
129. Baron TH, Harewood GC, Rumalla A, Pochron NL, Stadheim LM, Gores GJ, Therneau TM, De Groen PC, Sebo TJ, Salomao DR, Kipp BR. A prospective comparison of digital image analysis and routine cytology for the identification of malignancy in biliary tract strictures. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 214-219
130. Kipp BR, Stadheim LM, Halling SA, Pochron NL, Harmsen S, Nagorney DM, Sebo TJ, Therneau TM, Gores GJ, de Groen PC, Baron TH, Levy MJ, Halling KC, Roberts LR. A comparison of routine cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of malignant bile duct strictures. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1675-1681
131. Fukuda Y, Tsuyuguchi T, Sakai Y, Tsuchiya S, Saisyo H. Diagnostic utility of peroral cholangioscopy for various bileduct lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 374-382 (Pubitemid 41187939)
132. Chen YK, Pleskow DK. SpyGlass single-operator peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy system for the diagnosis and therapy of bile-duct disorders: a clinical feasibility study (with video). Gastrointest Endosc 2007; 65: 832-841
133. Larghi A, Lecca PG, Ardito F, Rossi ED, Fadda G, Nuzzo G, Costamagna G. Evaluation of hilar biliary strictures by using a newly developed forward-viewing therapeutic echoendoscope: preliminary results of an ongoing experience. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 356-360
134. Fi shman DS, Ta rna sky PR, Pa t e l SN, Ra i jman I . Management of pancreaticobiliary disease using a new intra-ductal endoscope: the Texas experience. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 1353-1358
135. Garrow D, Miller S, Sinha D, Conway J, Hoffman BJ, Hawes RH, Romagnuolo J. Endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis of test performance in suspected biliary obstruction. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 616-623
136. Brugge WR. Advances in the endoscopic management of patients with pancreatic and biliary malignancies. South Med J 2006; 99: 1358-1366 (Pubitemid 46035554)
137. Lee JH, Salem R, Aslanian H, Chacho M, Topazian M. Endoscopic ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration of unexplained bile duct strictures. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 1069-1073 (Pubitemid 38917810)
138. Fritscher-Ravens A, Broering DC, Sriram PV, Topalidis T, Jaeckle S, Thonke F, Soehendra N. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration cytodiagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a case series. Gastrointest Endosc 2000; 52: 534-540
139. Eloubeidi MA, Chen VK, Jhala NC, Eltoum IE, Jhala D, Chhieng DC, Syed SA, Vickers SM, Mel Wilcox C. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy of suspected cholangiocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 209-213 (Pubitemid 38293307)
140. Chak A, Catanzaro A. Innovative methods of biliary tract diagnosis: intraductal ultrasound and tissue acquisition. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2003; 13: 609-622 (Pubitemid 37444935)
141. Brugge WR. Endoscopic techniques to diagnose and manage biliary tumors. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 4561-4565
142. Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Baron TH, Clain JE, Gostout CJ, Norton ID, Petersen BT, Levy MJ, Jondal ML, Wiersema MJ. Evaluation of indeterminate bile duct strictures by intraductal US. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 372-379
143. Farrell RJ, Agarwal B, Brandwein SL, Underhill J, Chuttani R, Pleskow DK. Intraductal US is a useful adjunct to ERCP for distinguishing malignant from benign biliary strictures. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 681-687 (Pubitemid 36531703)
144. Stavropoulos S, Larghi A, Verna E, Battezzati P, Stevens P. Intraductal ultrasound for the evaluation of patients with biliary strictures and no abdominal mass on computed tomography. Endoscopy 2005; 37: 715-721 (Pubitemid 41078903)
145. Sun L, Wu H, Guan YS. Positron emission tomography/ computer tomography: challenge to conventional imaging modalities in evaluating primary and metastatic liver malignancies. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 2775-2783 (Pubitemid 47007891)
146. Iglehart JK. The new era of medical imaging - progress and pitfalls. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 2822-2828
147. Kapoor V, McCook BM, Torok FS. An introduction to PETCT imaging. Radiographics 2004; 24: 523-543
148. Wakabayashi H, Akamoto S, Yachida S, Okano K, Izuishi K, Nishiyama Y, Maeta H. Significance of fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging in the diagnosis of malignancies in patients with biliary stricture. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31: 1175-1179 (Pubitemid 41819204)
149. Ande r s on CD, Ri c e MH, Pins on CW, Chapma n WC, Chari RS, Delbeke D. Fluorodeoxyglucose PET imaging in the evaluation of gallbladder carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2004; 8: 90-97
150. Kluge R, Schmidt F, Caca K, Barthel H, Hesse S, Georgi P, Seese A, Huster D, Berr F. Positron emission tomography with[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose for diagnosis and staging of bile duct cancer. Hepatology 2001; 33: 1029-1035 (Pubitemid 32378198)
151. Li J, Kuehl H, Grabellus F, Müller SP, Radunz S, Antoch G, Nadalin S, Broelsch CE, Gerken G, Paul A, Kaiser GM. Preoperative assessment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma by dual-modality PET/CT. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98: 438-443
152. Petrowsky H, Wildbrett P, Husarik DB, Hany TF, Tam S, Jochum W, Clavien PA. Impact of integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomography on staging and management of gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 43-50 (Pubitemid 43850623)
153. Corvera CU, Blumgart LH, Akhurst T, DeMatteo RP, D'Angelica M, Fong Y, Jarnagin WR. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography influences management decisions in patients with biliary cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2008; 206: 57-65
154. Chikamoto A, Tsuji T, Takamori H, Kanemitsu K, Uozumi H, Yamashita Y, Baba H. The diagnostic efficacy of FDG-PET in the local recurrence of hilar bile duct cancer. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2006; 13: 403-408 (Pubitemid 44480242)
155. Fritscher-Ravens A, Bohuslavizki KH, Broering DC, Jenicke L, Schäfer H, Buchert R, Rogiers X, Clausen M. FDG PET in the diagnosis of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Nucl Med Commun 2001; 22: 1277-1285 (Pubitemid 33116535)
156. Poneros JM, Tearney GJ, Shiskov M, Kelsey PB, Lauwers GY, Nishioka NS, Bouma BE. Optical coherence tomography of the biliary tree during ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 55: 84-88 (Pubitemid 41122934)
157. Singh P, Chak A, Willis JE, Rollins A, Sivak MV Jr. In vivo optical coherence tomography imaging of the pancreatic and biliary ductal system. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 62: 970-974 (Pubitemid 41654439)
158. Gerhards MF, Vos P, van Gulik TM, Rauws EA, Bosma A, Gouma DJ. Incidence of benign lesions in patients resected for suspicious hilar obstruction. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 48-51 (Pubitemid 32066056)
159. Nakayama A, Imamura H, Shimada R, Miyagawa S, Makuuchi M, Kawasaki S. Proximal bile duct stricture disguised as malignant neoplasm. Surgery 1999; 125: 514-521 (Pubitemid 29226923)
160. Malhi H, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma: modern advances in understanding a deadly old disease. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 856-867
161. Sakamoto E, Nimura Y, Hayakawa N, Kamiya J, Kondo S, Nagino M, Kanai M, Miyachi M, Uesaka K. The pattern of infiltration at the proximal border of hilar bile duct carcinoma: a histologic analysis of 62 resected cases. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 405-411 (Pubitemid 28131022)
162. Ebata T, Watanabe H, Ajioka Y, Oda K, Nimura Y. Pathological appraisal of lines of resection for bile duct carcinoma. Br J Surg 2002; 89: 1260-1267 (Pubitemid 36002543)
163. Yamaguchi K, Chijiiwa K, Saiki S, Shimizu S, Takashima M, Tanaka M. Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct: mode of spread and its prognostic implications. Hepatogastroenterology 1997; 44: 1256-1261 (Pubitemid 27450159)
164. He P, Shi JS, Chen WK, Wang ZR, Ren H, Li H. Multivariate statistical analysis of clinicopathologic factors influencing survival of patients with bile duct carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8: 943-946
165. Bhuiya MR, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Kondo S, Fukata S, Hayakawa N, Shionoya S. Clinicopathologic studies on perineural invasion of bile duct carcinoma. Ann Surg 1992; 215: 344-349
166. Jarnagin WR, Fong Y, DeMatteo RP, Gonen M, Burke EC, Bodniewicz BS J, Youssef BA M, Klimstra D, Blumgart LH. Staging, resectability, and outcome in 225 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2001; 234: 507-517; discussion 517-519
167. Nagorney DM, Kendrick ML. Hepatic resection in the treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Adv Surg 2006; 40: 159-171 (Pubitemid 44648288)
168. Seyama Y, Makuuchi M. Current surgical treatment for bile duct cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 1505-1515 (Pubitemid 46672657)
169. D'Angelica MI, Jarnagin WR, Blumgart LH. Resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma: surgical treatment and long-term outcome. Surg Today 2004; 34: 885-890
170. Ebata T, Nagino M, Kamiya J, Uesaka K, Nagasaka T, Nimura Y. Hepatectomy with portal vein resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: audit of 52 consecutive cases. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 720-727 (Pubitemid 38182264)
171. Miyazaki M, Kato A, Ito H, Kimura F, Shimizu H, Ohtsuka M, Yoshidome H, Yoshitomi H, Furukawa K, Nozawa S. Combined vascular resection in operative resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: does it work or not? Surgery 2007; 141: 581-588 (Pubitemid 46616935)
172. Kitagawa Y, Nagino M, Kamiya J, Uesaka K, Sano T, Yamamoto H, Hayakawa N, Nimura Y. Lymph node metastasis from hilar cholangiocarcinoma: audit of 110 patients who underwent regional and paraaortic node dissection. Ann Surg 2001; 233: 385-392 (Pubitemid 32187818)
173. Greene FL, Page DL, Fleming ID. AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002
174. Nathan H, Aloia TA, Vauthey JN, Abdalla EK, Zhu AX, Schulick RD, Choti MA, Pawlik TM. A proposed staging system for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 14-22
175. Jarnagin WR, Shoup M. Surgi cal management of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 189-199
176. Shimoda M, Kubota K. Multi-disciplinary treatment for cholangiocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 1500-1504
177. Su CH, Tsay SH, Wu CC, Shyr YM, King KL, Lee CH, Lui WY, Liu TJ, P'eng FK. Factors influencing postoperative morbidity, mortality, and survival after resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 1996; 223: 384-394
178. Sewnath ME, Karsten TM, Prins MH, Rauws EJ, Obertop H, Gouma DJ. A meta-analysis on the efficacy of preoperative biliary drainage for tumors causing obstructive jaundice. Ann Surg 2002; 236: 17-27 (Pubitemid 34686446)
179. Anderson CD, Pinson CW, Berlin J, Chari RS. Diagnosis and treatment of cholangiocarcinoma. Oncologist 2004; 9: 43-57
180. Aly EA, Johnson CD. Preoperative biliary drainage before resection in obstructive jaundice. Dig Surg 2001; 18: 84-89 (Pubitemid 32437049)
181. Nakeeb A, Pitt HA. The role of preoperative biliary decompression in obstructive jaundice. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42: 332-337
182. Kawasaki S, Imamura H, Kobayashi A, Noike T, Miwa S, Miyagawa S. Results of surgical resection for patients with hilar bile duct cancer: application of extended hepatectomy after biliary drainage and hemihepatic portal vein embolization. Ann Surg 2003; 238: 84-92 (Pubitemid 38176411)
183. Forsmo HM, Horn A, Viste A, Hoem D, Ovrebo K. Survival and an overview of decision-making in patients with cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2008; 7: 412-417
184. Hemming AW, Kim RD, Mekeel KL, Fujita S, Reed AI, Foley DP, Howard RJ. Portal vein resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Am Surg 2006; 72: 599-604; discussion 604-605
185. Shimada H, Endo I, Sugita M, Masunari H, Fujii Y, Tanaka K, Misuta K, Sekido H, Togo S. Hepatic resection combined with portal vein or hepatic artery reconstruction for advanced carcinoma of the hilar bile duct and gallbladder. World J Surg 2003; 27: 1137-1142 (Pubitemid 37259994)
186. Corvera CU, Weber SM, Jarnagin WR. Role of laparoscopy in the evaluation of biliary tract cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2002; 11: 877-891 (Pubitemid 35397227)
187. Goere D, Wagholikar GD, Pessaux P, Carrère N, Sibert A, Vilgrain V, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J. Utility of staging laparoscopy in subsets of biliary cancers : laparoscopy is a powerful diagnostic tool in patients with intrahepatic and gallbladder carcinoma. Surg Endosc 2006; 20: 721-725 (Pubitemid 43978767)
188. Weber SM, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Jarnagin WR. Staging laparoscopy in patients with extrahepatic biliary carcinoma. Analysis of 100 patients. Ann Surg 2002; 235: 392-399 (Pubitemid 34183890)
189. Connor S, Barron E, Wigmore SJ, Madhavan KK, Parks RW, Garden OJ. The utility of laparoscopic assessment in the preoperative staging of suspected hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9: 476-480 (Pubitemid 40431723)
190. Mar t in RC 2nd, Fong Y, DeMat teo RP, Brown K, Blumgart LH, Jarnagin WR. Peritoneal washings are not predictive of occult peritoneal disease in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 193: 620-625
191. Uenishi T, Kubo S, Yamazaki O, Yamada T, Sasaki Y, Nagano H, Monden M. Indications for surgical treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lymph node metastases. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2008; 15: 417-422
192. Endo I, House MG, Klimstra DS, Gönen M, D'Angelica M, Dematteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Jarnagin WR. Clinical significance of intraoperative bile duct margin assessment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15: 2104-2112
193. Shimada M, Yamashita Y, Aishima S, Shirabe K, Takenaka K, Sugimachi K. Value of lymph node dissection during resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 1463-1466
194. Shimada K, Sano T, Nara S, Esaki M, Sakamoto Y, Kosuge T, Ojima H. Therapeutic value of lymph node dissection during hepatectomy in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma with negative lymph node involvement. Surgery 2009; 145: 411-416
195. Miwa S, Miyagawa S, Kobayashi A, Akahane Y, Nakata T, Mihara M, Kusama K, Soeda J, Ogawa S. Predictive factors for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma recurrence in the liver following surgery. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41: 893-900 (Pubitemid 44594231)
196. Jan YY, Yeh CN, Yeh TS, Hwang TL, Chen MF. Clinicopathological factors predicting long-term overall survival after hepatectomy for peripheral cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 2005; 29: 894-898
197. Ohtsuka M, Ito H, Kimura F, Shimizu H, Togawa A, Yoshidome H, Shimamura F, Shimizu Y, Miyazaki M. Extended hepatic resection and outcomes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2003; 10: 259-264 (Pubitemid 37407515)
198. Uenishi T, Hirohashi K, Kubo S, Yamamoto T, Hamba H, Tanaka H, Kinoshita H. Histologic factors affecting prognosis following hepatectomy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 2001; 25: 865-869
199. Inoue K, Makuuchi M, Takayama T, Torzilli G, Yamamoto J, Shimada K, Kosuge T, Yamasaki S, Konishi M, Kinoshita T, Miyagawa S, Kawasaki S. Long-term survival and prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of mass-forming type cholangiocarcinoma. Surgery 2000; 127: 498-505 (Pubitemid 30257507)
200. Yamamoto M, Takasaki K, Yoshikawa T. Extended resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in Japan. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 1999; 6: 117-121
201. Madariaga JR, Iwatsuki S, Todo S, Lee RG, Irish W, Starzl TE. Liver resection for hilar and peripheral cholangiocarcinomas: a study of 62 cases. Ann Surg 1998; 227: 70-79 (Pubitemid 28071340)
202. Hanazaki K, Kajikawa S, Shimozawa N, Shimada K, Hiraguri M, Koide N, Adachi W, Amano J. Prognostic fac tor s of int rahepat i c cholangiocar c inoma af ter hepatic resection: univariate and multivariate analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 311-316
203. Hirohashi K, Uenishi T, Kubo S, Yamamoto T, Tanaka H, Shuto T, Kinoshita H. Macroscopic types of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: clinicopathologic features and surgical outcomes. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49: 326-329 (Pubitemid 34606544)
204. Nimura Y, Hayakawa N, Kamiya J, Kondo S, Shionoya S. Hepatic segmentectomy with caudate lobe resection for bile duct carcinoma of the hepatic hilus. World J Surg 1990; 14: 535-543; discussion 544
205. Hemming AW, Reed AI, Fujita S, Foley DP, Howard RJ. Surgical management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 693-699; discussion 699-702
206. Miyazaki M, Ito H, Nakagawa K, Ambiru S, Shimizu H, Okaya T, Shinmura K, Nakajima N. Parenchymapreserving hepatectomy in the surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 1999; 189: 575-583
207. Todoroki T, Kawamoto T, Koike N, Takahashi H, Yoshida S, Kashiwagi H, Takada Y, Otsuka M, Fukao K. Radical resection of hilar bile duct carcinoma and predictors of survival. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 306-313 (Pubitemid 30156356)
208. Rea DJ, Munoz-Juarez M, Farnell MB, Donohue JH, Que FG, Crownhart B, Larson D, Nagorney DM. Major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of 46 patients. Arch Surg 2004; 139: 514-523; discussion 523-525
209. Nagino M, Kamiya J, Nishio H, Ebata T, Arai T, Nimura Y. Two hundred forty consecutive portal vein embolizations before extended hepatectomy for biliary cancer: surgical outcome and long-term follow-up. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 364-372 (Pubitemid 43327769)
210. Abdalla EK, Barnett CC, Doherty D, Curley SA, Vauthey JN. Extended hepatectomy in patients with hepatobiliary malignancies with and without preoperative portal vein embolization. Arch Surg 2002; 137: 675-680; discussion 680-681
211. Abdal la EK, H i c k s M E , V a u t h e y J N . P o r t a l v e i n embolization: rationale, technique and future prospects. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 165-175
212. Hemming AW, Reed AI, Howard RJ, Fujita S, Hochwald SN, Caridi JG, Hawkins IF, Vauthey JN. Preoperative portal vein embolization for extended hepatectomy. Ann Surg 2003; 237: 686-691; discussion 691-693
213. Hasegawa S, Ikai I, Fujii H, Hatano E, Shimahara Y. Surgical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of survival and postoperative complications. World J Surg 2007; 31: 1256-1263 (Pubitemid 47029903)
214. Dinant S, Gerhards MF, Rauws EA, Busch OR, Gouma DJ, van Gulik TM. Improved outcome of resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma (Klatskin tumor). Ann Surg Oncol 2006; 13: 872-880 (Pubitemid 43727373)
215. Kawarada Y, Das BC, Naganuma T, Tabata M, Taoka H. Surgical treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma: experience with 25 consecutive hepatectomies. J Gastrointest Surg 2002; 6: 617-624 (Pubitemid 40433517)
216. Tabata M, Kawarada Y, Yokoi H, Higashiguchi T, Isaji S. Surgical treatment for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2000; 7: 148-154
217. Kosuge T, Yamamoto J, Shimada K, Yamasaki S, Makuuchi M. Improved surgical results for hilar cholangiocarcinoma with procedures including major hepatic resection. Ann Surg 1999; 230: 663-671 (Pubitemid 30191828)
218. Miyazaki M, Ito H, Nakagawa K, Ambiru S, Shimizu H, Shimizu Y, Kato A, Nakamura S, Omoto H, Nakajima N, Kimura F, Suwa T. Aggressive surgical approaches to hilar cholangiocarcinoma: hepatic or local resection? Surgery 1998; 123: 131-136 (Pubitemid 28110073)
219. Cheng Q, Luo X, Zhang B, Jiang X, Yi B, Wu M. Distal bile duct carcinoma: prognostic factors after curative surgery. A series of 112 cases. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 1212-1219
220. Seiler CA, Wagner M, Sadowski C, Kulli C, Büchler MW. Randomized prospective trial of pylorus-preserving vs Classic duodenopancreatectomy (Whipple procedure): initial clinical results. J Gastrointest Surg 2000; 4: 443-452
221. Riall TS, Cameron JL, Lillemoe KD, Campbell KA, Sauter PK, Coleman J, Abrams RA, Laheru D, Hruban RH, Yeo CJ. Pancreaticoduodenectomy with or without di s tal gas t rec tomy and extended ret roper i toneal lymphadenectomy for periampullary adenocarcinoma - part 3: update on 5-year survival. J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9: 1191-1204; discussion 1204-1206
222. Fong Y, Blumgart LH, Lin E, Fortner JG, Brennan MF. Outcome of treatment for distal bile duct cancer. Br J Surg 1996; 83: 1712-1715
223. Wade TP, Prasad CN, Virgo KS, Johnson FE. Experience with distal bile duct cancers in U.S. Veterans Affairs hospitals: 1987-1991. J Surg Oncol 1997; 64: 242-245
224. Murakami Y, Uemura K, Hayashidani Y, Sudo T, Ohge H, Sueda T. Pancreatoduodenectomy for distal cholangiocarcinoma: prognostic impact of lymph node metastasis. World J Surg 2007; 31: 337-342; discussion 343-344
225. Yoshida T, Matsumoto T, Sasaki A, Morii Y, Aramaki M, Kitano S. Prognostic factors after pancreatoduodenectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for distal bile duct cancer. Arch Surg 2002; 137: 69-73 (Pubitemid 34041823)
226. Meyer CG, Penn I, James L. Liver transplantation for cholangiocarcinoma: results in 207 patients. Transplantation 2000; 69: 1633-1637 (Pubitemid 30845611)
227. Jeyarajah DR, Klintmalm GB. Is liver transplantation indicated for cholangiocarcinoma? J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 1998; 5: 48-51
228. Pichlmayr R, Weimann A, Klempnauer J, Oldhafer KJ, Maschek H, Tusch G, Ringe B. Surgical treatment in proximal bile duct cancer. A single-center experience. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 628-638
229. Sudan D, DeRoover A, Chinnakotla S, Fox I, Shaw B Jr, McCashland T, Sorrell M, Tempero M, Langnas A. Radiochemotherapy and transplantation allow long-term survival for nonresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Transplant 2002; 2: 774-779
230. Becker NS, Rodriguez JA, Barshes NR, O'Mahony CA, Goss JA, Aloia TA. Outcomes analysis for 280 patients with cholangiocarcinoma treated with liver transplantation over an 18-year period. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12: 117-122
231. Sotiropoulos GC, Kaiser GM, Lang H, Molmenti EP, Beckebaum S, Fouzas I, Sgourakis G, Radtke A, Bockhorn M, Nadalin S, Treckmann J, Niebel W, Baba HA, Broelsch CE, Paul A. Liver transplantation as a primary indication for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a single-center experience. Transplant Proc 2008; 40: 3194-3195
232. Heimbach JK, Gores GJ, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, Nyberg SL, Ishitani MB, Rosen CB. Liver transplantation for unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 201-207
233. Rea DJ, Heimbach JK, Rosen CB, Haddock MG, Alberts SR, Kremer s WK, Gores GJ , Nagorney DM. Liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoradiation is more effective than resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 451-458; discussion 458-461
234. Todoroki T. Chemotherapy for bile duct carcinoma in the light of adjuvant chemotherapy to surgery. Hepatogastroenterology 2000; 47: 644-649 (Pubitemid 30417267)
235. Th o n g p r a s e r t S . T h e r o l e o f c h emo t h e r a p y i n cholangiocarcinoma. Ann Oncol 2005; 16 Suppl 2: ii93-ii96
236. Takada T, Amano H, Yasuda H, Nimura Y, Matsushiro T, Kato H, Nagakawa T, Nakayama T. Is postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy useful for gallbladder carcinoma? A phase III multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial in patients with resected pancreaticobiliary carcinoma. Cancer 2002; 95: 1685-1695
237. Gerhards MF, van Gulik TM, González González D, Rauws EA, Gouma DJ. Results of postoperative radiotherapy for resectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma. World J Surg 2003; 27: 173-179 (Pubitemid 36920167)
238. Sagawa N, Kondo S, Morikawa T, Okushiba S, Katoh H. Effectiveness of radiation therapy after surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Surg Today 2005; 35: 548-552 (Pubitemid 40854019)
239. Stein DE, Heron DE, Rosato EL, Anné PR, Topham AK. Positive microscopic margins alter outcome in lymph nodenegative cholangiocarcinoma when resection is combined with adjuvant radiotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol 2005; 28: 21-23
240. Itoh H, Nishijima K, Kurosaka Y, Takegawa S, Kiriyama M, Dohba S, Kojima Y, Saitoh Y. Magnitude of combination therapy of radical resection and external beam radiotherapy for patients with carcinomas of the extrahepatic bile duct and gallbladder. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 2231-2242 (Pubitemid 43106373)
241. Todoroki T, Ohara K, Kawamoto T, Koike N, Yoshida S, Kashiwagi H, Otsuka M, Fukao K. Benefits of adjuvant radiotherapy after radical resection of locally advanced main hepatic duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 46: 581-587 (Pubitemid 30100635)
242. Kelley ST, Bloomston M, Serafini F, Carey LC, Karl RC, Zervos E, Goldin S, Rosemurgy P, Rosemurgy AS. Cholangiocarcinoma: advocate an aggressive operative approach with adjuvant chemotherapy. Am Surg 2004; 70: 743-748; discussion 748-749
243. Serafini FM, Sachs D, Bloomston M, Carey LC, Karl RC, Murr MM, Rosemurgy AS. Location, not staging, of cholangiocarcinoma determines the role for adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. Am Surg 2001; 67: 839-843; discussion 843-844
244. Nelson JW, Ghafoori AP, Willett CG, Tyler DS, Pappas TN, Clary BM, Hurwitz HI, Bendell JC, Morse MA, Clough RW, Czito BG. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in resected extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73: 148-153
245. Hughes MA, Frassica DA, Yeo CJ, Riall TS, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Donehower RC, Laheru DA, Hruban RH, Abrams RA. Adjuvant concurrent chemoradiation for adenocarcinoma of the distal common bile duct. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68: 178-182 (Pubitemid 46589827)
246. Figueras J, Llado L, Valls C, Serrano T, Ramos E, Fabregat J, Rafecas A, Torras J, Jaurrieta E. Changing strategies in diagnosis and management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Liver Transpl 2000; 6: 786-794 (Pubitemid 30839056)
247. Shinohara ET, Mitra N, Guo M, Metz JM. Radiation therapy is associated with improved survival in the adjuvant and definitive treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72: 1495-1501
248. McMasters KM, Tuttle TM, Leach SD, Rich T, Cleary KR, Evans DB, Curley SA. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Surg 1997; 174: 605-608; discussion 608-609
249. Abu-Hamda EM, Baron TH. Endoscopic management of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2004; 24: 165-175
250. Paik WH, Park YS, Hwang JH, Lee SH, Yoon CJ, Kang SG, Lee JK, Ryu JK, Kim YT, Yoon YB. Palliative treatment with self-expandable metallic stents in patients with advanced type III or IV hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a percutaneous versus endoscopic approach. Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 69: 55-62
251. Levy MJ, Baron TH, Gostout CJ, Petersen BT, Farnell MB. Palliation of malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction with plastic versus expandable metal stents: An evidence-based approach. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 273-285
252. Davids PH, Groen AK, Rauws EA, Tytgat GN, Huibregtse K. Randomised trial of self-expanding metal stents versus polyethylene stents for distal malignant biliary obstruction. Lancet 1992; 340: 1488-1492
253. Soderlund C, Linder S. Covered metal versus plastic stents for malignant common bile duct stenosis: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2006; 63: 986-995 (Pubitemid 43776145)
254. Kaassis M, Boyer J, Dumas R, Ponchon T, Coumaros D, Delcenserie R, Canard JM, Fritsch J, Rey JF, Burtin P. Plastic or metal stents for malignant stricture of the common bile duct? Results of a randomized prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 57: 178-182
255. Cheung KL, Lai EC. Endoscopic stenting for malignant biliary obstruction. Arch Surg 1995; 130: 204-207
256. Wagner HJ, Knyrim K, Vakil N, Klose KJ. Plastic endoprostheses versus metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant hilar biliary obstruction. A prospective and randomized trial. Endoscopy 1993; 25: 213-218 (Pubitemid 23133215)
257. De Palma GD, Pezzullo A, Rega M, Persico M, Patrone F, Mastantuono L, Persico G. Unilateral placement of metallic stents for malignant hilar obstruction: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2003; 58: 50-53 (Pubitemid 38208746)
258. De Palma GD, Galloro G, Siciliano S, Iovino P, Catanzano C. Unilateral versus bilateral endoscopic hepatic duct drainage in patients with malignant hilar biliary obstruction: results of a prospective, randomized, and controlled study. Gastrointest Endosc 2001; 53: 547-553 (Pubitemid 33587025)
259. Becker CD, Glättli A, Maibach R, Baer HU. Percutaneous palliation of malignant obstructive jaundice with the Wallstent endoprosthesis: follow-up and reintervention in patients with hilar and non-hilar obstruction. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993; 4: 597-604
260. Stoker J, Laméris JS. Complications of percutaneously inserted biliary Wallstents. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993; 4: 767-772
261. Fumex F, Coumaros D, Napoleon B, Barthet M, Laugier R, Yzet T, Le Sidaner A, Desurmont P, Lamouliatte H, Letard JC, Canard JM, Prat F, Rey JF, Ponchon T. Similar performance but higher cholecystitis rate with covered biliary stents: results from a prospective multicenter evaluation. Endoscopy 2006; 38: 787-792 (Pubitemid 44314632)
262. Park do H, Kim MH, Choi JS, Lee SS, Seo DW, Kim JH, Han J, Kim JC, Choi EK, Lee SK. Covered versus uncovered wallstent for malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction: a cohort comparative analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 790-796
263. Smith AC, Dowsett JF, Russell RC, Hatfield AR, Cotton PB. Randomised trial of endoscopic stenting versus surgical bypass in malignant low bileduct obstruction. Lancet 1994; 344: 1655-1660
264. Shepherd HA, Royle G, Ross AP, Diba A, Arthur M, Colin- Jones D. Endoscopic biliary endoprosthesis in the palliation of malignant obstruction of the distal common bile duct: a randomized trial. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 1166-1168 (Pubitemid 19002642)
265. Prat F, Chapat O, Ducot B, Ponchon T, Fritsch J, Choury AD, Pelletier G, Buffet C. Predictive factors for survival of patients with inoperable malignant distal biliary strictures: a practical management guideline. Gut 1998; 42: 76-80 (Pubitemid 28228391)
266. Sunpaweravong S, Ovartlarnporn B, Khow-ean U, Soontrapornchai P, Charoonratana V. Endoscopic stenting versus surgical bypass in advanced malignant distal bile duct obstruction: cost-effectiveness analysis. Asian J Surg 2005; 28: 262-265 (Pubitemid 41631563)
267. Ohnishi H, Asada M, Shichijo Y, Iijima N, Itobayashi E, Shimura K, Suzuki T, Yoshida S, Mine T. External r adiothe r apy for bi l i a ry de compr e s s ion of hi l a r cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 1995; 42: 265-268
268. Cameron JL, Pitt HA, Zinner MJ, Kaufman SL, Coleman J. Management of proximal cholangiocarcinomas by surgical resection and radiotherapy. Am J Surg 1990; 159: 91-97; discussion 97-98
269. Bruha R, Petrtyl J, Kubecova M, Marecek Z, Dufek V, Urbanek P, Kodadova J, Chodounsky Z. Intraluminal brachytherapy and selfexpandable stents in nonresectable biliary malignancies - the question of long-term palliation. Hepatogastroenterology 2001; 48: 631-637 (Pubitemid 32619648)
270. Ishii H, Furuse J, Nagase M, Kawashima M, Ikeda H, Yoshino M. Relief of jaundice by external beam radiotherapy and intraluminal brachytherapy in patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: results without stenting. Hepatogastroenterology 2004; 51: 954-957 (Pubitemid 38822446)
271. Golfieri R, Giampalma E, Renzulli M, Galuppi A, Vicenzi L, Galaverni MC, Cappelli A. Unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma: multimodality approach with percutaneous treatment associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In Vivo 2006; 20: 757-760
272. Takamura A, Saito H, Kamada T, Hiramatsu K, Takeuchi S, Hasegawa M, Miyamoto N. Intraluminal low-dose-rate 192Ir brachytherapy combined with external beam radiotherapy and biliary stenting for unresectable extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 57: 1357-1365 (Pubitemid 37443977)
273. Kuvshinoff BW, Armstrong JG, Fong Y, Schupak K, Getradjman G, Heffernan N, Blumgart LH. Palliation of irresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma with biliary drainage and radiotherapy. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 1522-1525
274. Bowling TE, Galbraith SM, Hatfield AR, Solano J, Spittle MF. A retrospective comparison of endoscopic stenting alone with stenting and radiotherapy in non-resectable cholangiocarcinoma. Gut 1996; 39: 852-855 (Pubitemid 27049089)
275. Alden ME, Mohiuddin M. The impact of radiation dose in combined external beam and intraluminal Ir-192 brachytherapy for bile duct cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 28: 945-951 (Pubitemid 24099877)
276. Gaba RC, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik LM, Riaz A, Ibrahim SM, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Gates V, Abecassis MM, Omary RA, Baker TB, Salem R. Radiation lobectomy: preliminary findings of hepatic volumetric response to lobar yttrium-90 radioembolization. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 1587-1596
277. Ibrahim SM, Mulcahy MF, Lewandowski RJ, Sato KT, Ryu RK, Masterson EJ, Newman SB, Benson A 3rd, Omary RA, Salem R. Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma using yttrium-90 microspheres: results from a pilot study. Cancer 2008; 113: 2119-2128
278. Choi CW, Choi IK, Seo JH, Kim BS, Kim JS, Kim CD, Um SH, Kim JS, Kim YH. Effects of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in the treatment of pancreatic-biliary tract adenocarcinomas. Am J Clin Oncol 2000; 23: 425-428
279. Patt YZ, Jones DV Jr, Hoque A, Lozano R, Markowitz A, Raijman I, Lynch P, Charnsangavej C. Phase II trial of intravenous flourouracil and subcutaneous interferon alfa- 2b for biliary tract cancer. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2311-2315 (Pubitemid 26264882)
280. Ducreux M, Rougier P, Fandi A, Clavero-Fabri MC, Villing AL, Fassone F, Fandi L, Zarba J, Armand JP. Effective treatment of advanced biliary tract carcinoma using 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion with cisplatin. Ann Oncol 1998; 9: 653-656 (Pubitemid 28318199)
281. Nehls O, Klump B, Arkenau HT, Hass HG, Greschniok A, Gregor M, Porschen R. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil and leucovorin for advanced biliary system adenocarcinomas: a prospective phase II trial. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 702-704 (Pubitemid 35178744)
282. Hong YS, Lee J, Lee SC, Hwang IG, Choi SH, Heo JS, Park JO, Park YS, Lim HY, Kang WK. Phase II study of capecitabine and cisplatin in previously untreated advanced biliary tract cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 60: 321-328 (Pubitemid 46944586)
283. Furuse J, Okusaka T, Funakoshi A, Yamao K, Nagase M, Ishii H, Nakachi K, Ueno H, Ikeda M, Morizane C, Horikawa Y, Mizuno N. Early phase II study of uraciltegafur plus doxorubicin in patients with unresectable advanced biliary tract cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2006; 36: 552-556 (Pubitemid 44593897)
284. Kubicka S, Rudolph KL, Tietze MK, Lorenz M, Manns M. Phase II study of systemic gemcitabine chemotherapy for advanced unresectable hepatobiliary carcinomas. Hepatogastroenterology 2001; 48: 783-789 (Pubitemid 32619681)
285. Lee GW, Kang JH, Kim HG, Lee JS, Lee JS, Jang JS. Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for immunohistochemically proven cholangiocarcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2006; 29: 127-131
286. Knox JJ, Hedley D, Oza A, Feld R, Siu LL, Chen E, Nematollahi M, Pond GR, Zhang J, Moore MJ. Combining gemcitabine and capecitabine in patients with advanced biliary cancer: a phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 2332-2338 (Pubitemid 46218726)
287. André T, Tournigand C, Rosmorduc O, Provent S, Maindrault-Goebel F, Avenin D, Selle F, Paye F, Hannoun L, Houry S, Gayet B, Lotz JP, de Gramont A, Louvet C. Gemcitabine combined with oxaliplatin (GEMOX) in advanced biliary tract adenocarcinoma: a GERCOR study. Ann Oncol 2004; 15: 1339-1343
288. Eckel F, Schmid RM. Chemotherapy in advanced biliary tract carcinoma: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Br J Cancer 2007; 96: 896-902 (Pubitemid 46452283)
289. Meyerhardt JA, Zhu AX, Stuart K, Ryan DP, Blaszkowsky L, Lehman N, Earle CC, Kulke MH, Bhargava P, Fuchs CS. Phase-II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with metastatic biliary and gallbladder cancer. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 564-570
290. Kim JH, Yoon HK, Sung KB, Ko GY, Gwon DI, Shin JH, Song HY. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or chemoinfus ion for unr e s e c t abl e int r ahepa t i c cholangiocarcinoma: clinical efficacy and factors influencing outcomes. Cancer 2008; 113: 1614-1622
291. Gusani NJ, Balaa FK, Steel JL, Geller DA, Marsh JW, Zajko AB, Carr BI, Gamblin TC. Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma with gemcitabine-based transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE): a single-institution experience. J Gastrointest Surg 2008; 12: 129-137
292. Aliberti C, Benea G, Tilli M, Fiorentini G. Chemoembolization (TACE) of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocar¬cinoma with slow-release doxorubicin-eluting beads: preliminary results. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2008; 31: 883-888
293. Ortner MA. Photodynamic therapy in cholangiocarcinomas. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18: 147-154
294. Berr F, Wiedmann M, Tannapfel A, Halm U, Kohlhaw KR, Schmidt F, Wittekind C, Hauss J, Mössner J. Photodynamic therapy for advanced bile duct cancer: evidence for improved palliation and extended survival. Hepatology 2000; 31: 291-298 (Pubitemid 30078590)
295. Ortner ME, Caca K, Berr F, Liebetruth J, Mansmann U, Huster D, Voderholzer W, Schachschal G, Mössner J, Lochs H. Successful photodynamic therapy for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma: a randomized prospective study. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1355-1363 (Pubitemid 37409755)
296. Wiedmann M, Caca K, Berr F, Schiefke I, Tannapfel A, Wittekind C, Mössner J, Hauss J, Witzigmann H. Neoadjuvant photodynamic therapy as a new approach to treating hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a phase II pilot study. Cancer 2003; 97: 2783-2790 (Pubitemid 36605146)
297. Kiesslich T, Wolkersdörfer G, Neureiter D, Salmhofer H, Berr F. Photodynamic therapy for non-resectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8: 23-30
298. Zoepf T, Jakobs R, Arnold JC, Apel D, Riemann JF. Palliation of nonresectable bile duct cancer: improved survival after photodynamic therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 2426-2430 (Pubitemid 43919672)
299. Zgodzinski W, Espat NJ. Radiofrequency ablation for incidentally identified primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5239-5240 (Pubitemid 41410349)
300. Burger I, Hong K, Schulick R, Georgiades C, Thuluvath P, Choti M, Kamel I, Geschwind JF. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: initial experience in a single institution. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2005; 16: 353-361 (Pubitemid 40354852)
301. Waggershauser T, Herrmann K, Schalhorn A, Reiser M.[Percutaneous implantation of port-catheter systems for intraarterial chemotherapy of the liver] Radiologe 1999; 39: 772-776
302. Prat F, Lafon C, De Lima DM, Theilliere Y, Fritsch J, Pelletier G, Buffet C, Cathignol D. Endoscopic treatment of cholangiocarcinoma and carcinoma of the duodenal papilla by intraductal high-intensity US: Results of a pilot study. Gastrointest Endosc 2002; 56: 909-915 (Pubitemid 36236730)
303. Sirica AE. Cholangiocarcinoma: molecular targeting strategies for chemoprevention and therapy. Hepatology 2005; 41: 5-15 (Pubitemid 40066375)