A historical introduction to the ring current

Geophysical Monograph Series

Volumn 155, Issue , 2005, Pages 1-8

  Stern, David P ^a  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349439868     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/155GM0     Document Type: Chapter

References (82)

1. Alfvén, Hannes, A theory of magnetic storms and of the aurorae, K. Sven. Vetenskapakad., Handl, Ser. 3, 18(3), 1939. (Reprinted in part with comments by Alex Dessler and John Wilcox in Eos, 51, 180-194, 1970).
2. Alfvén, Hannes, Cosmical Electrodynamics, Oxford University Press, 1950.
3. Axford, W. Ian and Colin O Hines, A unifying theory of high-latitude geophysical phenomena and geomagnetic storms, Canad. J. Phys., 39, 1433-1464, 1961.
4. Axford, W. Ian, Harry E. Petschek and George L. Siscoe, Tail of the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 70, 1231-1236, 1965.
5. Blake, J.B, W.A. Kolasinski, R.W. Fillius and E.G. Mullen, Injection of electrons and protons with energies of tens of Me V into L < 0 on 24 March 1991, Geophys. Res. Lett, 19. 821-4, 1992.
6. Bostrom, Rolf, Kinetic and space charge control of current flow and voltage drops along magnetic flux tubes. Kinetic effects, J. Geophys Res., 108, (A4), Article COA5, citation 8004, 2003.
7. Bostrom, Rolf, Kinetic and space charge control of current flow and voltage drops along magnetic flux tubes, 2., Space charge effects, J. Geophys Res., 109 (A1), Article A01208, 2004.
8. Burlaga, L.E and K.W. Behannon, Magnetic clouds: Voyager observations between 2 and 4 AU, Solar Physics., 81, 181-192, 1982.
9. Carovillano, R.L and G.L. Siscoe Energy and momentum theorems in magnetospheric processes, Rev. Geophys., 11, 289-353, 1973.
10. Carringtron, Richard C, Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859, M.N.R.A.S. vol. 20, 13-15, 1860 (see also http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query? bibcode=1859MNRAS..20…13C).
11. Cauffman, P. David and Donald A. Gurnett Double-probe measurement of convection electric fields with the Injun 5 satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 6014-6027, 1971.
12. Cliver, E.W Solar Activity and Geomagnetic Storms: The First 40 Years, Eos, 75, p. 569, 574, 575, 6 December 1994.
13. Cliver, E.W. Solar Activity and Geomagnetic Storms: The Corpuscular Hypothesis, Eos 75, 609, 612, 613, 27 December 1994.
14. Cliver, E.W. Solar Activity and Geomagnetic Storms, Eos 76, p. 55, 83, 21 Feb 1995.
15. Daglis, Ioannis, Richard M. Thorne, Wolfgang Baumjohann and Stefano Orsini, The Terrestrial Ring Current: Origin, Formation, and Decay, Rev. Geophys., 37, 407-38, 1999.
16. Davis, Leo R. and J.M. Williamson, Low energy trapped protons, Space Research, 3, 365-375, North Holland Publ. Co., 1963.
17. DeForest, Sherman E. and Carl E. McLlwain, Plasma clouds in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 3587-3611, 1971.
18. Del Pozo, C, and M. Blanc, Analytical self consistent model of the large-scale convection field, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4053-68, 1994.
19. Dessler, A.J. and E.N. Parker, Hydromagnetic theory of Geomagnetic Storms, J. Geophys. Res., 64, p. 2239-52, 1959.
20. Dessler, A.J. and J.A. Fejer, Interpretation of the Kp index and M-region Geomagnetic Storms, Planetary and Space Science, vol. 1 1, 505-11, 1963.
21. Dungey, James W. Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones, Phys. Rev. Letters, 6, 47-48
22. Evans, D.S., Precipitating electron fluxes formed by a magnetic field aligned potential difference, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 2853-8, 1974.
23. Fairfield, Donald H. and Lawrence G. Cahill, Jr. Transition region magnetic field and polar magnetic disturbances, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 155-169, 1966.
24. Fok, M.-C, R.A. Wolf, R.W. Spiro and T E. Moore, Comprehensive computational model of the Earth's ring current, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 8417-24, 2001.
25. Frank, Louis A. On the extraterrestrial ring current during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 3753-67, 1967.
26. Frank, Louis A.. Relationship of the plasma sheet, ring current trapping boundary and plasmapause near the magnetic equator and local midnight, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 6971-9, 1971.
27. Garner, T.W, Numerical experiments on the inner magnetospheric electric field, J. Geophys. Res., 108, No. 10, SMP-8, 2003.
28. Gonzalez, W.D., B.T. Tsurutani and A.L. Clua de Gonzalez, Interplanetary Origin of Geomagnetic Storms, Space Sci. Rev, 88, 529-562, 1999.
29. Gonzalez, W.D., Jo-Ann Joselyn, Y. Kamide, Herb W. Kroehl, G. Rostoker, B.T. Tsurutani and VM. Vasyliunas: What is a geomagnetic storm? J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5771-92, 1994.
30. Hamilton, Douglas C, G. Gloeckler, F.M. Ipavich, W Stiidemann, B. Wilken and G. Kremser, Ring current development during the great geomagnetic storm of February 1986, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 14, 343-55, 1988.
31. Heppner, James P. Electric field variations during substorms: Ogo-6 measurements, Planet. Space Sci., 20, 1475-1498, 1972.
32. Hines, Colin O. On the geomagnetic storm effect, J. Geophys. Res., 62, 491-3, 1957.
33. Hines, Colin O., and L.R. Owen Storey, Time constants in the geomagnetic storm effect, J. Geophys. Res., 63, 671-682, 1958.
34. Hines, Colin O., and Eugene N. Parker, Statement of differences regarding the ring current effect, J. Geophys. Res., 63, 691-2, 1958.
35. Jaggi, Radhe K. and Richard A. Wolf Self-consistent calculation of the motion of a sheet of ions in the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., IS, 2852-2866, 1973.
36. Langel, R.A.. and R.H. Estes, Large-scale, near-field magnetic field from external sources and the corresponding induced internal field, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2487-494 (1985).
37. Li, Xinlin and M.A. Temerin, The Electron Radiation Belt, Space Science Reviews, 95, 569-580, 2001.
38. Li, Xinlin., I Roth, M. Temerin, J. Wygant, M.K. Hudson and J.B. Blake, Simulation of the prompt energization and transport of radiation belt particles during the March 23, 1991 SSC, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 2423, 1993.
39. Liemohn, Harold B. The lifetimes of radiation belt protons with energies between 1 keV and 1 Mev, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 3593-3595, 1961.
40. Liemohn, Michael.W, J.U. Kozyra, M.F Thomsen, J.L. Roeder, G. Lu, J.E. Borowsky and TE. Cayton, Dominant role of the asymmetric ring current in producing the stormtime Dst*, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10883-904, 2001.
41. Liemohn, Michael W, Yet another caveat to using the Dessler-Parker-Sckopke relation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, A6, article SMP-18, 2003.
42. Lui, Anthony TY. and Douglas C. Hamilton, Radial Profiles of Quiet Time Magnetospheric Parameters, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19325-332, 1992.
43. McLlwain, C.E., Substorm Injection Boundaries, p. 143-154 in Magnetospheric Physics, B.M. McCormac (ed.), D. Reidel, Dordrecht, 1974.
44. Meng, C.-L, Case studies of the storm-time variation of the polar cusp, J Geophys. Res., 88, 137-149, 1983.
45. Mozer, Forrest et al. Observation of paired electrostatic shocks in the polar magnetosphere, Phys. Rev. Lett, 38, 292-295, 1977.
46. Parker, E.N., On the Geomagnetic Storm Effect, J. Geophys. Res., 6 1, 625-37, 1956.
47. Parker, E.N., Electrical conductivity in the geomagnetic storm effect, J. Geophys. Res., 63, 437-8, 1958.
48. Parker, E.N. and C. Hines, Indadequacy of ring-current theory for the main phase of geomagnetic storms. J. Geophys. Res., 63, 691-2, 1958.
49. Persson, H., Electric field along a magnetic line of force in a low density plasma, Phys. Fluids, 6, 1756-9, 1963.
50. Rufenach, Clifford L., R.F. Martin, Jr., and H.H. Sauer, A Study of Geosynchronous Magnetopause Crossings, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15125-134, 1989.
51. Rufenach, Clifford L., R.L. McPherron and J. Schaper, The quiet geomagnetic field at geosynchronous orbit and its dependence on solar wind dynamic pressure, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 25-42, 1992.
52. Schield, Milo A., J. W. Freeman and A.J. Dessler, A source for field-aligned currents at auroral latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 74, 247-256, 1969.
53. Schmidt, A, Abhandl Kgl. Pr. Met. Inst, 5, 37, 1916.
54. Sckopke, Norbert A general relation between the energy of trapped particles and the disturbance field near Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3125-3130, 1966.
55. Singer, S. Fred, A new model of magnetic storms and aurorae, Eos (Transact. Amer. Geophys. Union), 38, 175-190, 1957.
56. Siscoe, G.L., Energy coupling between regions 1 and 2 Birkeland current systems, J. Geophys. Res., 87, 5124-30, 1982.
57. Shelley, E.G., R.G. Johnson and R.D. Sharp, Satellite Observations of Energetic Heavy Ions during a Geomagnetic Storm, J. Geophys. ites., 77, 6104-110, 1972.
58. Smith, Edward J., Theoretical and Experimental Aspects of Ring Currents, pp. 316-373 in Space Science edited by Donald LeGalley, John Wiley, N ew York, 1963.
59. Smith, Paul H. and N.K. Bewtra, Charge exchange lifetimes for ring current ions, Space Sci. Rev., 22, 301-318, 1978
60. Sonnett, Charles P., E.J. Smith, D.L. Judge and P.J. Coleman, Jr., Current systems in the vestigial geomagnetic field: Explorer VI, Phys. Rev. lett, 4, 161-3, 1960.
61. Stern, D.P., A study of the electric field in an open magnetospheric model, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 7292-7305 1973
62. Stern, D.P., The motion of a proton in the equatorial magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 595-9, 1975.
63. Stern, D.P., A brief history of magnetospheric physics before the spaceflight era, Rev. Geophys., 27, p. 103-114, 1989.
64. Stern, D.P., A brief history of magnetospheric physics during the space age, Rev. Geophys., 34, 1-31, 1996.
65. Stern, D.P., A millennium of Geomagnetism, Rev. Geophys., 40 (3), p. 1-1 to 1-30, Sept. 2002.
66. Stormer, Carl, The Polar Aurora, xvii+403 pp, Oxford University Press, N ew York, 1956.
67. Sugiura, Masahisa, Equatorial Current Sheet in the Magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 11, 6093-103, 1972.
68. Sugiura, M., Hourly values of the equatorial Dst for the IGY, Annates of the International Geophysical Year, 35, p. 9, Pergamon, NY 1964.
69. Tsurutani, Bruce T., W.D. Gonzalez, A.L.C. Gonzalez, F. Tang, J.K. Arballo and M. Okada, Interplanetary origin of geomagnetic activity in the declining phase of the solar cycle, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 21717-33, 1995.
70. Tsurutani, Bruce.T, W.D. Gonzalez, G.S. Lakhina and S. Alex, The extreme magnetic storm of 1-2 September 1859, J. Geophys. Res., 109, no. A7, article SSH-1, 2003.
71. Tsyganenko, N.A., A model of the near magnetosphere with a dawndusk asymmetry 1. Mathematical structure, SMP-10. 2. Parametrization and fitting to observations SMP-12, J. Geophys. Res., 107, A8, 2002.
72. Tsyganenko, N.A., H.J. Singer and J.C. Kasper, Storm-time distortion of the inner magnetosphere: How severe can it get? J. Geophys. Res., 109, no. A5, article SMP-18, 2003.
73. Van Allen, James A. and L.A. Frank, Radiation measurement to 658, 300 km with Pioneer IV, Nature, 184, 219-224, 1959.
74. Vasyliunas, Vytenis M. A survey of low-energy electrons in the evening sector of the magnetosphere with OGO 1 and OGO 3, J. Geophys. Res., 13, 2839-2884, 1968.
75. Vasyliunas, Vytenis M. Mathematical models of magnetospheric convection and its coupling to the ionosphere, p. 60-71 in Particles and Fields in the Magnetosphere, B.M. McCormac, ed., D. Reidel 1970.
76. Vasyliunas, Vytenis M. The interrelationship of magnetospheric processes, p. 29-38 in Earths Magnetospheric Processes, B.M. McCormac, ed., D. Reidel, 1972.
77. Vasyliunas, Vytenis M, Electric Field and Plasma Flow: What Drives What? Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2177-80, 1 June 2001a.
78. Vasyliunas, Vytenis M., Comment on "Simulation Study on fundamental properties of the storm-time ring current" by Y. Ebihara and M. Ejiri, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 6321-2, 2001b.
79. Volland, H., A semiempirical model of the large-scale magnetospheric electric fields, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 171-180, 1973.
80. Williams, Donald J., The Earth's Ring Current: Causes, Generation and Decay (Tutorial Lecturer) Space Science Reviews, 34, 223-234, 1983.
81. Williams, Donald J., E.C. Roelof and D.G. Mitchell Global magnetospheric imaging, Rev. Geophys., 30, 183-208, 1992.
82. Zmuda, Alfred J. and James C. Armstrong The diurnal flow pattern of field-aligned currents, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 4611-4619, 1974.