Zoonotic helminth infections with particular emphasis on fasciolosis and other trematodiases

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 364, Issue 1530, 2009, Pages 2763-2776

  Robinson, Mark W ^a   Dalton, John P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Cestode; Fasciola; Helminth; Nematode; Trematode; Zoonosis

Indexed keywords

DISEASE CONTROL; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FLATWORM; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; NEMATODE; PARASITIC DISEASE; PARASITOLOGY; PUBLIC HEALTH;

ANIMALIA; CESTODA; FASCIOLA; NEMATODA; TREMATODA; VERMES;

HELMINTH ANTIBODY;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; BLOOD; FOOD CONTROL; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; PARASITOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; TREMATODE; TREMATODIASIS; ZOONOSIS;

ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, HELMINTH; FOOD PARASITOLOGY; HUMANS; PREVALENCE; TREMATODA; TREMATODE INFECTIONS; ZOONOSES;

EID: 70349337145     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0089     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Acuna-Soto, R. & Braun-Roth, G. 1987 Bleeding ulcer in the common bile duct due to Fasciola hepatica. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 82, 560-562.
2. Aguilar-Diaz, H. et al. 2006 The genome project of Taenia solium. Parasitol. Int. 55, S127-S130. (doi:10.1016/j. parint.2005.11.020)
3. Allan, J. C. & Craig, P. S. 2006 Coproantigens in taeniasis and echinococcosis. Parasitol. Int. 55, S75-S80. (doi: 10. 1016/j.parint.2005.11. 010)
4. Alonso,D.,Muñoz,J.,Gascón,J.,Vails,M.E.&Corachan,M. 2006Failureofstandardtreatmentwithpraziquantelintworeturnedtravelerswith Schistosomahaematobiuminfection.Am.J.TroMed.Hyg.74,342-344.(Pubitemid46774351)
5. Alvarez, L. I., Solana, H. D., Mottier, M. L., Virkel, G. L., Fairweather, I. & Lanusse, C. E. 2005 Altered drug influx/efflux and enhanced metabolic activity in triclabendazole-resistant liver flukes. Parasitology 131, 501-510. (doi:10.1017/S0031182005007997) (Pubitemid 43329682)
6. Ancelle, T., De Bruyne, A., Poisson, D. & Dupouy-Camet, J. 2005 Outbreak of trichinellosis due to consumption of bear meat from Canada, France, September. Euro. Surveill. 10, E051013.3.
7. Andrews, S. J. 1999 The life cycle of Fasciola hepatica. In Fasciolosis (ed. J. P. Dalton), pp. 1-29. Oxford, UK: CABI.
8. Armentia, A., Martin-Gil, F. J., Pascual, C., MartínEsteban, M., Callejo, A. & Martínez, C. 2006 Anisakis simplex allergy after eating chicken meat. J. Invest. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 16, 258-263.
9. Audicana, M. T., Ansotegui, I. J., de Corres, L. F. & Kennedy, M. W 2002 Anisakis simplex: dangerousdead and alive? Trends Parasitol. 18, 20-25. (doi:10. 1016/S1471-4922(01)02152-3)
10. Boa, M. E., Mahundi, E. A., Kassuku, A. A., Willingham, A. L. & Kyvsgaard, N. C. 2006 Epidemiological survey of swine cysticercosis using ante-mortem and postmortem examination tests in the southern highlands of Tanzania. Vet. Parasitol. 139, 249-255. (doi:10.1016/j. vetpar.2006.02.012)
11. Brander, K. M. 2007 Global fish production and climate change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci.. USA 104, 19 709-19 714. (doi: 10.1073/pnas.0702059104)
12. Brennan, G. P. et al. 2007 Understanding triclabendazole resistance. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 82, 104-109. (doi:10.1016/ j.yexmp.2007.01.009)
13. Bruschi, F. & Murrell, K. D. 2002 New aspects of human trichinellosis: the impact of new Trichinetta species. Postgrad Med. J. 78, 15-22. (doi:10.1136/pmj.78.915.15) (Pubitemid 34074909)
14. Caffrey, C. R. 2007 Chemotherapy of schistosomiasis: present and future. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 11, 433-439. (doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.031)
15. Cai, X., Yuan, G., Zheng, Y., Luo, X., Zhang, S., Ding, J., Jing, Z. & Lu, C. 2008 Effective production and purification of the glycosylated TSOL18 antigen, which is protective against pig cysticercosis. Infect. Immun. 76, 761-770. (doi: 10.1128/IAI.00444-07) (Pubitemid 351251749)
16. Chai, J. Y., Darwin Murrell, K. & Lymbery, A. J. 2005 Fishborne parasitic zoonoses: status and issues. Int. J. Parasitol 35, 1233-1254. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpara. 2005.07.013)
17. Chen, M. G. & Mott, K. E. 1990 Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Fasciola hepatica infection: a review of recent literature. Trop. Dis. Butt. 87, R1-R38.
18. Cho, P. Y., Lee, M. J., Kim, T. I., Kang, S. Y. & Hong, S. J. 2006 Expressed sequence tag analysis of adult Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke. Parasitol. Res. 99, 602-608. (doi:10.1007/s00436-006-0204-l)
19. Cho, P. Y., Kim, T. I., Whang, S. M. & Hong, S. J. 2008 Gene expression profile of Clonorchis sinensis metacercariae. Parasitol. Res. 102, 277-282. (doi: 10.1007/s00436-007-0759-5)
20. Choi, D. & Hong, S. T 2007 Imaging diagnosis of Clonorchiasis. Kor. J. Parasitol. 45, 77-85. (doi:10.3347/kjp.2007. 45.2.77)
21. Coles, G. C. & Stafford, K. A. 2001 Activity of oxyclozanide, nitroxynil, clorsulon and albendazole against adult triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Vet. Rec. 148, 723-724.
22. Coles, G. C., Rhodes, A. C. & Stafford, K. A. 2000 Activity of closantel against adult triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Vet. Rec. 146, 504.
23. Craig, P. S. & The Echinococcosis Working Group in China. 2006 Epidemiology of human alveolar echinococcosis in China. Parasitol. Int. 55, S221-S225. (doi:10.1016/j. parint.2005.11.034)
24. Craig, P. S. et al. 2007 Prevention and control of cystic echinococcosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 7, 385-394. (doi:10.1016/ S1473-3099(07)70134-2)
25. Cunningham, A. A. 2005 A walk on the wild side - emerging wildlife diseases. Br. Med. J. 331, 1214-1215. (doi:10. 1136/bmj.331.7527.1214)
26. Curtale, F., Hassanein, Y. A. & Savioli, L. 2005 Control of human fascioliasis by selective chemotherapy: design, cost and effect of the first public health, school-based intervention implemented in endemic areas of the Nile Delta, Egypt. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med Hyg. 99, 599-609. (doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.03.004) (Pubitemid 40823866)
27. Dai, G., Wang, S., Yu, J., Xu, S., Peng, X., He, Z., Liu, X., Zhou, S. & Liu, F. 2007 Vaccination against Schistosoma japonicum infection by DNA vaccine encoding Sj22.7 antigen. Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 39, 27-36. (Pubitemid 46115034)
28. Dalton, J. P. & Mulcahy, G. 2001 Parasite vaccines - a reality? Vet. Parasitol. 98, 149-167. (doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00430-7) (Pubitemid 32539274)
29. De Bruyne, A., Ancelle, T., Vallée, I., Boireau, P. & DupouyCamet, J. 2006 Human trichinellosis acquired from wild boar meat: a continuing parasitic risk in France. Euro. Surveill. 11, E060914.5.
30. Despommier, D. D. 1983 Biology. In Trichinetta and trichinosis (ed. W. C. Campbell), pp. 75-151. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
31. Despommier, D. D. 1998 How does Trichinetta spiralis make itself at home? Parasitol. Today 14, 318-323. (doi:10. 1016/S0169-4758(98)01287-3)
32. El-On, J. 2003 Benzimidazole treatment of cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop. 85, 243-252. (doi:10.1016/S0001-706X(02)00217-6)
33. Espinoza,J.R.etal.2007EvaluationofFas2- ELISAfortheserologicaldetectionofFasciolahepaticainfectioninhumans.Am.J.Trop. MedHyg.76,977-982.(Pubitemid351627690)
34. Esteban,J.G.etal. 2003Hyperendemicfascioliasisassociatedwithschistosomiasisinvillagesinthe NileDeltaofEgypt.Am.J.TroMed.Hyg.69,429-437.(Pubitemid38248279)
35. Fairweather, I. 2005 Triclabendazole: new skills to unravel an old(ish) enigma. J. Helminthol. 79, 227-234. (doi: 10. 1079/JOH2005298) (Pubitemid 41192536)
36. Fairweather, I. & Boray, J. C. 1999 Mechanisms of fasciolicide action and drug resistance in Fasciola in hepatica. In Fasciolosis (ed. J. P. Dalton), pp. 225-276. Oxford, UK: CABI.
37. Fawzi, M., El-Sahn, A. A., Ibrahim, H. F. & Shehata, A. I. 2004 Vegetable-transmitted parasites among inhabitants of El-Prince, Alexandria and its relation to housewives' knowledge and practices. J. Egypt Public Health Assoc. 79, 13-112
38. Finkelstein, J. L., Schleinitz, M. D., Carabin, H. & McGarvey, S. T 2008 Decision-model estimation of the age-specific disability weight for schistosomiasis japónica: a systematic review of the literature. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2, el58. (doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000158) (Pubitemid 352002947)
39. Garcia, H. H., Moro, P. L. & Schantz, P. M. 2007 Zoonotic helminth infections of humans: echinococcosis, cysticercosis and fascioliasis. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 20, 489-494. (doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282a95e39)
40. Gauci, C., Vural, G., Oncel, T., Varcasia, A., Damian, V., Kyngdon, C. T., Craig, P. S., Anderson, G. A. & Lightowlers, M. W 2008 Vaccination with recombinant oncosphere antigens reduces the susceptibility of sheep to infection with Taenia multiceps. Int. J. Parasitol. 38, 1041-1050. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpara. 2007.11.006)
41. Gavidia, C. M. et al. 2008 Diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis, central Peruvian Highlands. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 14, 260-266. (doi:10.3201/eidl402. 061101)
42. Golab, E., Szulc, M. & Sadkowska-Todys, M. 2007 Outbreak of trichinellosis in North-Western Poland. Euro. Surveill. 12, E070712.1.
43. Graham, C. S., Brodie, S. B. & Weiler, P. F. 2001 Imported Fasciola hepatica infection in the United States and treatment with triclabendazole. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, 1-5. (doi: 10.1086/320870)
44. Gryseels, B., Polman, K., Clerinx, J. & Kestens, L. 2006 Human schistosomiasis. Lancet 368, 1106-1118. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69440-3)
45. Haas, B. J., Berriman, M., Hirai, H., Cerqueira, G. G., Loverde, P. T. & El-Sayed, N. M. 2007 Schistosoma mansoni genome: closing in on a final gene set. Exp. Parasitol. 117, 225-228. (doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2007.06.005) (Pubitemid 350001186)
46. He, Y. X., Salafsky, B. & Ramaswamy, K. 2001 Host-parasite relationships of Schistosoma japonicum in mammalian hosts. Trends Parasitol. 17, 320-324. (doi:10.1016/S1471-4922(01)01904-3) (Pubitemid 32553748)
47. Hien, T. V., Dung, T. T. K., Chi, N. H., Dahn, P. H. & Pham, P. T. 2001 Fasciolosis in Vietnam. Southest Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 32, 48-50.
48. Hu, F. et al. 2007 Cbnorchis sinensis: expression, characterization, immunolocalization and serological reactivity of one excretory/secretory antigen-LPAP homologue. Exp. Parasitol. 117, 157-164. (doi:10.1016/j.exppara. 2007.04.003) (Pubitemid 47331436)
49. Intapan, P. M., Wongkham, C., Imtawil, K. J., Pumidonming, W., Prasongdee, T. K., Miwa, M. & Maleewong, W 2005 Detection of Paragonimus heterotremus eggs in experimentally infected cats by a polymerase chain reaction-based method. J. Parasitol. 91, 195-198. (doi:10.1645/GE-3357RM) (Pubitemid 40804325)
50. Irving, J. A., Spithill, T. W., Pike, R. N., Whisstock, J. C. & Smooker, P. M. 2003 The evolution of enzyme specificity in Fasciola spp. J. Mol. Evol. 57, 1-15. (doi:10.1007/S00239-002-2434-X)
51. Jefferies, J. R., Campbell, A. M., van Rossum, A. J., Barrett, J. & Brophy, P. M. 2001 Proteomic analysis of Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products. Proteomics 1,1128-1132. (doi:10.1002/1615-9861(200109)l:9<1128:: AID-PROTl 128>3.0.CO;2-0) (Pubitemid 33696478)
52. Jenkins, D. J. 2006 Echinococcus granulosus in Australia, widespread and doing well! Parasitol. Int. 55, S203-S206. (doi:10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.031)
53. Jenkins, D. J., Romig, T. & Thompson, R. C. A. 2005 Emergence/re-emergence of Echinococcus spp. - a global update. Int. J. Parasitol. 35, 1205-1219. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.014) (Pubitemid 41398145)
54. Jongwutiwes, S. et al. 1998 First outbreak of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella pseudospiralis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 26, 111-115. (doi: 10.1086/516278)
55. Keiser, J. & Utzinger, J. 2005 Emerging foodborne trematodiasis. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11, 1507-1514.
56. Keiser, J., Utzinger, J., Vennerstrom, J. L., Dong, Y., Brennan, G. & Fairweather, I. 2007 Activity of artemether and OZ78 against triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepática. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 101, 1219-1222. (doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.07.012)
57. Kim, T. S., de Guzman, J. V., Kong, H. H. & Chung, D. I. 2006 Comparison of gene representation between diploid and triploid Paragonimus westermani by expressed sequence tag analyses. J. Parasitol. 92, 803-816. (doi:10.1645/GE-723R.l)
58. King, C. H., Dickman, K. & Tisch, D. J. 2005 Reassessment of the cost of chronic helminthic infection: a meta-analysis of disability-related outcomes in endemic schistosomiasis. Lancet 365, 1561-1569. (doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05) 66457-4) (Pubitemid 40615405)
59. Kobayashi, Y., Shimakura, K., Ishizaki, S., Nagashima, Y. & Shiomi, K. 2007 Purification and cDNA cloning of a new heat-stable allergen from Anisakis simplex. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 155, 138-145. (doi:10.1016/j. molbiopara. 2007.06.012)
60. Kraft, R. 2007 Cysticercosis: an emerging parasitic disease. Am. Fam. Phys. 76, 91-96.
61. Laha, T., Pinlaor, P., Mulvenna, J., Sripa, B., Sripa, M., Smout, M. J., Gasser, R. B., Brindley, P. J. & Loukas, A. 2007 Gene discovery for the carcinogenic human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. BMC Genom. 8, 189. (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-8-189)
62. Lahmar, S., Lahmar, S., Boufana, B., Bradshaw, H. & Craig, P. S. 2007 Screening for Echinococcus granulosus in dogs: comparison between arecoline purgation, coproELISA and coproPCR with necropsy in pre-patent infections. Vet. Parasitol. 144, 287-292. (doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.10.016) (Pubitemid 46273213)
63. Lateef, M., Zargar, S. A., Khan, A. R., Nazir, M. & Shoukat, A. 2008 Successful treatment of niclosamide- and praziquantel-resistant beef tapeworm infection with nitazoxanide. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 12, 80-82. (doi:10.1016/j.ijid. 2007.04.017) (Pubitemid 350299228)
64. Le, T. H., De, N. V., Agatsuma, T., Thi, Nguyen, T. G., Nguyen, Q. D., McManus, D. P. & Blair, D. 2008 Human fascioliasis and the presence of hybrid/ introgressed forms of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica in Vietnam. Int. J. Parasitol. 38, 725-730.
65. Lee, J. S., Lee, J., Park, S. J. & Yong, T. S. 2003 Analysis of the genes expressed in Clonorchis sinensis adults using the expressed sequence tag approach. Parasitol. Res. 91, 283-289. (doi:10.1007/s00436-003-0962-y) (Pubitemid 37363622)
66. Lee, J. S., Kim, I. S., Sohn, W. M., Lee, J. & Yong, T. S. 2006a Vaccination with DNA encoding cysteine proteinase confers protective immune response to rats infected with Clonorchis sinensis. Vaccine 24, 2358-2366. (doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.062) (Pubitemid 43290418)
67. Lee, J. S., Kim, I. S., Sohn, W. M., Lee, J. & Yong, T. S. 2006b A DNA vaccine encoding a fatty acid-binding protein of Clonorchis sinensis induces protective immune response in Sprague-Dawley rats. Scand. J. Immunol. 63, 169-176. (doi:10.1111/j.l365-3083.2006.01721.x) (Pubitemid 43290418)
68. Lee, J. S., Lee, J., Kim, S. H. & Yong, T. S. 2007 Molecular cloning and characterization of a major egg antigen in Paragonimus westermani and its use in ELISA for the immunodiagnosis of paragonimiasis. Parasitol. Res. 100, 677-681. (doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0324-7) (Pubitemid 46175229)
69. Lier, T., Johansen, M. V., Hjelmevoll, S. O., Vennervald, B. J. & Simonsen, G. S. 2008 Real-time PCR for detection of low intensity Schistosoma japonicum infections in a pig model. Acta Trop. 105, 74-80. (doi:10.1016/j. actatropica.2007.10.004) (Pubitemid 350256727)
70. Lightlowlers, M. W 2006 Cestode vaccines: origins, current status and future prospects. Parasitology 133, S27-S42. (doi:10.1017/S003118200600179X)
71. Lun, Z. R., Gasser, R. B., Lai, D. H., Li, A. X., Zhu, X. Q., Yu, X. B. & Fang, Y. Y. 2005 Clonorchiasis: a key foodborne zoonosis in China. Lancet Infect. Dis. 5, 31-41. (doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01252-6)
72. Mafojane, N. A., Appleton, C. C., Krecek, R. C., Michael, L. M. & Willingham, A. L. 2003 The current status of neurocysticercosis in Eastern and Southern Africa. Acta Trop. 87, 25-33. (Pubitemid 36629481)
73. Magambo, J., Njoroge, E. & Zeyhle, E. 2006 Epidemiology and control of echinococcosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol. Int. 55, S193-S195. (doi:10.1016/j.parint. 2005.11.029) (Pubitemid 43188949)
74. Malakauskas, A., Paulauskas, V., Järvis, T., Keidans, P., Eddi, C. & Kapel, C. M. 2007 Molecular epidemiology of Trichinella spp. in three Baltic countries: Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Parasitol. Res. 100, 687-693. (doi: 10.1007/s00436-006-0320-y) (Pubitemid 46188089)
75. Malenganisho, W. L., Magnussen, P., Friis, H., Siza, J., Kaatano, G., Temu, M. & Vennervald, B. J. 2008 Schistosoma mansoni morbidity among adults in two villages along Lake Victoria shores in Mwanza District, Tanzania. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 102, 532-541. (doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.03.006)
76. Malone, J. B. 1997 The landscape epidemiology of Fasciolosis: geographic determinants of disease risk. In Immunology, pathobiology and control of fasciolosis (ed. J. C. Boray). Rahway, NJ: MSD AGVET
77. Marcilla, A. et al. 2008 Leucine aminopeptidase is an immunodominant antigen of Fasciola hepatica excretory and secretory products in human infections. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 15, 95-100. (doi:10.1128/CVI. 00338-407) (Pubitemid 351966541)
78. Mas-Coma, S., Angles, R., Esteban, J. G., Bargues, M. D., Buchón, P., Franken, M. & Strauss, W 1999a The Northern Bolivian Altiplano: a region highly endemic for human fascioliasis. Trop. Med. Int. Health 4, 454-467. (doi:10.1046/j.l365-3156.1999.00418.x) (Pubitemid 29325525)
79. Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M. D. & Esteban, J. G. 1999b Human fasciolosis. In Fasciolosis (ed. J. P. Dalton), pp. 411-434. Oxford, UK: CABI.
80. Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M. D. & Valero, M. A. 2005 Fascioliasis and other plant-borne trematode zoonoses. Int. J. Parasitol 35, 1255-1278. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpara. 2005.07.010) (Pubitemid 41395182)
81. Mayta, H., Gilman, R. H., Prendergast, E., Castillo, J. P., Tinoco, Y. O., Garcia, H. H., Gonzalez, A. E. & Sterling, C. R. 2008 Nested PCR for specific diagnosis of Taenia solium Taeniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 286-289. (doi: 10.1128/JCM.01172-07)
82. McCarthy, J. & Moore, T. A. 2000 Emerging helminth zoonoses. Int. J. Parasitol. 30, 1351-1360. (doi:10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00122-3)
83. McConville, M., Brennan, G. P., McCoy, M., Castillo, R., Hernandez-Campos, A., Ibarra, F. & Fairweather, I. 2007 Immature triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica: tegumental responses to in vitro treatment with the sulphoxide metabolite of the experimental fasciolicide compound alpha. Parasitol. Res. 100, 365-377. (doi: 10. 1007/S00436-006-0270- 274) (Pubitemid 44900274)
84. McGarry, J. W., Ortiz, P. L., Hodgkinson, J. E., Goreish, I. & Williams, D. J. 2007 PCR-based differentiation oí Fasciola species (Trematoda: Fasciolidae), using primers based on RAPD-derived sequences. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 101, 415-421. (doi:10.1179/136485907X176508) (Pubitemid 47488130)
85. McGonigle, L., Mousley, A., Marks, N. J., Brennan, G. P., Dalton, J. P., Spithill, T. W., Day, T. A. & Maule, A. G. 2008 The silencing of cysteine proteases in Fasciola hepatica newly excysted juveniles using RNA interference reduces gut penetration. Int. J. Parasitol. 38, 149-155. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpara. 2007.10.007) (Pubitemid 350266652)
86. McManus, D. P. & Dalton, J. P. 2006 Vaccines against the zoonotic trematodes Schistosoma japonicum, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica. Parasitology 133, S43-S61. (doi:10.1017/S0031182006001806)
87. Moghaddam, A. S., Massoud, J., Mahmoodi, M., Mahvi, A. H., Periago, M. V., Artigas, P., Fuentes, M. V., Bargues, M. D. & Mas-Coma, S. 2004 Human and animal fascioliasis in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Parasitol. Res. 94, 61-69. (doi:10.1007/s00436-004-1169-6) (Pubitemid 39243638)
88. Moneo, I., Caballero, M. L., Rodriguez-Perez, R., Rodriguez-Mahillo, A. I. & González-Muñoz, M. 2007 Sensitization to the fish parasite Anisakis simplex: clinical and laboratory aspects. Parasitol. Res. 101, 1051-1055. (doi: 10.1007/S00436-007-0587-7) (Pubitemid 47228822)
89. Moro, P. & Schantz, P. M. 2006 Cystic echinococcosis in the Americas. Parasitol. Int. 55, S181-S186. (doi:10.1016/j. parint.2005.11.048)
90. Morphew, R. M., Wright, H. A., LaCourse, E. J., Woods, D. J. & Brophy, P. M. 2007 Comparative proteomics of excretory-secretory proteins released by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in sheep host bile and during in vitro culture ex host. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 6, 963-972. (doi:10. 1074/mcp.M600375-MCP200)
91. Moskwa, B., Bien, J., Cabaj, W., Korinkova, K., Koudela, B., Kacprzak, E. & Stefaniak, J. 2006 The estimation of different ELISA procedures for serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis. Wiad Parazytol. 52, 231-238.
92. Mottier, L., Alvarez, L., Fairweather, I. & Lanusse, C. 2006 Resistance-induced changes in triclabendazole transport in Fasciola hepatica: ivermectin reversal effect. J. Parasitol. 92, 1355-1360. (doi:10.1645/GE-922R1) (Pubitemid 46254499)
93. O'Neill,S.M.,Parkinson,M.,Dowd,A.J.,Strauss,W.,Angles,R.&Dalton,J.P. 1999Shortreport: immunodiagnosisofhumanfascioliasisusingrecombinantFasciolahepaticacathepsin Llcysteineproteinase.Am.J.TroMed.Hyg.60,749-1517(Pubitemid29233076)
94. Oliveira, G. 2007 The Schistosoma mansoni transcriptome: an update. Exp. Parasitol. 117, 229-235. (doi:10.1016/j. exppara.2007.06.001)
95. Parkinson, M., O'Neill, S. M. & Dalton, J. P. 2007 Endemic human fasciolosis in the Bolivian Altiplano. Epidemiol. Infect. 135, 669-674. (doi:10.1017/S095026880600728X) (Pubitemid 46773076)
96. Parvathi, A. et al. 2007 Cbnorchis sinensis: development and evaluation of a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Exp. Parasitol. 115, 291-295. (doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2006.09.010) (Pubitemid 44828065)
97. Pawlowski, Z., Allan, J. & Sarti, E. 2005 Control of Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis: from research towards implementation. Int. J. Parasitol. 35, 1221-1232. (doi: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.015) (Pubitemid 41398146)
98. Petavy, A. F. et al. 2008 An oral recombinant vaccine in dogs against Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of human hydatid disease: a pilot study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2, el25. (doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000125)
99. Pozio, E. 2001 New patterns of Trichinetta infection. Vet. Parasitol. 98, 133-148. (doi:10.1016/S0304-4017(01) 00427-7)
100. Pozio, E. 2007 World distribution of Trichinella spp. infections in animals and humans. Vet. Parasitol. 149, 3-21. (doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07. 002) (Pubitemid 47391129)
101. Pozio,E.,GomezMorales,M.A.&Dupouy-Camet,J.2003Clinicalaspects, diagnosisandtreatmentoftrichinellosis.ExpertRev.AntiInfect.Ther.1,471-482.(doi: 10.1586/14787210.1.3.471)(Pubitemid38855111)
102. Prakash, A., Kumar, G. S., Rout, M., Nagarajan, K. & Kumar, R. 2007 Neurocysticercosis in free roaming pigs-a slaughterhouse survey. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 39, 391-394. (doi:10.1007/s11250-007-9040-2) (Pubitemid 47340913)
103. Rajshekhar, V., Raghava, M. V., Prabhakaran, V., Oommen, A. & Muliyil, J. 2006 Active epilepsy as an index of burden of neurocysticercosis in Vellore district, India. Neurobgy 67, 2135-2139. (doi:10.1212/01.wnl. 0000249113.11824.64) (Pubitemid 46035464)
104. Reiterová, K., Kinceková, J., Snábel, V., Marucci, G., Pozio, E. & Dubinský, P. 2007 Trichinella sprialis-outbreak in the Slovak Republic. Infection 35, 89-93. (doi:10.1007/s 15010-007-6122-z)
105. Riley, S. et al. 2008 Multi-host transmission dynamics of Schistosoma japonicum in Samar province, the Philippines. PLoS Med. 5, el8. (doi:10.1371/journal. pmed.0050018) (Pubitemid 351198262)
106. Robinson, M. W. & Connolly, B. 2005 Proteomic analysis of the excretory-secretory proteins of the Trichinella spiralis Ll larva, a nematode parasite of skeletal muscle. Proteomics 5, 4525-4532. (doi:10.1002/pmic. 200402057) (Pubitemid 41739930)
107. Robinson, M. W., Trudgett, A., Hoey, E. M. & Fairweather, I. 2002 Triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica: βtubulin and response to in vitro treatment with triclabendazole. Parasitobgy 124, 325-338. (doi:10.1017/S003118200100124X) (Pubitemid 34212296)
108. Robinson, M. W., Lawson, J., Trudgett, A., Hoey, E. M. & Fairweather, I. 2004 The comparative metabolism of triclabendazole sulphoxide by triclabendazole-susceptible and triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica. Parasitol. Res. 92, 205-210. (doi:10.1007/s00436-003-1003-6) (Pubitemid 38230471)
109. Robinson, M. W., Gare, D. & Connolly, B. 2005 Profiling excretory-secretory proteins of Trichinetta muscle larvae by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Vet. Parasitol. 132, 37-41. (doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.019) (Pubitemid 41169251)
110. Robinson, M. W., Greig, R., Beattie, K., Lamont, D. & Connolly, B. 2007 Comparative analysis of the excretory-secretory proteome of the muscle larva of Trichinella pseudospiralis and Trichinetta spiralis. Int. J. Parasitol. 37, 139-148. (doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.08.007) (Pubitemid 46074016)
111. Robinson, M. W. et al. 2008 Proteomic and phylogenetic analysis of the cathepsin L protease family of the helminth pathogen, Fasciola hepatica: expansion of a repertoire of virulence-associated factors. Mol. Cell. Proteom. 7, 1111-1123. (doi: 10.1074/mcp.M700560-MCP200)
112. Rodriguez, E., Anadón, A. M., García-Bodas, E., Romans, F., Iglesias, R., Gárate, T. & Ubeira, F. M. 2008 Novel sequences and epitopes of diagnostic value derived from the Anisakis simplex Ani s 7 major allergen. Allergy 63, 219-225.
113. Rokni, M. B., Massoud, J., O'Neill, S. M., Parkinson, M. & Dalton, J. P. 2002 Diagnosis of human fasciolosis in the Gilan province of Northern Iran: application of cathepsin L-ELISA. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 44, 175-179. (doi: 10.1016/S0732-8893 (02)00431-5) (Pubitemid 35375812)
114. Romig, T., Dinkel, A. & Mackenstedt, U. 2006 The present situation of echinococcosis in Europe. Parasitol. Int. 55, S187-S191. (doi:10.1016/j.parint. 2005.11.028)
115. Russell, S. L., McFerran, N. V., Hoey, E. M., Trudgett, A. & Timson, D. J. 2007 Characterisation of two calmodulinlike proteins from the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica. Biol. Chem. 388, 593-599. (doi:10.1515/BC.2007.076)
116. Sadjjadi, S. M. 2006 Present situation of echinococcosis in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. Parasitol. Int. 55, S197-S202. (doi:10.1016/j.parint.2005.11.030)
117. Shimoni, Z., Klein, Z., Weiner, P., Assous, M. V. & Froom, P. 2007 The use of prednisone in the treatment of trichinellosis. Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 9, 537-539.
118. Sorvillo, F. J., DeGiorgio, C. & Waterman, S. H. 2007 Deaths from cysticercosis, United States. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13, 230-235.
119. Sripa, B. et al. 2007 Liver fluke induces cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS Med. 4, e201. (doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040201)
120. Steinmann, P., Keiser, J., Bos, R., Tanner, M. & Utzinger, J. 2006 Schistosomiasis and water resources development: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimates of people at risk. Lancet Infect. Dis. 6, 411-425. (doi:10. 1016/S1473-3099(06)70521-7) (Pubitemid 43949139)
121. Strauss,W.,O'Neill,S.M.,Parkinson,M.,Angles,R.&Dalton,J.P. 1999Shortreport:Diagnosisofhumanfascioliasis:detectionofanti- cathepsinLantibodiesinbloodsamplescollectedonfilterpaper.Am.J.TroMed.Hyg.60, 746-748.(Pubitemid29233075)
122. Sumitani, M., Mikawa, T., Miki, Y., Nisida, K., Tochino, Y., Kamimori, T., Fujiwara, H., Fujikawa, T. & Nakamura, F. 2005 A. case of chronic pleuritis by Paragonimus Westermani infection resistant to standard chemotherapy and cured by three additional cycles of chemotherapy. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi 43, 427-431.
123. Thuwajit, C., Thuwajit, P., Kaewkes, S., Sripa, B., Uchida, K., Miwa, M. & Wongkham, S. 2004 Increased cell proliferation of mouse fibroblast NIH-3T3 in vitro induced by excretory/secretory product (s) from Opisthorchis viverrini. Parasitology 129, 455-464. (doi:10.1017/S0031182004005815) (Pubitemid 39371875)
124. Tinga, N., De, N., Vien, H. V., Chau, L., Toan, N. D., Kager, P. A. & Vries, P. J. 1999 Little effect of praziquantel or artemisinin on Clonorchiasis in Northern Vietnam. A pilot study. Trop. Med. Int. Health 4, 814-818. (doi:10.1046/j.l365-3156.1999.00499.x) (Pubitemid 30041035)
125. van Hellemond, J. J., van Balkom, B. W. & Tielens, A. G. 2007 Schistosome biology and proteomics: progress and challenges. Exp. Parasitol. 117, 267-274.
126. van Thiel, P., Kuipers, F. C. & Roskam, R. T. 1960 A nematode parasitic to herring, causing acute abdominal syndromes in man. Trop. Geogr. Med. 12, 97-113.
127. Vorou, R. M., Papavassiliou, V. G. & Tsiodras, S. 2007 Emerging zoonoses and vector-borne infections affecting humans in Europe. Epidemiol. Infect. 135, 1231-1247. (doi:10.1017/S0950268807008527) (Pubitemid 351148083)
128. Wongratanacheewin, S., Pumidonming, W., Sermswan, R. W., Pipitgool, V. & Maleewong, W 2002 Detection of Opisthorchis viverrini in human stool specimens by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40, 3879-3880. (doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.10. 3879-3880.2002)
129. Wu, Z., Pagano, I., Pozio, E. & Takahashi, Y. 1999 Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for the identification of Trichinetta isolates. Parasitobgy 118, 211-218. (doi:10.1017/S0031182098003679) (Pubitemid 29051871)
130. Yoon, W. J., Lee, S. M., Lee, S. H. & Yoon, Y. B. 2004 Gastric anisakiasis. Gastrointest. Endose. 59, 400. (doi:10.1016/S0016-5107(03)02591-4)
131. Yu, H. S., Park, S. K., Lee, K. H., Lee, S. J., Choi, S. H., Ock, M. S. & Jeong, H. J. 2007a Anisakis simplex: analysis of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of third-stage larva. Exp. Parasitol. 117, 51-56. (doi:10.1016/j.exppara. 2007. 03.009)
132. Yu, J. M., de Vlas, S. J., Jiang, Q. W. & Gryseels, B. 2007b Comparison of the Kato-Katz technique, hatching test and indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infection in China. Parasitol Int. 56, 45-49. (doi:10.1016/j.parint.2006.11. 002) (Pubitemid 46274492)
133. Zarlenga,D.S.,Chute,M.B.,Martin,A.&Papel,C.M.2001Asingle, multiplexPCRfordifferentiatingallspeciesofTrichinella.Parasite8,S24-S26. (Pubitemid33630157)
134. Zhao, Q. P., Moon, S. U., Na, B. K., Kim, S. H., Cho, S. H., Lee, H. W., Kong, Y., Sohn, W. M., Jiang, M. S. & Kim, T. S. 2007 Paragonimus westermani: biochemical and immunological characterizations of paramyosin. Exp. Parasitol. 115, 9-18. (doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2006.05. 004) (Pubitemid 44778691)
135. Zhou,X.N.etal. 2007EpidemiologyofschistosomiasisinthePeople'sRepublicofChina,2004.Emerg.Infect. Dis.13,1470-1476.(Pubitemid350006978)