Occupational outcome in adult ADHD: Impact of symptom profile, comorbid psychiatric problems, and treatment: A cross-sectional study of 414 clinically diagnosed adult ADHD patients

Journal of Attention Disorders

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 175-187

  Halmøy, Anne ^a   Fasmer, Ole Bernt ^a,b   Gillberg, Christopher ^c   Haavik, Jan ^a,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

^b HAUKELAND UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

ADHD; Adults; Comorbidity; Occupational outcome; Treatment history

Indexed keywords

CENTRAL STIMULANT AGENT;

ADDICTION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CHILD; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; STATISTICS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNEMPLOYMENT; VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY DISORDERS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS; CHILD; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; NORWAY; REHABILITATION, VOCATIONAL; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNEMPLOYMENT; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70349218127     PISSN: 10870547     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1087054708329777     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Able, S. L., Johnston, J. A., Adler, L. A., & Swindle, R.W. (2007). Functional and psychosocial impairment in adults with undiagnosed ADHD. Psychological Medicine, 37(1), 97-107.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1996). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Barkley, R. (2006). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York: Guilford.
4. Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Edelbrock, C. S., & Smallish, L. (1990). The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria: I. An 8-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(4), 546-557.
5. Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002). The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(2), 279-289.
6. Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2003). Does the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulants contribute to drug use/abuse? A 13-year prospective study. Pediatrics, 111(1), 97-109.
7. Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2006). Young adult outcome of hyperactive children: Adaptive functioning in major life activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(2), 192-202.
8. Barkley, R., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2007). ADHD in adults: What the science says. New York: Guilford.
9. Bental, B., & Tirosh, E. (2007). The relationship between attention, executive functions and reading domain abilities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disorder: A comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48(5), 455-463.
10. Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Mick, E., Monuteaux, M. C., & Aleardi, M. (2006). Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(4), 524-540.
11. Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Norman, D., Lapey, K. A., et al. (1993). Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition, and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(12), 1792-1798.
12. Biederman, J., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2000). Age-dependent decline of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: impact of remission definition and symptom type. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 816-818.
13. DelBello, M. P., Soutullo, C. A., Hendricks, W., Niemeier, R. T., McElroy, S. L., & Strakowski, S. M. (2001). Prior stimulant treatment in adolescents with bipolar disorder: Association with age at onset. Bipolar Disorders, 3(2), 53-57.
14. Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Mennin, D., Wozniak, J., & Spencer, T. (1997). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with bipolar disorder: a familial subtype? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(10), 1378-1387; discussion 1387-1390.
15. Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., Wilens, T. E., & Adamson, J. (2007). A naturalistic study of the effects of pharmacotherapy on substance use disorders among ADHD adults. Psychological Medicine, 37(12), 1743-1752.
16. Faraone, S. V., Sergeant, J., Gillberg, C., & Biederman, J. (2003). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: is it an American condition? World Psychiatry, 2(2), 104-113.
17. Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2007). Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 402-409.
18. Fischer, M., Barkley, R. A., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002). Young adult follow-up of hyperactive children: Self-reported psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, and the role of childhood conduct problems and teen CD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30(5), 463-475.
19. Fossati, A., Di Ceglie, A., Acquarini, E., Donati, D., Donini, M., Novella, L., et al. (2001). The retrospective assessment of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: Reliability and validity of the Italian version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42(4), 326-336.
20. Grevet, E. H., Bau, C. H., Salgado, C. A., Fischer, A. G., Kalil, K., Victor, M. M., et al. (2006). Lack of gender effects on subtype outcomes in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Support for the validity of subtypes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(5), 311-319.
21. Halleland, H., Lundervold, A., Halmøy, A., Johansson, S., Haavik, J. (2008). Association between Catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) haplotypes and severity of hyperactivity symptoms in adults. American Journal of Medial Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. (Epub ahead of print)
22. Hechtman, L., & Greenfield, B. (2003). Long-term use of stimulants in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Safety, efficacy, and long-term outcome. Paediatric Drugs, 5(12), 787-794.
23. Heiervang, E., Stormark, K. M., Lundervold, A. J., Heimann, M., Goodman, R., Posserud, M. B., et al. (2007). Psychiatric disorders in Norwegian 8- to 10-year-olds: An epidemiological survey of prevalence, risk factors, and service use. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(4), 438-447.
24. Hirschfeld, R. M., Cass, A. R., Holt, D. C., & Carlson, C. A. (2005). Screening for bipolar disorder in patients treated for depression in a family medicine clinic. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 18(4), 233-239.
25. Hirschfeld, R. M., Holzer, C., Calabrese, J. R., Weissman, M., Reed, M., Davies, M., et al. (2003). Validity of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire: A general population study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(1), 178-180.
26. Hirschfeld, R. M., Williams, J. B., Spitzer, R. L., Calabrese, J. R., Flynn, L., Keck, P. E., Jr., et al. (2000). Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: The Mood Disorder Questionnaire. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(11), 1873-1875.
27. Jacob, C. P., Romanos, J., Dempfle, A., Heine, M., Windemuth-Kieselbach, C., Kruse, A., et al. (2007). Co-morbidity of adult attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder with focus on personality traits and related disorders in a tertiary referral center. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(6), 309-317.
28. Johansson, S., Halleland, H., Halmøy, A., Jacobsen, K., Landaas, E., Dramsdahl, M., et al. (2008). Genetic analyses of dopamine related genes in adult ADHD patients suggest an association with the DRD5-microsatellite repeat, but not with DRD4 or Dat1 VNTRs. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. Dec 5;147B(8):1470-5.
29. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Ames, M., Demler, O., Faraone, S., Hiripi, E., et al. (2005). The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): A short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychological Medicine, 35(2), 245-256.
30. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., et al. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(4), 716-723.
31. Kessler, R. C., Adler, L. A., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Faraone, S. V., et al. (2005). Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: Results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1442-1451.
32. Lambert, N. M. (1988). Adolescent outcomes for hyperactive children. Perspectives on general and specific patterns of childhood risk for adolescent educational, social, and mental health problems. American Psychologist, 43(10), 786-799.
33. Lambert, N. M., & Hartsough, C. S. (1998). Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31(6), 533-544.
34. Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & LaPadula, M. (1993). Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(7), 565-576.
35. Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2002). Young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Subtype differences in comorbidity, educational, and clinical history. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 190(3), 147-157.
36. Newcorn, J. H., Miller, S. R., Ivanova, I., Schulz, K. P., Kalmar, J., Marks, D. J., et al. (2004). Adolescent outcome of ADHD: Impact of childhood conduct and anxiety disorders. CNS Spectrums, 9(9), 668-678.
37. Oncu, B., Olmez, S., & Senturk, V. (2005). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults [Article in Turkish. Abstract in English]. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(4), 252-259.
38. Pliszka, S. R. (1998). Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: An overview. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(SUPPL. 7), 50-58.
39. Rasmussen, K., Almvik, R., & Levander, S. (2001). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reading disability, and personality disorders in a prison population. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 29(2), 186-193.
40. Rasmussen, K., & Levander, S. (2008). Untreated ADHD in Adults: Are there sex differences in symptoms, comorbidity, and impairment? Journal of Attention Disorders. Epub ahead of print March 26, 2008. DOI: 10.1177/1087054708314621.
41. Rasmussen, P., & Gillberg, C. (2000). Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: A controlled, longitudinal, community-based study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(11), 1424-1431.
42. Reichart, C. G., & Nolen, W. A. (2004). Earlier onset of bipolar disorder in children by antidepressants or stimulants? An hypothesis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 78(1), 81-84.
43. Rodriguez-Jimenez, R., Ponce, G., Monasor, R., Jimenez-Gimenez, M., Perez-Rojo, J. A., Rubio, G., et al. (2001). Validation in the adult Spanish population of the Wender Utah Rating Scale for the retrospective evaluation in adults of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood. [Article in Portuguese. Abstract in English]. Revista de Neurologia, 33(2), 138-144.
44. Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Amorim, P., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., et al. (1998). The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59(SUPPL. 20), 22-33; quiz 34-57.
45. Sobanski, E., Bruggemann, D., Alm, B., Kern, S., Deschner, M., Schubert, T., et al. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(7), 371-377.
46. Sprafkin, J., Gadow, K. D., Weiss, M. D., Schneider, J., & Nolan, E. E. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity in ADHD symptom subtypes in clinic and community adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(2), 114-124.
47. Statistics Norway. (2005). Labour Market. Retrieved January 2008 from http://ssb.no/emner/06/arbeid/
48. Torgersen, T., Gjervan, B., & Rasmussen, K. (2006). ADHD in adults: A study of clinical characteristics, impairment and comorbidity. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60(1), 38-43.
49. Vitiello, B. (2001). Long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain: Possible relevance to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 11(1), 25-34.
50. Ward, M. F., Wender, P. H., & Reimherr, F. W. (1993). The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150(6), 885-890.
51. Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. (1993). Hyperactive children grown up: ADHD in children, adolescents, and adults (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford.
52. Wilens, T. E., & Dodson, W. (2004). A clinical perspective of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(10), 1301-1313.
53. Wilens, T. E., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Gunawardene, S. (2003). Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics, 111(1), 179-185.