Chemotherapy for operable and advanced colorectal cancer

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 509-516

  Aschele, Carlo ^a   Bergamo, Francesca ^b   Lonardi, Sara ^b  

^a GALLIERA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^b VENETO INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY IOV IRCCS   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Colorectal cancer; Combined modality treatment; Elderly; Review; Unfit

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; IRINOTECAN; OXALIPLATIN; VASCULOTROPIN INHIBITOR;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; ADVANCED CANCER; AGING; BOLUS INJECTION; BONE METASTASIS; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER INVASION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOTOXICITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL SURGERY; COMORBIDITY; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG INFUSION; DRUG INTERMITTENT THERAPY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG SAFETY; FRAIL ELDERLY; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INTESTINE PERFORATION; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROTOXICITY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; STOMATITIS; SURVIVAL RATE; SURVIVAL TIME; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT INDICATION;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; FRAIL ELDERLY; HUMANS; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; MALE; NEOPLASM METASTASIS;

EID: 70349319634     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: 15321967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.04.003     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Jemal A., Siegel R., Ward E., et al. Cancer statistics 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 58 (2008) 71-96
2. Sargent D., Sobrero A., Grothey A., et al. Evidence for cure by adjuvant therapy in colon cancer: observations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients on 18 randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 27 (2009) 872-877
3. Andrè T., Boni C., Mounedji-Boudiaf L., et al. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 2343-2351
4. Buyse M., Burzykowski T., Carroll K., et al. Progression-free survival is a surrogate for survival in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 25 33 (2007) 5218-5224
5. Extermann M., Balducci L., and Lyman G.H. What threshold for adjuvant therapy in older breast cancer patients?. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 1709-1717
6. Sargent D.J., Goldberg R., Jacobson S., et al. A pooled analysis of adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer in elderly patients. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1091-1097
7. Sundararajan V., Mitra N., Jacobson J.S., et al. Survival associated with 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy among elderly patients with node-positive colon cancer. Ann Intern Med 136 (2002) 349-357
8. Goldberg R.M., Tabah-Fisch I., Bleiberg H., et al. Pooled analysis of safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin plus fluorouracil/leucovorin administered bimonthly in elderly patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 4085-4091
9. Kuebler J.P., Wieand H.S., O'Connell M.J., et al. Oxaliplatin combined with weekly bolus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin as surgical adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer: results from NSABP Protocol C-07. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 2198-2204
10. Kuebler J.P., Colangelo L., O'Connell M.J., et al. Severe enteropathy among patients with stage II/III colon cancer treated on a randomized trial of bolus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin plus or minus oxaliplatin: a prospective analysis. Cancer 110 9 (2007) 1945-1950
11. Kerr D.J., Gray R., McConkey C., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil, l-folinic acid and levamisole for patients with colorectal cancer: non-randomised comparison of weekly versus four-weekly schedules-less pain, same gain. Ann Oncol 11 8 (2000) 947-955 [for the QUASAR colorectal Cancer Study Group]
12. Patel K., Anthoney D.A., Crellin A.M., et al. Weekly 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin: achieving lower toxicity with higher dose-intensity in adjuvant chemotherapy after colorectal cancer resection. Ann Oncol 15 (2004) 568-573
13. Hochster H.S., Hart L.L., et al. Safety and efficacy of oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine regimens with or without bevacizumab as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: results of the TREE study. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 3523-3529
14. Schmoll H.J., Cartwright T., Tabernero J., et al. Phase III trial of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin as adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer: a planned safety analysis in 1, 864 patients. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 102-109
15. Arkenau H.T., Arnold D., Cassidy J., et al. Efficacy of oxaliplatin plus capecitabine or infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of randomized trials. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 5910-5917
16. de Gramont A., Figer A., Seymour M., et al. Leucovorin and fluorouracil with or without oxaliplatin as first-line treatment in advanced colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 2938-2947
17. Twelves C., Wong A., Nowacki M.P., et al. Capecitabine as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer. N Engl J Med 352 26 (2005) 2696-2704
18. Neugut A.I., Matasar M., Wang X., et al. Duration of adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer and survival among the elderly. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 2368-2375
19. QUASAR Collaborative Group. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: a randomised study. Lancet 370 (2007) 2020-2029
20. Glimelius B., Graf W., Hoffman K., et al. General condition of asymptomatic patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving palliative chemotherapy. A longitudinal study. Acta Oncol 31 6 (1992) 645-651
21. Giacchetti S., Perpoint B., Zidani R., et al. Phase III multicenter randomized trial of oxaliplatin added to chronomodulated fluorouracil-leucovorin as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 18 (2000) 136-147
22. Saltz L.B., Cox J.V., Blanke C., et al. Irinotecan plus fluorouracil and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 343 (2000) 905-914 Irinotecan Study Group
23. Douillard J.Y., Cunningham D., Roth A.D., et al. Irinotecan combined with fluorouracil compared with fluorouracil alone as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 355 (2000) 1041-1047
24. Hurwitz H., Fehrenbacher L., Novotny W., et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 2335-2342
25. Saunders M., and Iveson T. Management of advanced colorectal cancer: state of the art. Br J Cancer 95 (2006) 131-138
26. Scappaticci F.A., Skillings J.R., Holden S.N., et al. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst 99 (2007) 1232-1239
27. Hochster H., Chachoua A., Speyer J., et al. Oxaliplatin with weekly bolus fluorouracil and low-dose leucovorin as first-line therapy for patients with colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 21 14 (2003) 2703-2707
28. Pasetto LM, Lonardi S, Sartor L, et al. Phase I study of weekly oxaliplatin (OXA) + 5-fluorouracil continuous infusion (FU CI) in patients (pts) with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). In: J Clin Oncol 2004, ASCO annual meeting proceedings (post-meeting edition), vol. 22(14S); 2004. p. 3770 [July 15 supplement].
29. Koopman M., Antonini N.F., Douma J., et al. Sequential versus combination chemotherapy with capecitabine, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin in advanced colorectal cancer (CAIRO): a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 370 (2007) 135-142
30. Seymour M.T., Maughan T.S., and Ledermann J.A. Different strategies of sequential and combination chemotherapy for patients with poor prognosis advanced colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 370 (2007) 143-152 [for the FOCUS Trial Investigators* and the National Cancer Research Institute Colorectal Clinical Studies Group]
31. Bouché O., Castaing M., Etienne P.L., et al. Randomized strategical trial of chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer (FFCD 2000-05): preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 18S Suppl. (2007) 4069 [abstract]
32. Tournigand C., Cervantes A., Figer A., et al. OPTIMOX1: a randomized study of FOLFOX4 or FOLFOX7 with oxaliplatin in a stop-and-go fashion in advanced colorectal cancer-A GERCOR study. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 394-400
33. Labianca R, Floriani I, Isa L, et al. Alternating versus continuous "FOLFIRI" in advanced colorectal cancer (ACC): a randomized "GISCAD" trial. In: Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006 ASCO annual meeting proceedings part I. vol. 24(18S); 2006 [abstract 3505].
34. Figer A., Perez-Staub N., Carola E., et al. FOLFOX in patients aged between 76 and 80 years with metastatic colorectal cancer: an exploratory cohort of the OPTIMOX1study. Cancer 110 (2007) 2666-2671
35. Anderson S., and Brenner B.M. Effects of aging on the renal glomerulus. Am J Med 80 (1986) 435-442
36. Monfardini S. Evaluation of renal function in elderly cancer patients. Ann Oncol 15 (2004) 183-184
37. Poole C., Gardiner J., Twelves C., et al. Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of capecitabine (Xeloda) in cancer patients. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 49 (2002) 225-234
38. Takimoto C.H., Graham M.A., Lockwood G., et al. Oxaliplatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in adult cancer patients with impaired renal function. Clin Cancer Res 13 16 (2007) 4832-4839
39. Takimoto C.H., Remick S.C., Sharma S., et al. Dose-escalating and pharmacological study of oxaliplatin in adult cancer patients with impaired renal function: a National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group Study. J Clin Oncol 21 14 (2003) 2664-2672
40. De Forni M., Malet-Martino M.C., Jaillais P., et al. Cardiotoxicity of high-dose continuos infusion fluorouracil: a prospective clinical study. J Clin Oncol 10 11 (1992) 1795-1801
41. Akhtar S.S., Salim K.P., and Bano Z.A. Symptomatic cardiotoxicity with high-dose 5-fluorouracil infusion: a prospective study. Oncology 50 6 (1993) 441-444
42. Meyer C.C., Calis K.A., Burke L.B., et al. Symptomatic cardiotoxicity associated with 5-fluorouracil. Pharmacotherapy 17 4 (1997) 729-736
43. Kosmas C., Kallistratos M.S., Kopterides P., et al. Cardiotoxicity of fluoropyrimidines in different schedules of administration: a prospective study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 134 1 (2008) 75-82
44. Jensen S.A., and Sorensen J.B. Risk factors and prevention of cardiotoxicity induced by 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 58 4 (2006) 487-493
45. Rezkalla S., Kloner R.A., Ensley J., et al. Continuous ambulatory monitoring during fluorouracil therapy: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 7 (1989) 509-514
46. Giantonio B.J., Catalano P.J., Meropol N.J., et al. Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX4) for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: results from the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3200. J Clin Oncol 25 (2007) 1539-1544
47. Kabbinavar F., Hurwitz H.I., Fehrenbacher L., et al. Phase II, randomized trial comparing bevacizumab plus fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin (LV) with FU/LV alone in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 21 (2003) 60-65
48. Allegra C.J., Yothers G., O'Connell M.J., et al. Initial safety report of NSABP C-08, a randomized phase III study of modified 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin (LCV) and oxaliplatin (OX) (mFOLFOX6) with or without bevacizumab (bev) in the adjuvant treatment of patients with stage II/III colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 1795
49. Goldberg R.M., Sargent D.J., Morton R.F., et al. A randomized controlled trial of fluorouracil plus leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin combinations in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 22 1 (2004) 23-30
50. Kabbinavar F.F., Hambleton J., Mass R.D., et al. Combined analysis of efficacy: the addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil/leucovorin improves survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 23 16 (2005) 3706-3712
51. D'Andre S., Sargent D.J., Cha S.S., et al. 5-Fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer in elderly patients: a north central cancer treatment group study. Clin Colorectal Cancer 4 5 (2005) 325-331
52. Folprecht G., Cunningham D., Ross P., et al. Efficacy of 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of clinical trials. Ann Oncol 15 9 (2004) 1330-1338
53. Barrueco J, Marshall J, Mitchell R, et al. Safety and efficacy of first-line irinotecan/fluoropyrimidine combinations in mCRC patients >65 years compared with those <65: the BICC-C study. In: J Clin Oncol, 2007 ASCO annual meeting proceedings Pat I. vol. 25(18S); 2007. p. 4076.
54. Mitry E., Douillard J.Y., Van Cutsem E., et al. Predictive factors of survival in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: an individual data analysis of 602 patients included in irinotecan phase III trials. Ann Oncol 15 7 (2004) 1013-1017
55. Kabbinavar F.F., Hurwitz H.I., Yi J., et al. Addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil-based first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of cohorts of older patients from two randomized clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 27 2 (2009) 199-205
56. Folprecht G., Seymour M.T., Saltz L., et al. Irinotecan/fluorouracil combination in first-line therapy of older and younger patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: combined analysis of 2691 patients in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 26 9 (2008) 1443-1451
57. Mattioli R., Lippe P., Recchia F., et al. Advanced colorectal cancer in elderly patients: tolerance and efficacy of leucovorin and fluorouracil bolus plus continuous infusion. Anticancer Res 21 1A (2001) 489-492
58. Daniele B., Rosati G., Tambaro R., et al. First-line chemotherapy with fluorouracil and folinic acid for advanced colorectal cancer in elderly patients: a phase II study. J Clin Gastroenterol 36 3 (2003) 228-233
59. Feliu J., Escudero P., Llosa F., et al. Capecitabine as first-line treatment for patients older than 70 years with metastatic colorectal cancer: an oncopaz cooperative group study. J Clin Oncol 23 13 (2005) 3104-3111
60. Puthillath A, Mashtare Jr T, Wilding G, et al. A phase II study of first-line biweekly capecitabine and bevacizumab in elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008 [epub ahead of print].
61. Hochster H.S., Luo W., Popa E.C., et al. Phase II study of uracil-tegafur with leucovorin in elderly (> or = 75 years old) patients with colorectal cancer: ECOG 1299. J Clin Oncol 25 34 (2007) 5397-5402
62. Feliu J., Salud A., Escudero P., et al. XELOX (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) as first-line treatment for elderly patients over 70 years of age with advanced colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 94 7 (2006) 969-975
63. Rosati G., Cordio S., Tucci A., et al. Phase II trial of oxaliplatin and tegafur/uracil and oral folinic acid for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer in elderly patients. Oncology 69 2 (2005) 122-129
64. Comella P., Natale D., Farris A., et al. Capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for the first-line treatment of elderly patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma: final results of the Southern Italy Cooperative Oncology Group Trial 0108. Cancer 104 2 (2005) 282-289
65. Kim J.H., Oh D.Y., Kim Y.J., et al. Reduced dose intensity FOLFOX-4 as first line palliative chemotherapy in elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer. J Korean Med Sci 20 5 (2005) 806-810
66. Mattioli R., Massacesi C., Recchia F., et al. High activity and reduced neurotoxicity of bi-fractionated oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin for elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol 16 7 (2005) 1147-1151
67. Aparicio T., Desramé J., Lecomte T., et al. Oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer in the elderly. Br J Cancer 89 8 (2003) 1439-1444
68. Sastre J, Marcuello E, Masutti B, et al. Irinotecan in combination with fluorouracil in a 48-hour continuous infusion as first-line chemotherapy for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a Spanish Cooperative Group for the treatment of digestive tumors study. JCO 2005;(May 20):3545-51.
69. Souglakos J., Pallis A., Kakolyris S., et al. Combination of irinotecan (CPT-11) plus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLFIRI regimen) as first line treatment for elderly patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase II trial. Oncology 69 5 (2005) 384-390
70. Mitry E. Phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without irinotecan in the front-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer in elderly patients (FFCD 2001-2002 trial): results of a planned interim analysis. Abstract No. 281. In: Gastrointestinal cancers symposium; 2008.
71. François E., Berdah J.F., Chamorey E., et al. Use of the folinic acid/5-fluorouracil/irinotecan (FOLFIRI 1) regimen in elderly patients as a first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: a Phase II study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 62 6 (2008) 931-936