Visual spaces, norm governed places: The influence of spatial context online

New Media and Society

Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1041-1060

  Stromer Galley, Jennifer ^a   Martey, Rosa Mikeal ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

Architecture; Avatars; Deindividuation; Norms; Second Life; Social contact; Social information processing; Social interaction; The Sims Online; Virtual worlds

Indexed keywords

EID: 70349422456     PISSN: 14614448     EISSN: 14617315     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1461444809336555     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Abrams, D. and M.A. Hogg (1990) Social Identification, Self-categorization and Social Influence, European Review of Social Psychology 1(1): 195-228.
2. Albuquerque, A.L.P. and L.Velho (2002) Togetherness through Virtual Worlds: How Real Can Be that Presence?, paper presented at Presence 2002, Fifth Annual International Workshop on Presence, Porto, Portugal, October.
3. Anderson, C.A. and B.J. Bushman (2001) 'Effects of Violent Video Games on Aggressive Behavior, Aggressive Cognition, Aggressive Affect, Physiological Arousal, and Prosocial Behavior: A Meta-analytic Review of the Scientific Literature', Psychological Science 12(5): 353-9.
4. Bailenson, J.N. and N. Yee (2005) Digital Chameleons: Automatic Assimilation of Nonverbal Gestures in Immersive Virtual Environments, Psychological Science 16(10): 814-19.
5. Bargh, J.A. (1999) The Cognitive Monster: The Case against Controllability of Automatic Stereotype Effects, in S. Chaiken and Y. Trope (eds) Dual Process Theories in Social Psychology, pp. 361-82. New York: Guilford.
6. Beasley, B. and C.T. Standley (2002) Shirts vs. Skins: Clothing as an Indicator of Gender Role Stereotyping in Video Games, Mass Communication and Society 5(3): 279-93.
7. Becker, B. and G. Mark (2002) Social Conventions in Computer-Mediated Communication: A Comparison of Three Online Shared Virtual Environments, in R. Schroeder (ed.) The Social Life of Avatars: Presence and Interaction in Shared Virtual Environments, pp. 19-39. London: Springer-Verlag.
8. Bendor, J. and P. Swistak (2001) The Evolution of Norms, American Journal of Sociology 106(6): 1493-545.
9. Benedikt, M. (1991) Cyberspace: Some Proposals, in M. Benedikt (ed.) Cyberspace: First Steps, pp. 119-224. Cambridge: MIT Press.
10. boyd, d. (2001) Faceted Id/entity: Managing Representation in a Digital World, Unpublished Master's thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
11. Brewer, W. and J. Treyens (1981) Role of Schemata in Memory for Places, Cognitive Psychology 13(2): 207-30.
12. Buscher, M. and J. Hughes (2003) Screen Scenery: Learning from Architecture and People's Practices of Navigation in Electronic Environments, in D. Benyon, A. Munro and K. Höök (eds) Designing Information Spaces: The Social Navigation Approach, pp. 83-104. New York: Springer.
13. Deutch, M. and H.B. Gerard (1955) A Study of Normative and Informational Social Influence upon Judgment, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 51(3): 629-36.
14. Eastin, M.S. (2006) Video Game Violence and the Female Game Player: Self-and Opponent Gender Effects on Presence and Aggressive Thoughts, Human Communication Research 32(3): 351-72.
15. Farrar, K.M., M. Krcmar and K.L. Nowak (2006) Contextual Features of Violent Video Games, Mental Models, and Aggression, Journal of Communication 56(2): 387-405.
16. Goffman, E. (1967) Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Anchor Books.
17. Goffman, E. (1979) Gender Advertisements. New York: Harper and Row.
18. Hancock, J., J. Peña and N. Merola (2006) Avatar Color and Social Identity Effects on Attitudes and Group Dynamics in Online Video Games, paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany, June.
19. Hanson, J. (1998) Decoding Homes and Houses. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Harrison, S. and P. Dourish (1996) Re-place-ing Space: The Roles of Place and Space in Collaborative Systems, in M.S. Ackerman (ed.) Proceedings of the 1996 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 67-76. New York: ACM Press.
21. Hart, R. (1979) Children's Experience of Place. New York: Irvington Publishers.
22. Herring, S.C. (2007) A Faceted Classification Scheme for Computer-Mediated Discourse, Language@Internet 4, article 1, URL (consulted August 2008): http://www.languageatinternet.de/articles/2007/761/
23. Higgins, E.T. (1992) Achieving Shared Reality in the Communication Game: A Social Action that Creates Meaning, Journal and Language and Social Psychology 11(3): 107-31.
24. Hiller, B. and J. Hanson (1984) The Social Logic of Space. London: Cambridge University Press.
25. Ho, S.S. and D.M. McLeod (2008) Social-Psychological Influences on Opinion Expression in Face-to-Face and Computer-Mediated Communication, Communication Research 35(2): 190-207.
26. Hogg, M.A. and S.A. Reid (2006) Social Identity, Self-Categorization, and the Communication of Group Norms, Communication Theory 16(1): 7-30.
27. Höök, K., D. Benyon and A. Munro (2003) Footprints in the Snow, in D. Benyon, A. Munro and K. Höök (eds) Designing Information Spaces: The Social Navigation Approach, pp. 1-16. New York: Springer.
28. Jeffrey, P. and G. Mark (2003) 'Navigating the Virtual Landscape: Co-ordinating
29. the Shared Use of Space', in D. Benyon, A. Munro and K. Höök (eds) Designing Information Spaces: The Social Navigation Approach, pp. 105-24. London: Springer.
30. Kang, S., J. Watt and S. Ala (2008) Communicators' Perceptions of Social Presence as a Function of Avatar Realism in Small Display Mobile Communication Devices, paper presented at the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Big Island, Hawaii, January.
31. Kean, L.G. and K.F. Albada (2003) The Relationship between College Students' Schema Regarding Alcohol Use, their Television Viewing Patterns, and their Previous Experience with Alcohol, Health Communication 15(3): 277-98.
32. Kiesler, S., J. Siegel and T.W. McGuire (1984) Social Psychological Aspects of Computer-Mediated Communication, American Psychologist 39(10): 1123-34.
33. Lessig, L. (1999a) Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. NewYork: Basic Books.
34. Lessig, L. (1999b) Code and the Commons, Speech presented at Fordham Law School, New York, 9 February.
35. Lin, H. and C.T. Sun (2005) The White-Eyed Player Culture: Grief Play and Construction of Deviance in MMORPGs, in Proceedings of DiGRA 2005 Conference: Changing Views - Worlds in Play, URL (consulted November 2006): http://hdl.handle.net/1892/1584
36. Lombard, M. and T.B. Ditton (1997) At the Heart of it All: The Concept of Presence, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13(3), URL (consulted February 2008): http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol3/issue2/lombard.html
37. Mania, K., A. Robinson and K.R. Brandt (2005) The Effect of Memory Schemas on Object Recognition in Virtual Environments, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14(5): 606-15.
38. Martey, R.M. and J. Stromer-Galley (2007) The Digital Dollhouse: Context and Social Norms in The Sims Online, Games and Culture 2(4): 314-44.
39. Mitchell, W. (1995) City of Bits. Cambridge: MIT Press.
40. Nowak, K.L. and C. Rauh (2005) 'The Influence of the Avatar on Online Perceptions of Anthropomorphism, Androgyny, Credibility, Homophily, and Attraction', Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11(1), URL (consulted March 2008): http://jcmc. indiana.edu/vol11/issue1/nowak.html
41. Ogletree, S.M. and R. Drake (2007) College Students' Video Game Participation and Perceptions: Gender Differences and Implications, Sex Roles 56(7-8): 537-42.
42. Pankoke-Babatz, U. and P. Jeffrey (2002) Documented Norms and Conventions on the Internet, International Journal of Human Computer Interaction 14(2): 219-35.
43. Postmes, T. and R. Spears (1998) Deindividuation and Antinormative Behavior: A Meta-Analysis, Psychological Bulletin 123(3): 238-59.
44. Postmes, T., R. Spears and M. Lea (1998) Breaching or Building Social Boundaries? SIDE-Effects of Computer-Mediated Communication, Communication Research 25(6): 689-715.
45. Postmes, T., S.A. Haslam and R. Swaab (2005) Social Influence in Small Groups: An Interactive Model of Social Identity Formation, European Review of Social Psychology 16(1): 1-42.
46. Ravaja, N., T. Saari, M. Turpeinen, J. Laarni, M. Salminen and M. Kivikangas (2006) Spatial Presence and Emotions During Video Game Playing: Does it Matter with Whom you Play?, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 15(4): 381-92.
47. Regenbrecht, H. and T. Schubert (2002) Real and Illusory Interactions Enhance Presence in Virtual Environments, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11(4): 425-34.
48. Rétaux, X. (2002) A Subjective Measure of Presence Feeling: The Autoconfrontation Method, paper presented at Presence 2002, Fifth Annual International Workshop on Presence, Porto, Portugal, October.
49. Schroeder, R. (2002) Copresence and Interaction in Virtual Environments: An Overview of the Range of Issues, paper presented at Presence 2002, Fifth Annual International Workshop on Presence, Porto, Portugal, October.
50. Siegel, J., V. Dubvrovsky, S. Kiesler and T.W. McGuire (1986) Group Processes in Computer-Mediated Communication, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 37(2): 157-87.
51. Spears, R. and M. Lea (1994) Panacea or Panopticon? The Hidden Power in Computer-Mediated Communication, Communication Research 21(4): 427-59.
52. Spears, R., M. Lea and T. Postmes (2001) Social Psychological Theories of Computer-Mediated Communication: Social Gain or Social Pain?, in H. Giles and P. Robinson (eds) New Handbook of Language and Social Psychology, 2nd edn, pp. 601-24. Chichester: Wiley.
53. Sproull, L. and S. Kiesler (1986) Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication, Management Science 32(11): 1492-512.
54. Steinkuehler, C. (2006) Massively Multiplayer Online Video Gaming as Participation in a Discourse, Mind, Culture, and Activity 13(1): 38-52.
55. Strate, L. (2008) Studying Media as Media: Mcluhan and the Media Ecology Approach, MediaTropes 1(1): 127-42.
56. Stromer-Galley, J. and R. Mikeal (2006) Gaming Pink: Gender and Structure in The Sims Online, in P. Messaris and L. Humphreys (eds) Digital Media: Transformation in Human Communication, pp. 197-210. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
57. Tajfel, H. (1959) Quantitative Judgment in Social Perception, British Journal of Psychology 50(1): 16-29.
58. Tajfel, H. and J.C. Turner (1979) An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict, in W.G. Austin and S. Worchel (eds) The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, pp. 33-47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
59. Tamborini, R. and P. Skalski (2006) The Role of Presence in Electronic Games, in P. Vorderer and J. Bryant (eds) Playing Video Games: Motives, Responses, and Consequences, pp. 225-40. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
60. Thompson, L. and G.A. Fine (1999) Socially Shared Cognition, Affect, and Behavior: A Review and Integration, Personality and Social Psychology Review 3(4): 278-302.
61. Tidwell, L.C. and J.B. Walther (2002) Computer-Mediated Communication Effects on Disclosure, Impressions, and Interpersonal Evaluations: Getting to Know One Another a Bit at a Time, Human Communication Research 28(3): 317-48.
62. Tuan, Y. (1977) Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
63. Turner, J.H. (1991) A Theory of Social Interaction. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
64. Walther, J.B. (1992) Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction: A Relational Perspective, Communication Research 19(1): 52-90.
65. Walther, J.B. (1995) Relational Aspects of Computer-Mediated Communication: Experimental Observations over Time, Organization Science 6(2): 186-203.
66. Walther, J.B., J.F. Anderson and D.W. Park (1994) Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction: A Meta-Analysis of Social and Anti-Social Communication, Communication Research 21(4): 460-87.
67. Williams, D., N. Ducheneaut, L. Xiong, Y. Zhang, N. Yee and E. Nickell (2006) From Tree House to Barracks: The Social Life of Guilds in World of Warcraft, Games and Culture 1(4): 338-61.
68. Yee, N. and J.N. Bailenson (2007) The Proteus Effect: Self Transformations in Virtual Reality, Human Communication Research 33(3): 271-90.
69. Yee, N., J.N. Bailenson, M. Urbanek, F. Chang and D. Merget (2007) The Unbearable Likeness of Being Digital: The Persistence of Nonverbal Social Norms in Online Virtual Environments, CyberPsychology and Behavior 10(1): 115-21.
70. Yzer, M.C. and B.G. Southwell (2008) New Communication Technologies, Old Questions, American Behavioral Scientist 52(1): 8-20.