Clinical experience in treating hypertension with fixed-dose combination therapy: Angiotensin II receptor blocker losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide

Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology

Volumn 5, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1285-1303

  Abe, Masanori ^a   Okada, Kazuyoshi ^a   Matsumoto, Koichi ^a  

^a NIHON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Combination therapy; Hydrochlorothiazide; Hypertension; Losartan

Indexed keywords

2 BUTYL 4 CHLORO 1 [[2' (1H TETRAZOL 5 YL) 4 BIPHENYLYL]METHYL] 5 IMIDAZOLECARBOXYLIC ACID; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ATENOLOL; AVALIDE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; CHLOROTHIAZIDE; CHLORTALIDONE; CREATININE; DELAPRIL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPROSARTAN; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE PLUS LOSARTAN; INDAPAMIDE; IRBESARTAN; LOSARTAN; MANIDIPINE; METOLAZONE; OLMESARTAN; PLACEBO; POLYTHIAZIDE; PREMINENT; TELMISARTAN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALSARTAN;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ANGINA PECTORIS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTERY DISEASE; BACKACHE; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CORONARY RISK; COUGHING; CREATININE CLEARANCE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DIZZINESS; DRESSLER SYNDROME; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EDEMA; ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION; GOUT; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MICROALBUMINURIA; MONOTHERAPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PHARMACODYNAMICS; PROTEINURIA; RASH; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SINUSITIS; STROKE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; SWELLING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION;

ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG COMBINATIONS; HUMANS; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; HYPERTENSION; LOSARTAN; MEDICATION ADHERENCE;

EID: 70349381741     PISSN: 17425255     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/17425250903282799     Document Type: Review

References (102)

1. Whitworth JA. World Health Organization, International Society of Hypertension Writing Group: 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1983-1992
2. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, short-term reduction in blood pressure: overview of randomized drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990;335:827-838 (Pubitemid 20264177)
3. Timmermans PB, Carini DJ, Chiu AT, et al. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. From discovery to antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension 1991;18:136-142
4. Carr AA, Prisant LM. Losartan: first of a new class of angiotensin antagonists for the management of hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol 1996;36:3-12 (Pubitemid 26058806)
5. Goodfriend TL, Elliott ME, Catt KJ. Angiotensin receptors and their antagonists. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1649-1654
6. Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS. Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1995;75:793-795
7. Weir MR, Elkins M, Liss C, etal. Efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, versus nifedipine GITS in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 1996;18:411-428
8. Oparil S, Barr E, Elkins M, etal. Efficacy, tolerability, and effects on quality of life of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, versus amlodipine, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 1996;18:608-625
9. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al.; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:861-869
10. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003 (Pubitemid 34286536)
11. Black HR, Curb JD, Pressel S, et al.; SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255-3264
12. Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Hansson L, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 1991;338:1281-1285 (Pubitemid 23344569)
13. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. The JNC report. JAMA 2003;289:2560-2572 (Pubitemid 37430158)
14. Mancia G, Backer GD, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007;25:1105-1187 (Pubitemid 46924065)
15. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al.; HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 1998;351:1755-1762
16. Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, etal.; INVEST Investigators. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-2816
17. Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, et al.; Japanese Society of Hypertension. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res 2009;32:4-107
18. Wing LMH, Reid CM, Ryan P, et al.; for Second Australian National Blood Pressure Study Group. A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med 2003;348:583-592
19. Zou Y, Akazawa H, Qin Y, et al. Mechanical stress activates angiotensin α type 1 receptor without the involvement of angiotensin II. Nat Cell Biol 2004;6:499-506 (Pubitemid 38786592)
20. Mochizuki S, Dahlof B Shimizu M, et al.; Jikei Heart Study Group. Valsartan in Japanese population with hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (Jikei Heart Study): a randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint morbidity-mortality study. Lancet 2007;369:1431-1439
21. Turnbull F, Neal B, Pfeffer M, etal. Blood pressure lowering treatment trialists' collaboration. Blood pressure-dependent and independent effects of agents that inhibit the rennin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2007;25:951-958
22. Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, et al.; LIFE Study Group. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:1004-1010
23. Hoes AW, Grobbee DE, Lubsen J, et al. Diuretics, beta-blockers, and the risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:481-487
24. Helderman JH, Elahi D, Andersen DK, et al. Prevention of the glucose intolerance of thiazide diuretics by maintenance of body potassium. Diabetes 1983;32:106-111 (Pubitemid 13180341)
25. MRC Working Party. Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. BMJ 1992;304:405-412
26. Beard K, Bulpitt C, Mascie-Taylor H, et al. Management of elderly patients with sustained hypertension. BMJ 1992;304:412-416
27. Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C. A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1989;321:868-873 (Pubitemid 19238619)
28. Carlsen JE, Koeber L, Torp-Pedersen C, et al. Relation between dose of bendrofluazide, antihypertensive effect, and adverse biochemical effects. BMJ 1990;300:975-978 (Pubitemid 20144223)
29. Olsen MH, Fossum E, Hoieggen A, et al. Long-term treatment with losartan versus atenolol improves insulin sensitivity in hypertension: ICARUS, a LIFE substudy. J Hypertens 2005;23:891-898 (Pubitemid 40523290)
30. Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1667-1675
31. Preffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al.; CHARM Investigators. Effects of candesartan on mortality and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure: the CHARM-Overall programme. Lancet 2003;362:759-766
32. Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I, et al.; SCOPE Study Group. The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE); principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 2003;21:875-886 (Pubitemid 36677151)
33. Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al.; Diabetes Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2004;351:1952-1961
34. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-878 (Pubitemid 34940826)
35. Schrader J, Lüders S, Kulschewski A, et al. Morbidity and mortality after stroke, eprosartan compared with nitrendipine for secondary prevention. Principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke 2005;36:1218-1226
36. Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al.; VALUE Trial Group. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomized trial. Lancet 2004;363:2022-2031
37. Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Hypertension 2004;43:4-9
38. Ernst ME, Carter BL, Goerdt CJ, et al. Comparative antihypertensive effects of hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on ambulatory and office blood pressure. Hypertension 2006;47:352-358 (Pubitemid 43740274)
39. Pareek A, Basavanagowdappa H, Zawar S, etal. A randomized, comparative study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of losartan-low dose chlorothalidone (6.25mg) combination with losartan-hydrochlorothiazide (12.5mg) combination in Indian patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:1529-1536
40. Jounela AJ, Lilja M, Lumme J, et al. Relation between low dose of hydrochlorothiazide, antihypertensive effect and adverse effects. Blood Press 1994;3:321-325 (Pubitemid 24257770)
41. Pool JL, Gennari J, Goldstein R, et al. Controlled multicenter study of the antihypertensive effects of lisinopril, hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril plus hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of 394patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987;9(Suppl 3):36-42 (Pubitemid 17114438)
42. Ruilope LM, Simpson RL, Toh J, et al. Controlled trial of losartan given concomitantly with different doses of hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients. Blood Press 1996;5:32-40 (Pubitemid 26086344)
43. Soffer BA, Wright JT Jr, Pratt JH, et al. Effects of losartan on a background of hydrochlorothizide in patients with hypertension. Hypertension 1995;26:112-117
44. MacKay JH, Arcuri KE, Golgberg AI, et al. Losartan and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant administration compared with individual components. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:278-285
45. Flack JM, Sauders E, Gradman A, et al. Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in adult African American with mild to moderate hypertension. Clin Ther 2001;23:1193-1208 (Pubitemid 32804114)
46. Gradman AH, Brady WE, Gazdick LP, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week trial of the efficacy and tolerability of once-daily losartan 100mg/hydrochlorothiazide 25mg and losartan 50mg/hydrpchlorothiazide 12.5mg in the treatment of moderate-to-severe essential hypertension. Clin Ther 2002;24:1049-1061
47. Li Y, Liu G, Jiang B, etal. A comparison of initial treatment with losartan/HCTZ versus losartan monotherapy in Chinese patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2003;57:673-677 (Pubitemid 37428202)
48. Salerno CM, Demopoulos L, Mukherjee R, et al. Combination angiotensin receptor blocker/hydrochlorothiazide as initial therapy in treatment of patients with severe hypertension. J Clin Hypertens 2004;6:614-620
49. Gleim GW, Rubino J, Zhang H, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial of the antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of a combination of once-daily losartan 100 mg/hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg compared with losartan 100-mg monotherapy in the treatment of mild to severe essential hypertension. Clin Ther 2006;28:1639-1648 (Pubitemid 44838899)
50. Saruta T, Ogihara T, Matsuoka H, et al. Antihypertensive efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination therapy with losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide in Japanese patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2007;30:729-739 (Pubitemid 47517107)
51. Townsend R, Haggert B, Liss MS, Edelman JM. Efficacy and tolerability of losartan versus enalapril alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 1995;17:911-923
52. Critchley JAJH, Gilchrist N, Ikeda L, et al. A randomized, doublemasked comparison of the antihypertensive efficacy and safety of combination therapy with losartan and hydrochlorothiazide versus captopril and hydrochlorothiazide in elderly and younger patients. Curr Ther Res 1996;57:392-407 (Pubitemid 126425356)
53. Ruff D, Gazdick LP, Berman R, et al. Comparative effects of combination drug therapy regimens commencing with either losartan potassium, an angiotensin II antagonist, or enalapril maleate for the treatment of severe hypertension. J Hypertens 1996;14:263-270 (Pubitemid 26121871)
54. Naidoo DP, Sareli P, Marin F, et al. Increased efficacy and tolerability with losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and therapy-related symptoms receiving two monotherapies. Adv Ther 1999;16:187-199
55. Benedict CR. Safe and effective management of hypertension with fixed-dose combination therapy: focus on losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide. Int J Clin Pract 2000;54:48-54
56. Keating GM. Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide. A review of its use in the treatment of hypertension and for stroke risk reduction in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Drugs 2009;69:1239-1265
57. Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Carney S, et al. Main results of the losartan versus amlodipine (LOA) study on drug tolerability and psychological general well-being. J Hypertens 1997;15:1327-1335 (Pubitemid 27453186)
58. Conlin PR, Elkins M, Liss C, et al. A study of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide vs nifedipine GITS in elderly patients with diastolic hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 1998;12:693-699 (Pubitemid 28495126)
59. Wilson TW, Lacourcière Y, Barnes CC. The antihypertensive efficacy of losartan and amlodipine assessed with office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Can Med Assoc J 1998;159:469-476 (Pubitemid 28454315)
60. Tiebel R, Vahlbruch A, Stapff M. Efficacy, safety, and effects on hypertension-associated symptoms of losartan, alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, versus amlodipine in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Curr Ther Res 1998;59:325-340 (Pubitemid 28302752)
61. Lacourcière Y, Gil-Extremera B, Muekker O, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fixed-dose combinations of telmisartan plus HCTZ compared with losartan plus HCTZ in patients with essential hypertension. Int J Clin Pract 2003;57:273-279 (Pubitemid 36700710)
62. Neutel JM, Littlejohn TW, Chrysant SG, et al. Telmisartan/ hydrochlorothiazide in comparison with losartan/hydrochlorothiazide in managing patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. Hypertens Res 2005;28:555-563 (Pubitemid 41387285)
63. Koenig W. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of combination tablets containing candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide or losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in patients with moderate to severe hypertension: results of the CARLOS-study. Multicenter Study Group. Clin Drug Investig 2000;19:239-246 (Pubitemid 30215997)
64. Öhman KP, Milon H, Valnes K. Efficacy and tolerability of a combination tablet of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in insufficiently controlled primary hypertension: comparison with a combination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. Blood Press 2000;9:214-220
65. Neutel JM, Smith D. Ambulatory blood pressure comparison of the anti-hypertensive efficacy of fixed combinations of irbesartan/ hydrochlorothiazide and losartan/hydrochlorothiazide in patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension. J Int Med Res 2005;33:620-631 (Pubitemid 43012617)
66. Lacourcière Y, Neutel JM, Schumacher H. Comparison of fixed-dose combinations of telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide 40/12.5 mg and 80/12.5 mg and a fixed-dose combination of losartan/hydrochlorothiazide 50/12.5 mg in mild to moderate essential hypertension: pooled analysis of two multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-end point (PROBE) trials. Clin Ther 2005;27:1795-1805 (Pubitemid 41815230)
67. Rump LC, Ambrosioni E, Burnier M, et al. Initial combination therapy with olmesartan/hydrochlorothiazide in moderate-to-severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2006;20:299-301
68. Nakashima M, Uematsu T, Kosuge K, Kanamaru M. Pilot study of the uricosuric effect of Dup-753, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;42:333-335
69. Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, et al. Molecular identification of a renal urate-anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 2002;417:447-452 (Pubitemid 34563537)
70. Hamada T, Ichida K, Hosoyamada M, et al. Uricosuric action of losartan via the inhibition of urate transporter 1 (URAT1) in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2008;21:1157-1162
71. Hoieggen A, Alderman MH, Kjeldsen SE, et al.; LIFE Study Group. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney Int 2004;65:1041-1049
72. Kato M, Hisatome I, Tomikura Y, et al. Status of endothelial dependent vasodilation in patients with hyperuricemia. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:1576-1578 (Pubitemid 41690182)
73. Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, et al. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular rennin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2008;26:269-275
74. Esnault VL, Ekhlas A, Delcroix C, et al. Diuretic and enhanced sodium restriction results in improved antiproteinuric response to RAS blocking agents. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:474-481 (Pubitemid 41725144)
75. Houlihan CA, Allen TJ, Baxter AL, et al. A low-sodium diet potentiates the effects of losartan in type2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:663-671
76. Vogt L, Waanders F, Boomsma F, et al. Effects of dietary sodium and hydrochlorothiazide on the antiproteinuric efficacy of losartan. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:999-1007
77. Stearns RA, Chakravarty PK, Chen R, Chiu SHL. Biotransformation of losartan yo its active carboxylic acid metabolite in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 1995;23:285-289
78. Yun C-H, Lee HS, Lee H, etal. Oxidation of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan (DuP 753) in human liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 1995;23:285-289
79. Lo MW, Goldberg MR, McCrea JB, et al. Pharmacokinetics of losartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, and its active metabolite EXP3174 in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1995;58:641-649
80. Wong PV, Price WA, Chiu AT, et al. Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: XI. Pharmacology of EXP3174, an active metabolite of DuP 753-an orally active antihypertensive agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;255:211-217 (Pubitemid 20361505)
81. Sica DA, Halstenson CE, Gehr TWB, Keane WF. Pharmacokinetics and blood pressure response of losartan in end-stage renal disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 2000;38:519-526 (Pubitemid 30394316)
82. Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M, Rosen A. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of hydrochlorothiazide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;19:531-537
83. Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M. Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977;12:297-303
84. Niemeyer C, Hasenfubeta G, Wais U, etal. Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983;24:661-665
85. Jafar TH, Stark PC, Schmid CH, et al. Proteinuria as a modifiable risk factor for the progression of non-diabetic renal disease. Kidney Int 2001;60:1131-1140 (Pubitemid 34205814)
86. Haugen EN, Croatt AJ, Nath KA. Angiotensin II induces renal oxidant stress invivo and heme oxygenase-1 invivo and invitro. Kidney Int 2000;58:144-152
87. Rerolle JP, Hertig A, Nguyen G, et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is a potential target in renal fibrogenesis. Kidney Int 2000;58:1841-1850 (Pubitemid 30807911)
88. Dickson TZ, Zagrobelny JA, Lin CC, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and antihypertensive efficacy of losartan in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. J Clin Pharmacol 2003;43:591-603
89. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type2 diabetes: UKPDS 39. BMJ 1998;317:713-720
90. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2007. Diabetes Care 2007;30(Suppl 1):S4-41
91. Bakris GL, Toto RD, McCullough PA, et al.; GUARD (Gauging Albuminuria Reduction With Lotrel in Diabetic Patients With Hypertension) Study Investigators. Effects of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD study. Kidney Int 2008;73:1303-1309
92. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clark WR, et al.; Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-860
93. National Kidney Foundation. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI). KDOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;49:S12-154
94. Andersen S, Rossing P, Juhl TR, et al. Optimal dose of losartan for renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:1413-1418 (Pubitemid 34893281)
95. Bloom BS. Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after 1year of therapy. Clin Ther 1998;20:671-681 (Pubitemid 28421488)
96. McLean DL, Simpson SH, McAlister FA, Tsuyuki RT. Treatment and blood pressure control in 47964 people with diabetes and hypertension: a systematic review of observational studies. Can J Cardiol 2006;22:855-860
97. Waeber B. Managing hypertension in high-risk patients: lessons and promises from the STRATHE and ADVANCE trials. J Hypertens 2006;24:19-27 (Pubitemid 44336815)
98. Elliott WJ. Is fixed combination therapy appropriate for initial hypertension treatment ? Curr Hypertens Rep 2002;4:278-285
99. Dobesh PP. Managing hypertension in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006;63:1140-1149 (Pubitemid 44146110)
100. Conlin PR. Redefining efficacy of antihypertensive therapies beyond blood pressure reduction: the role of angiotensin II antagonists. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:214-224
101. Watanabe LA, Wei M, Sun N, et al. Effect on blood pressure control of switching from valsartan monotherapy to losartan/hydrochlorothiazide in Asian patients with hypertension: results of a multicentre open-label trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:1955-1964 (Pubitemid 44663401)
102. Cusachs AR, Schmieder RE, Triposkiadis F, et al.; MORE Study Group. Efficacy of manidipine/delapril versus losartan/hydrochlorothiazide fixed combinations in patients with hypertension and diabetes. J Hypertens 2008;26:813-818 (Pubitemid 351354931)