The International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement on periodic health evaluation of elite athletes: March 2009

Journal of Athletic Training

Volumn 44, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 538-557

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATHLETE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; CHRONIC DISEASE; COLON CANCER; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIABETES MELLITUS; HEART DISEASE; HOSPITAL CARE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIFE EXPECTANCY; MORTALITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; OBESITY; PERIODIC MEDICAL EXAMINATION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SPORT INJURY;

ATHLETES; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION;

EID: 70349297487     PISSN: 10626050     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-44.5.538     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (126)

1. Bahr R, Engebretsen L, eds. IOC Handbook of Sports Medicine and Science -Sports Injury Prevention. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley- Blackwell; 2009.
2. Junge A, Langevoort G, Pipe A, et al. Injuries in team sport tournaments during the 2004 Olympic Games. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(4):565-576.
3. Junge A, Engebretsen L, Alonso JM, et al. Injury surveillance in multisport events: the International Olympic Committee approach. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(6):413-421. (Pubitemid 351954956)
4. Wingfield K, Matheson GO, Meeuwisse WH. Preparticipation evaluation: an evidence-based review. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):109-122.
5. Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Public Health Papers No. 34, Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; 1968.
6. Sarna S, Sahi T, Koskenvuo M, Kaprio J. Increased life expectancy of world class male athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(2):237-244. (Pubitemid 23061986)
7. Kujala UM, Sarna S, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M. Hospital care in later life among former world-class Finnish athletes. JAMA. 1996;276(3):216-220. (Pubitemid 26235066)
8. Corrado D, Basso C, Rizzoli G, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;42(11):1959-1963.
9. Maron BJ. Sudden death in young athletes. New Engl J Med. 2003;349(11):1064-1075.
10. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Screening for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in young athletes. New Engl J Med. 1998;339(6):364-369. (Pubitemid 28363798)
11. Corrado D, McKenna WJ. Appropriate interpretation of the athlete's electrocardiogram saves lives as well as money. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(16):1920-1922. (Pubitemid 47579555)
12. Lawless CE, Best TM. Electrocardiograms in athletes: interpretation diagnostic accuracy. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2008;40(5):787-798.
13. Bille K, Figueiras D, Schamasch P, et al. Sudden Cardiac Death in Athletes: the Lausanne Recommendations. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(6):859-875. (Pubitemid 44901147)
14. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol. Consensus statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(5):516-524.
15. Chaitman BR. An electrocardiogram should not be included in routine preparticipation screening of young athletes. Circulation. 2007;116(22):2610- 2615.
16. Myerburg RJ, Vetter VL. Electrocardiograms should be included in preparticipation screening of athletes. Circulation. 2007;116(22):2616-2626.
17. Corrado D, Basso C, Pavei A, Michieli P, Schiavon M, Thiene G. Trends in sudden cardiovascular death in young competitive athletes after implementation of a preparticipation screening program. JAMA. 2006;296(13):1593-1601. (Pubitemid 44515020)
18. Corrado D, Basso C, Schiavon M, Pelliccia A, Thiene G. Preparticipation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(24):1981-1989.
19. Maron BJ, Zipes DP. Introduction: eligibility recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. General considerations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(8):1318-1321.
20. Pelliccia A, Fagard R, Bjørnstad HH, et al. Recommendations for competitive sports participation in athletes with cardiovascular disease. A Consensus document from the Study Group of Sports Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(14):1422-1445.
21. Biffi A, Maron BJ, Verdile L, et al. Impact of physical deconditioning on ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(5):1053-1058. (Pubitemid 39165141)
22. Pelliccia A, Zipes DP, Maron BJ. Bethesda Conference #36 and the European Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations revisited a comparison of U.S. and European criteria for eligibility and disqualification of competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(24):1990-1996.
23. Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and Practice of Screening for Disease. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; 1968. Public Health Paper 34.
24. Beckerman J, Wang P, Hlatky M. Cardiovascular screening of athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):127-133.
25. Corrado D, Pelliccia A, Bjornstad HH, et al. Cardiovascular preparticipation screening of young competitive athletes for prevention of sudden death: proposal for a common European protocol: Consensus Statement of the Study Group of Sport Cardiology of the Working Group of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and the Working Group of Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(5):516-524. (Pubitemid 40326204)
26. Garrick JG. Preparticipation orthopedic screening evaluation. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:123-126
27. McCrory P. Preparticipation assessment for head injury. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):139-144.
28. Fallon KE. Utility of hematological and iron-related screening in elite athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):145-152.
29. Holzer K, Brukner P. Screening of athletes for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):134-138.
30. Rumball JS, Lebrun CM. Preparticipation physical examination: selected issues for the female athlete. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):153-160.
31. Derman WE. Medical care of the South African Olympic team: the Sydney 2000 experience. South Afr J Sports Med. 2003;Dec 22-25.
32. Derman WE. Profile of medical and injury consultations of Team South Africa during the XXVIIIth Olympiad, Athens 2004. South Afr J Sports Med. 2008;20(3):72-76.
33. Grissom CK, Finnoff JT, Murdock DC, Culberson JT. Nordic venue medical services during the 2002 Winter Olympics. J Emerg Med. 2006;30(2):203-210.
34. Wetterhall SF, Coulombier DM, Herndon JM, Zaza S, Cantwell JD. Medical care delivery at the 1996 Olympic Games. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Olympics Surveillance Unit. JAMA. 1998;279(18):1463-1468.
35. Rifat SF, Ruffin MT 4th, Gorenflo DW. Disqualifying criteria in a preparticipation sports evaluation. J Fam Pract. 1995;41(1):42-50.
36. Lively MW. Preparticipation physical examinations: a collegiate experience. Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9(1):3-8.
37. Joy EA, Paisley TS, Price R Jr, Rassner L, Thiese SM. Optimizing the collegiate preparticipation physical evaluation. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):183-187. (Pubitemid 38669027)
38. Batt ME, Jaques R, Stone M. Preparticipation examination (screening): practical issues as determined by sport: a United Kingdom perspective. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):178-182. (Pubitemid 38669026)
39. Brukner P, White S, Shawdon A, Holzer K. Screening of athletes: Australian experience. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(3):169-177.
40. Fuller CW, Ojelade EO, Taylor A. Preparticipation medical evaluation in professional sport in the UK: theory or practice? Br J Sports Med. 2007;41(12):890-896.
41. Constantini N, Mann G. Preparticipation examination: the Israeli perspective. Clin J Sport Med. 2005;15(2):111-112.
42. Nichols AW, Buxton BP, Ho KW. Pre-participation examination: a new form for Hawaii. Hawaii Med J. 1995;54(3):434-438.
43. Fitch KD, Sue-Chu M, Anderson SD, Boulet LP, Hancox RJ, McKenzie DC, et al. Asthma and the elite athlete: summary of the International Olympic Committee's consensus conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):254-260.
44. Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy. 2008;63(4):387-403.
45. Cummiskey J, Carlsen K, Kim K, et al. Sports pulmonology. In: Schwellnus MP, ed. The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008:268-301.
46. Gropper SS, Blessing D, Dunham K, Barksdale JM. Iron status of female collegiate athletes involved in different sports. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2006;109(1):1-14. (Pubitemid 43042713)
47. Sinclair LM, Hinton PS. Prevalence of iron deficiency with and without anemia in recreationally active men and women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105(6):975-978.
48. Fallon KE. Screening for haematological and iron-related abnormalities in elite athletes-Analysis of576cases.J Sci Med Sport. 2008;11(3):329-336.
49. Eliakim A, Nemet D, Constantini N. Screening blood tests in members of the Israeli National Olympic team. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2002;42(2):250-255. (Pubitemid 34733707)
50. Rietjens GJ, Kuipers H, Hartgens F, Keizer HA. Red blood cell profile of elite Olympic distance triathletes: a three-year follow-up. Int J Sports Med. 2002;23(6):391-396. (Pubitemid 35007075)
51. Di Santolo M, Stel G, Banfi G, Gonano F, Cauci S. Anemia and iron status in young fertile non-professional female athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;102(6):703-709.
52. Schumacher YO, Jankovits R, Bultermann D, Schmid A, Berg A. Hematological indices in elite cyclists. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2002;12(5):301-308.
53. Dubnov G, Foldes AJ, Mann G, Magazanik A, Siderer M, Constantini N. High prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia in female military recruits. Mil Med. 2006;171(9):866-869. (Pubitemid 44412150)
54. Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, Byth K. Patterns of allergic reactivity and disease in Olympic athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2006;16(5):401-405. (Pubitemid 44511454)
55. Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV, Byth K. A springtime Olympics demands special consideration for allergic athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106(2):260-266. (Pubitemid 30644999)
56. Katelaris CH. Allergy and athletes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2001;1(5):397-398.
57. Hawarden D, Baker S, Toerien A, et al. Aero-allergy in South African Olympic athletes. S Afr Med J. 2002;92(5):355-356. (Pubitemid 34662482)
58. Katelaris CH, Carrozzi FM, Burke TV. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in elite athletes: optimal management for quality of life and performance. Sports Med. 2003;33(6):401-406.
59. Gleeson M. Immune system adaptation in elite athletes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006;9(6):659-665. (Pubitemid 44624610)
60. Ekblom B, Ekblom O, Malm C. Infectious episodes before and after a marathon race. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(4):287-293.
61. Schwellnus MP, Jeans A, Motaung S, Swart J. Exercise and infections. In: Schwellnus MP, ed. The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008:344-364.
62. Luke A, d'Hemecourt P. Prevention of infectious diseases in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2007;26(3):321-344.
63. Pirozzolo JJ, LeMay DC. Blood-borne infections. Clin Sports Med. 2007;26(3):425-431.
64. Malm C. Susceptibility to infections in elite athletes: the S-curve. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2006;16(1):4-6.
65. Adams BB. Dermatology. In: Schwellnus MP, ed. The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley- Blackwell; 2008:326-343.
66. Adams BB. Dermatologic disorders of the athlete. Sports Med. 2002;32(5):309-321
67. Adams BB. Skin infections in sport. Intl Sports Med J. 2003;4, http:/www.ismj.com.
68. Rayner B, Schwellnus MP. Exercise and the kidney. In: Schwellnus MP, ed. The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008:375-389.
69. Schwellnus MP, Wright J. Gastrointestinal system and exercise: a clinical approach to gastrointestinal problems in athletes. In: Schwellnus MP, ed. The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008:365-374.
70. McCrory P. Neurologic problems in sport. In: Schwellnus MP, ed. The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008:412-428.
71. Tsitsimpikou C, Tsiokanos A, Tsarouhas K, et al. Medication use by athletes at the Athens 2004 Summer Olympic Games. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(1):33-38.
72. Anderson JM, Trojian T, Kraemer WJ. Endocrinology. In: Schwellnus MP, ed. The Olympic Textbook of Medicine in Sport. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell; 2008:302-325.
73. Carek PJ, Mainous AG III. A thorough yet efficient exam identifies most problems in school athletes. J Fam Pract. 2003;52(2):127-134.
74. Aubry M, Cantu R, Dvorak J, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 1st International Symposium on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Clin J Sport Med. 2002;12(1):6-11.
75. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(5):375-378. (Pubitemid 44413110)
76. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nonfatal traumatic brain injuries from sports and recreation activities - United States, 2001- 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56(29):733-737.
77. Browne GJ, Lam LT. Concussive head injury in children and adolescents related to sports and other leisure physical activities. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40(2):163-168.
78. Guskiewicz KM, Weaver NL, Padua DA, Garrett WE Jr. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am J Sports Med. 2000;28(5):643-650.
79. McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(3):185-200.
80. Andrade RA, Evans PLS, Almeida ALS, Rodrigues-Da Silva JJ. Prevalence of dental trauma in Pan American Games athletes. Presented at: International Association for Dental Research 86th Annual Meeting; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; July 1-5, 2008
81. Badel T, Jerolimov V, Panduric J, Carek K. [Custom made mouthguards and the prevention of orofacial injuries in sports]. Act Med Croatica. 2007;61(suppl 1):9-14.
82. Burden DJ. An investigation of the association between overjet size, lip coverage, and traumatic injury to maxillary incisors. Eur J Orthod. 1995;17(6):513-517.
83. Croll TP, Castaldi CR. Customised protective mouthguards for orthodontic patients. J Clin Orthod. 1996;30(1):15-19.
84. Cornwell H. Dental trauma due to sport in the paediatric patient. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2005;33(6):457-461.
85. Fasel R. Analysis of Pathological and Therapeutic Services at the Olympic Games with Special Attention to the Oral Health of Athletes [dissertation]. Spain: University of Barcelona; 2008.
86. Fuselier JC, Ellis EE 3rd, Dodson TB. Do mandibular third molars alter the risk of angle fracture? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;60(5):514-518.
87. Kerr L. Dental problems in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 1983;2(1):115-122.
88. Kvittem B, Hardie N, Roettger M, Conroy J. Incidence of orofacial injuries in high school sport. J Public Health Dent. 1998;58(4):288-293. (Pubitemid 128686125)
89. Levin L, Samorodnitzky GR. Self assessed dental status, oral behavior, DMF, and dental anxiety. J Dent Educ. 2005;69(12):1385-1389.
90. Ma'aita J, Alkwrikat A. Is the mandibular third molar a risk factor for mandibular angle fracture? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89(2):143-146.
91. Milosevic A. Sports drinks hazard to teeth. Br J Sports Med. 1997;31(1):28-30.
92. Milosevic A. Eating disorders and the dentist. Br Dent J. 1999;186(3):109-113.
93. Schwimmer A, Stern R, Kritchman D. Impacted third molars: a contributing factor in mandibular fractures in contact sports. Am J Sports Med. 1983;11(4):262-266.
94. Sirimaharaj V, Brearley Messer L, Morgan MV. Acidic diet and dental erosion among athletes. Aust Dent J. 2002;47(3):228-236.
95. Standards Australia. Guidelines for the Fabrication, Use and Maintenance of Sports Mouthguards. Sydney, Australia: Standards Australia, 2003; 1-7. Document HB209-2003
96. Vasan N. An In Vitro Examination of the Erosive Potential of 3 Popular Sports Drinks on Human Dental Enamel [master's thesis]. Australia: University of Melbourne; 1998.
97. World Health Organisation. Dentition status and treatment needs. In: Oral Health Surveys. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; 1997:40-47.
98. Yamada T, Sawaki Y, Tomida S, Tohani I, Veda M. Oral injury and mouthguard use by athletes in Japan. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998;14(2):84-87. (Pubitemid 128774483)
99. Bahr R,&Engebretsen L, eds. Sports Injury Prevention:Olympic Handbook of Sports Medicine. Oxford, United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
100. Maffulli N, Wong J, Almekinders LC. Types and epidemiology of tendinopathy. Clin Sports Med. 2003;22(4):675-692.
101. Rompe JD, Nafe B, Furia JP, Maffulli N. Eccentric loading, shockwave treatment, or a wait-and-see policy for tendinopathy of the main body of tendo Achillis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(3):374-383. (Pubitemid 46280497)
102. Women and sport in the Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee, http://www.olympic.org/uk/organisation/missions/women/activities/women-uk.asp. Published 2009. Accessed July 2, 2009
103. Nattiv A, Loucks A, Manore MM, Sanborn C, Sundgot-Borgen J, Warren M. American College of Sports Medicine position stand: the female athlete triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(10):1867-1882.
104. Peeling P, Dawson B, Goodman C, Landers G, Trinder D. Athletic induced iron deficiency: new insights into the role of inflammation, cytokines and hormones. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103(4):381-391.
105. Sundgot-Borgen J, Torstveit MK. Prevalence of eating disorders in elite athletes is higher than in the general population. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14(1):25-32. (Pubitemid 38057639)
106. Byrne S, McLean N. Elite athletes: effects of the pressure to be thin. J Sci Med Sport. 2002;5(2):80-94. (Pubitemid 34755150)
107. Dusek T. Influence of high intensity training on menstrual cycle disorders in athletes. Croat Med J. 2001;42(1):79-82. (Pubitemid 32179070)
108. Bachmann GA, Kemmann E. Prevalence of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea in a college population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;144(1):98-102.
109. Sanborn CF, Martin BJ, Wagner WW Jr. Is athletic amenorrhea specific to runners? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;143(8):859-861.
110. Torstveit MK, Sundgot-Borgen J. Participation in leanness sports but not training volume is associated with menstrual dysfunction: a national survey of 1276 elite athletes and controls. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(3):141-147. (Pubitemid 40314908)
111. Baker ER, Mathur RS, Kirk RF, Williamson HO. Female runners and secondary amenorrhea: correlation with age, parity, mileage, and plasma hormonal and sex-hormone binding globulin concentrations. Fertil Steril. 1981;36(2):183-187.
112. Beals KA, Manore MM. Disorders of the female athlete triad among collegiate athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2002;12(3):281-293. (Pubitemid 36169045)
113. Chumlea WC, Schubert CM, Roche AF, et al. Age at menarche and racial comparisons in US girls. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):110-113.
114. Khan KM, Liu-Ambrose T, Sran MM, Ashe MC, Donaldson MG, Wark JD. New criteria for female athlete triad syndrome? As osteoporosis is rare, should osteopenia be among the criteria for defining the female athlete triad syndrome? Br J Sports Med. 2002;36(1):10-13.
115. Bennell K, Matheson G, Meeuwisse W, Brukner P. Risk factors for stress fractures. Sports Med. 1999;28(2):91-122.
116. Carter JC, Stewart DA, Fairburn CG. Eating disorder examination questionnaire: norms for young adolescent girls. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(5):625-632. (Pubitemid 32241780)
117. Passi VA, Bryson SW, Lock J. Assessment of eating disorders in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: self-report questionnaire versus interview. Int J Eat Disord. 2003;33(1):45-54. (Pubitemid 36020240)
118. Wolk SL, Loeb KL, Walsh BT. Assessment of patients with anorexia nervosa: interview versus self-report. Int J Eat Disord. 2005;37(2):92-99. (Pubitemid 40365687)
119. Luck AJ, Morgan JF, Reid F, et al. The SCOFF questionnaire and clinical interview for eating disorders in general practice: comparative study. BMJ. 2002;325(7273):755-756. (Pubitemid 35193195)
120. Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. The SCOFF questionnaire: assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders. BMJ. 1999;319(7223):1467-1468.
121. Cotton MA, Ball C, Robinson P. Four simple questions can help screen for eating disorders. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(1):53-56. (Pubitemid 36114965)
122. Barrack MT, Rauh MJ, Barkai HS, Nichol JF. Dietary restraint and low bone mass in female adolescent endurance runners. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(1):36-43.
123. Matheson GO, Boyajian-O'Neill LA, Cardone D, et al. Preparticipation Physical Evaluation. 3rd ed. Minneaplis MN: McGraw Hill; 2005:93-94.
124. Meeuwisse WH, Matheson GO, Wroble R. Prevalence of positive responses on sports preparticipation screening in Ohio students. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13(6):381.
125. Maron BJ, Thompson PD, Ackerman MJ, et al. Recommendations and considerations related to preparticipation screening for cardiovascular abnormalities in competitive athletes: 2007 Update. A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism: endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Circulation. 2007;115(12):1643-1655.
126. Bille K, Figueiras D, Schamasch P, et al. Sudden cardiac death in athletes: the Lausanne recommendations. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2006;13(6):859-875. (Pubitemid 44901147)