Advances in the management and monitoring of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type

British Journal of Haematology

Volumn 147, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 13-21

  Liang, Raymond ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Extranodal NK T cell lymphoma nasal type; Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation; L asparaginase; Radiotherapy

Indexed keywords

ASPARAGINASE; BLEOMYCIN; CD2 ANTIGEN; CD3 ANTIGEN; CD56 ANTIGEN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DNA; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; FOLINIC ACID; GLYCOPROTEIN P; IFOSFAMIDE; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISOLONE; VINCRISTINE;

AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER REGRESSION; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DERMATITIS; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; EPISTAXIS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; INTERNATIONAL PROGNOSTIC SCORING SYSTEM; LIVER FUNCTION; LYMPHOCYTOTOXICITY; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NK T CELL LYMPHOMA; NOSE SECRETION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHENOTYPE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION INJURY; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TASTE DISORDER; TISSUE NECROSIS; VIRUS INFECTION;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMANS; LYMPHOMA, EXTRANODAL NK-T-CELL; NEOPLASM STAGING; NOSE NEOPLASMS;

EID: 70349205464     PISSN: 00071048     EISSN: 13652141     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07802.x     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Au, W.Y., Lie, A.K.W., Liang, R., Kwong, Y.L., Yau, C.C., Cheung, M.M.C., Ngan, K.C., Lau, W.H., Wong, K.H., Yiu, H.Y., Cheng, H.C., Au, K.H. Chan, J.K.C. (2003) Autologous stem cell transplantation for nasal NK/T cell lymphoma : a progress report on its value. Annals of Oncology, 14, 1673 1676.
2. Au, W.Y., Pang, A., Choy, C., Chim, C.S. Kwong, Y.L. (2004) Quantification of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in the diagnosis and monitoring of natural killer cell and EBV positive lymphomas immunocompetent patients. Blood, 104, 243 249.
3. Au, W.Y., Ma, S.Y., Chim, C.S., Choy, C., Loong, F., Lie, A.K.W., Lam, C.C.K., Leung, A.Y.H., Tse, E., Yau, C.C., Liang, R. Kwong, Y.L. (2005a) Clinicopathologic features and treatment outcome of mature T-cell and natural killer-cell lymphomas diagnosed according to the World Health Organization classification scheme: a single center experience of 10 years. Annals of Oncology, 16, 206 214.
4. Au, W.Y., Gascoyne, R.D., Klasa, R.D., Connors, J.M., Gallagher, R.P., Le, N.D., Loong, F., Law, C.K. Liang, R. (2005b) Incidence and spectrum of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Chinese migrants to British Columbia. British Journal of Haematology, 128, 792 796.
5. Au, W.Y., Liang, R., Ko, Y.H. Kim, W.S. (2008) Part III, Chapter 14: Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma, nasal-type. In : Extranodal Lymphoma (ed. by F. Cavalli, H. Stein E. Zucca pp. 155 167. Informa Press, London.
6. Au, W.Y., Weisenburger, D., Intragumtornchai, T., Nakamura, S., Kim, W.S., Sng, I., Vose, J., Armitage, J.O. Liang, R. (2009) Clinical differences between nasal and extra-nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a study of 136 cases from the International Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma Project. Blood, 113, 3931 3937.
7. Berk, V., Yildiz, R., Akdemir, U.O., Akyurek, N., Karabacak, N.I., Coskun, U. Benekli, M. (2008) Disseminated extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, with multiple subcutaneous nodules: utility of 18F-FDG PET in staging. Clinical Nuclear Medicine, 33, 365 366.
8. Chan, J.K., Tsang, W.Y. Ng, C.S. (1996) Clarification of CD3 immunoreactivity in nasal T/natural killer cell lymphomas: the neoplastic cells are often CD3 epsilon positive. Blood, 87, 839 841.
9. Chan, J.K., Sin, V.C., Wong, K.F., Ng, C.C., Tsang, W.Y., Chan, C.H., Cheung, M.M. Lau, W.H. (1997a) Non-nasal lymphoma expressing the natural killer cell marker CD56: a clinic-pathological study of 49 cases of an uncommon aggressive neoplasm. Blood, 89, 4501 4513.
10. Chan, W.C., Armitage, J.O., Gascoyne, R., Connors, J., Close, P., Jacobs, P., Norton, A., Lister, T.A., Pedrinis, E., Cavalli, F., Berger, F., Coiffier, B., Ho, F., Liang, R., Schauer, A., Hiddemann, W., Diebold, J., MacLennan, K.A., MullerHermelink, H.K., Nathwani, B.N., Weisenburger, D.D., Harris, N.L., Anderson, J.R. Roy, P. (1997b) Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Classification Project : a clinical evaluation of the International Lymphoma Study Group classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood, 89, 3909 3918.
11. Chan, J.K., Quintanilla-Martinez, L., Ferry, J.A. Peh, S.C. (2008) Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. In : Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours (ed. by S.H. Swerdlow, E. Campo, N.L. Harris, E.S. Jaffe, S. Pileri, H. Stein, J. Thiele J.W. Vardimann pp. 285 288. IARC Press, Lyon.
12. Cheung, M.M., Chan, J.K., Lau, W.H., Ngan, R.K. Foo, W.W. (2002) Early stage nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: clinical outcome, prognostic factors and effect of treatment modality. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology and Physics, 54, 182 190.
13. Cheung, M.M., Chan, J.K. Wong, K.F. (2003) Natural killer cell neoplasms: a distinct group of highly aggressive lymphomas/leukaemias. Seminars in Hematology, 40, 221 232.
14. Chim, C.S., Ooi, G.C., Shek, T.W.H., Liang, R. Kwong, Y.L. (1999a) Lethal midline granuloma revisited. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17, 1322 1325.
15. Chim, C.S., Choy, C., Liang, R. Kwong, Y.L. (1999b) Isolated uterine relapse of nasal T/NK cell lymphoma. Leukaemia and Lymphoma, 34, 629 632.
16. Chim, C.S., Au, W.Y., Shek, T.W., Ho, J., Choy, C., Ma, S.K., Tung, H.M., Liang, R. Kwong, Y.L. (2001) Primary CD56 positive lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Cancer, 91, 525 533.
17. Chim., C.S., Au, W.Y., Poon, C., Ooi, G.C., Lam, C.C. Kwong, Y.L. (2002) Primary natural killer cell lymphoma of skeletal muscle. Histopathology, 41, 371 374.
18. Chim, C.S., Ma, S.Y., Au, W.Y., Choy, C., Lie, A.K.W., Liang, R., Yau, C.C. Kwong, Y.L. (2004) Primary nasal natural killer cell lymphoma: long term treatment outcome and relationship with the international prognostic index. Blood, 103, 216 221.
19. Chim, C.S., Ma, E.S., Loong, F. Kwong, Y.L. (2005) Diagnostic cues for natural killer cell lymphoma: primary nodal presentation and the role of in situ hybridisation for Epstein-Barr virus encoded early small RNA in detecting occult bone marrow involvement. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 58, 443 445.
20. Hang, A.R., Lee, H.R., Park, B.B., Hwang, I.G., Park, S., Lee, S.C., Kim, K., Lim, H.Y., Ko, Y.H., Kim, S.H. Kim, W.S. (2007) Lymphoma associated hemophagocytic syndrome: clinical features and treatment outcome. Annals of Hematology, 86, 493 498.
21. Harris, N.L., Jaffe, E.S., Stein, H., Banks, P.M., Chan, J.K., Cleary, M.L., Delsol, G., De Wolf-Peeters, C., Falini, B. Gatter, K.C. (1994) A revised European classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the International Lymphoma Study Group. Blood, 84, 1361 1392. (Pubitemid 24273002)
22. Ho, F.C.S., Choy, D., Loke, S.L., Kung, I.T.M., Fu, K.H., Liang, R., Todd, D. Khoo, R.K.K. (1990a) Polymorphic reticulosis and conventional lymphomas of the nose and upper aerodigestive tract. Human Pathology, 21, 1041 1050.
23. Ho, F.C.S., Srivastava, G., Loke, S.L., Fu, K.H., Leung, B.P.Y., Liang, R. Choy, D. (1990b) Presence of clonal Epstein-Barr virus DNA in nasal lymphomas of B and T cell type. Hematological Oncology, 8, 271 282.
24. Hsieh, P.P., Tung, C.L., Chan, A.B., Liao, J.B., Wang, J.S., Tseng, H.H., Su, H.H., Chang, K.C. Chang, C.C. (2007) EBV viral load in tumor tissue is an important prognostic indicator for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 128, 579 584.
25. Huang, M.J., Jiang, Y., Liu, W.P., Li, Z.P., Li, M., Zhou, L., Xu, Y., Yu, C.H., Li, Q., Peng, F., Liu, J.Y., Luo, F. Lu, Y. (2008) Early or up-front radiotherapy improved survival of localized extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type in the upper aerodigestive tract. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology and Physics, 70, 166 174.
26. Iqbal, J., Kucuk, C., Deleeuw, R.J., Srivastava, G., Tam, W., Geng, H., Klinkebiel, D., Christman, J.K., Patel, K., Cao, K., Shen, L., Dybkaer, K., Tsui, I.F., Ali, H., Shimizu, N., Au, W.Y., Lam, W.L. Chan, W.C. (2009) Genomic analyses reveal global functional alterations that promote tumour growth and novel tumor suppressor genes in natural killer-cell malignancies. Leukemia, 23, 1139 1151.
27. Ishii, H., Ogino, T., Berger, C., Kochli-Schmitz, N., Nagato, T., Takahara, M., Nadal, D. Harabuchi, Y. (2007) Clinical usefulness of serum EBV DNA levels of BamHl W and LMP1 for nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Journal of Medical Virology, 79, 562 572.
28. Ishitsuka, K., Jimi, S., Goldmacher, V.S., Ab, O. Tamura, K. (2008) Targeting CD56 by the maytaninoid immunoconjugate IMGN901 (hu901-DM1): a potential therapeutic modality implication against natural killer cell malignancy. British Journal of Haematology, 141, 129 131.
29. Isobe, K., Uno, T., Tamaru, J., Kawakami, H., Ueno, N., Wakita, H., Okada, J., Itami, J. Ito, H. (2006) Extranodal natural killer /T-cell lymphoma, nasal type: the significance of radiotherapeutic parameters. Cancer, 106, 609 615.
30. Jaccard, A., Petit, B., Girault, S., Suarez, F., Gressin, R., Zini, J.M., Coiteux, V., Larroxhe, C., Devidas, A., Thieblemont, C., Gaulard, P., Marin, B., Gachard, N., Bordessouie, D. Hermine, O. (2009) l-asparaginase based treatment of 15 western patients with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and leukemia and a review of the literature. Annals of Oncology, 20, 110 116.
31. Kako, S., Izutsu, K., Ota, Y., Minatani, Y., Sugaya, M., Momose, T., Ohtomo, K., Kansa, Y., Chiba, S., Motokura, T. Kurokawa, M. (2007) PDG-PET in T-cell and NK-cell neoplasms. Annals of Oncology, 18, 1685 1690.
32. Karantanis, D., Subramaniam, R.M., Peller, P.J., Lowe, V.J., Durski, J.M., Collins, D.A., Georgiou, E., Ansell, S.M. Wiseman, G.A. (2008) The value of [(18)F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Clinical Lymphoma and Myeloma, 8, 94 99.
33. Khong, P.L., Pang, C.B., Liang, R., Kowng, Y.L. Au, W.Y. (2008) Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in mature T-cell and natural killer cell malignancies. Annals of Hematology, 87, 613 621.
34. Kim, H.J., Bang, S.M., Lee, J., Kwon, H.C., Suh, C., Kim, H.J., Lee, J.H., Ryoo, B.J., Park, Y.H., Kwon, J.M., Oh, S.Y., Lee, H.R., Kim, K., Jung, C.W., Park, K. Kim, W.S. (2006) High dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective comparison with non-transplant cases. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 37, 819 824.
35. Kwong, Y.L. (2005) Natural killer-cell malignancies: diagnosis and treatment. Leukemia, 19, 2186 2194.
36. Kwong, Y.L. Liang, R. (2009) Chapter 76: Leukaemia and lymphoma of NK cell origin. In : The Lymphoid Neoplasms (ed. by I. Magrath A. Rohatiner 3rd edn. Hodder Arnold, London (in press).
37. Kwong, Y.L., Chan, A.C.L. Liang, R. (1997a) Natural killer cell lymphoma/leukaemia: pathology and treatment. Hematological Oncology, 15, 71 80.
38. Kwong, Y.L., Chan, A.C.L., Liang, R., Chim, C.S., Todd, D., Chan, T.K. Ho, F.C.S. (1997b) CD56+ NK lymphoma: two distinct subtypes with different clinicopathological features and prognosis. British Journal of Haematology, 97, 821 829.
39. Lee, J., Suh, C., Park, Y.H., Bang, S.Y., Lee, J.H., Lee, D.H., Huh, J., Oh, S.Y., Kwon, H.C., Kim, H.J., Lee, S.I., Kim, J.H., Park, J., Oh, S.J., Kim, K., Jung, C., Park, K. Kim, W.S. (2006) Extranodal natural killer T-cell cell lymphoma, nasal type: a prognostic model from a retrospective multi-center study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 612 618.
40. Lee, J., Au, W.Y., Park, M.J., Suzumiya, J., Nakamura, S., Kameoka, J., Sakai, C., Oshimi, K., Kwong, Y.L., Liang, R., Yiu, H., Wong, K.H., Cheng, H.C., Ryoo, B.Y., Suh, C., Ko, Y.H., Kim, K., Lee, J.W., Kim, W.S. Suzuki, R. (2008a) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in extranodal Natural Killer/T-cell lymphoma: a multinational, multicenter, matched controlled study. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 14, 1356 1364.
41. Lee, J., Suh, C., Kang, H.J., Ryoo, B.Y., Huh, J., Ko, Y.H., Eom, H.S., Kim, K., Park, K. Kim, W.S. (2008b) Phase I study of proteasome inhibitor bortezomib plus CHOP in patients with advanced aggressive T-cell or NK/T-cell lymphoma. Annals of Oncology, 19, 2079 2083.
42. Li, C.C., Tien, H.F., Tang, J.L., Yao, M., Chen, Y.C., Su, I.J., Hsu, S.M. Hong, R.L. (2004) Treatment outcome and pattern of failure in 77 patients with sinonasal natural killer/T-cell or T-cell lymphoma. Cancer, 100, 366 375.
43. Li, Y.X., Yao, B., Jin, J., Wang, W.H., Liu, Y.P., Song, Y.W., Wang, S.L., Liu, X.F., Zhou, L.Q., He, X.H., Lu, N. Yu, Z.H. (2006) Radiotherapy as primary treatment for stage IE and IIE nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 181 189.
44. Li, Y.X., Fang, H., Liu, Q.F., Lu, J., Qi, S.N., Wang, H., Jin, J., Wang, W.H., Liu, Y.P., Song, Y.W., Wang, S.L., Liu, X.F., Feng, X.L. Yu, Z.H. (2008) Clinical features and treatment outcome of nasal type NK/T-cell lymphoma of Waldeyer ring. Blood, 112, 3057 3064.
45. Liang, R. (2000) Diagnosis and management of primary nasal lymphoma of T-cell or NK-cell origin. Clinical Lymphoma, 1, 33 37.
46. Liang, R. (2006) Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. In : The Lymphomas (ed. by G.P. Canellos, T.A. Lister B. Young 2nd edn, pp. 451 455. WB Saunders, Philadelphia.
47. Liang, R. (2009) How I treat and monitor viral hepatitis B infection in patients receiving intensive immunosuppressive therapies or undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood, 113, 3147 3153.
48. Liang, X. Graham, D.K. (2008) Natural killer cell neoplasms. Cancer, 112, 1425 1436.
49. Liang, R., Todd, D., Chan, T.K., Wong, K.L., Ho, F.C.S. Loke, S.L. (1987) Peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 5, 759 765.
50. Liang, R., Todd, D., Chan, T.K., Chiu, E., Choy, D., Loke, S.L. Ho, F.C.S. (1990) Nasal lymphoma: a retrospective analysis of sixty cases. Cancer, 66, 2205 2209.
51. Liang, R., Todd, D., Chan, T.K., Chiu, E., Lie, A., Kwong, Y.L., Choy, D. Ho, F.C.S. (1995) Treatment outcome and prognostic factors for primary nasal lymphoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 13, 666 670.
52. Loke, S.L., Ho, F.C.S., Srivastava, G., Fu, K.H., Leung, B. Liang, R. (1992) Clonal Epstein-Barr virus genome in T-cell rich lymphomas of B or probable B lineage. The American Journal of Pathology, 140, 981 989.
53. Matsumoto, Y., Nomura, K., Kanda-Akano, Y., Fujita, Y., Nakao, M., Ueda, K., Horiike, S., Yokota, S., Kusuzaki, K., Kitoh, T., Watanabe, A. Taniwaki, M. (2003) Successful treatment with Ervinia l-asparaginase for recurrent natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 44, 879 882.
54. Murashige, N., Kami, M., Kishi, Y., Kim, S.E., Takeuchi, M., Matsue, K., Kanda, Y., Hirokawa, M., Kawanata, Y., Matsumura, T., Kusumi, E., Hirabayashi, N., Nagafuji, K., Suzuki, R., Takeuchi, K. Oshimi, K. (2005) Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation as a promising treatment for natural killer-cell neoplasms. British Journal of Haematology, 130, 561 567.
55. Nagafuji, K., Fujisaki, T., Arima, F. Ohshima, K. (2001) l-asparaginase induced durable remission of relapsed nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. International Journal of Hematology, 74, 447 450.
56. Obama, K., Tara, M. Niina, K. (2003) l-asparaginase based induction therapy for advanced extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. International Journal of Hematology, 78, 248 250.
57. Ooi, G.C., Chim, C.S., Liang, R., Tsang, K.W.T. Kwong, Y.L. (2000) Nasal T/NK-cell lymphoma: CT and MR imaging features of a new clinico-pathological entity. American Journal of Roentgenology, 174, 1141 1145.
58. Oshimi, K. (2007) Progress in understanding and managing natural killer-cell malignancies. British Journal of Haematology, 139, 532 544.
59. Ou, C.H., Chen, C.C., Ling, J.C., Chai, J.W., Wu, C.H., Chen, W.H., Hung, H.C., Lee, T. Ho, T.L. (2007) Nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma: computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 70, 207 212.
60. Ribrag, V., Ell Hajj, M., Janot, F., Girinsky, T., Domenge, C., Schwaab, G., Fenaux, P. Bosq, J. (2001) Early locoreginoal high-dose chemotherapy is associated with long-term disease control in localized primary angiocentric lymphoma of the nose and nasopharynx. Leukemia, 15, 1123 1126.
61. Robbins, K.T., Fuller, L.M., Vlasak, M., Osborne, B., Jing, B.S., Velasquez, W.S. Sullivan, J.A. (1985) Primary lymphoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Cancer, 56, 814 819.
62. Sato, E., Ohga, S., Kuroda, H., Yoshiba, F., Nishimura, M., Nagasawa, M., Inoue, M. Kawa, K. (2008) Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Epstein-Barr virus associated T/Natural killer cell lymphoproliferative disease in Japan. American Journal of Hematology, 83, 721 727.
63. Shen, L., Liang, A.C., Lu, L., Au, W.Y., Kwong, Y.L., Liang, R. Srivastava, G. (2002) Frequent deletion of Fas gene sequences encoding death and transmembrance domains in nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. The American Journal of Pathology, 161, 2123 2131.
64. Shen, L., Liang, A.C.T., Au, W.Y., Lu, L., Chen, Y.W., Wong, K.Y., Tang, J.C.O., Chan, K.W., Beh, S.L., Kwong, Y.L., Liang, R. Srivastava, G. (2003) Bcl-10 mutations are irrelevant to its aberrant bcl-10 nuclear expression in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Leukemia, 17, 2240 2242.
65. Shen, L., Au, W.Y., Guo, T., Wong, K.Y., Wong, M., Tsuchiyama, J., Yuen, P.W., Kwong, Y.L., Liang, R. Srivastava, G. (2007) Proteasome inhibitor bortezomib induced apoptosis in natural killer (NK)-cell leukemia and lymphoma: an in vitro and in vivo preclinical evaluation. Blood, 110, 469 470.
66. Siu, L.L., Wong, K.F., Chan, J.K. Kwong, Y.L. (1999) Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia. Recognition of consistent patterns of genetic alterations. The American Journal of Pathology, 155, 1419 1425.
67. Siu, L.L., Chan, V., Chan, J.K., Wong, K.F., Liang, R. Kwong, Y.L. (2000) Consistent patterns of allelic loss in natural killer cell lymphoma. The American Journal of Pathology, 157, 1803 1809.
68. Siu, L.L., Chan, J.K. Kwong, Y.L. (2002a) Natural killer cell malignancies: clinicopathological and molecular features. Histology and Histopathology, 17, 539 554.
69. Siu, L.L., Chan, J.K., Wong, K.F. Kwong, Y.L. (2002b) Specific patterns of gene methylation in natural killer cell lymphoma. The American Journal of Pathology, 160, 59 66.
70. Siu, L.L., Chan, J.K., Wong, K.F., Choy, C. Kwong, Y.L. (2003) Aberrant promoter CpG methylation as a molecular marker for disease monitoring in natural killer cell lymphomas. British Journal of Haematology, 122, 70 77.
71. Suzuki, R., Suzumiya, J., Nakamura, S., Kagami, Y., Kameoka, J.I., Sakai, C., Mukai, H., Takenaka, K., Yoshino, T., Tsuzuki, T., Sugimori, H., Kawa, K., Kodera, Y. Oshimi, K. & NK-cell Tumour Study Group (2006) Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for natural killer cell lineage neoplasms. Bone Marrow Transplantation, 37, 425 431. (Pubitemid 43250478)
72. Suzuki, R., Takeuchi, K., Ohshima, K. Nakmura, S. (2008) Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: diagnosis and treatment cues. Hematological Oncology, 26, 66 72.
73. Tao, Q., Srivastava, G., Ho, F.C.S., Loke, S.L., Liang, R. Liu, Y.T. (1994) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) related lymphoproliferative disorder with subsequent EBV-negative T-cell lymphoma - detection of EBV latent membrane protein (LMP) in CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. International Journal of Cancer, 58, 33 39.
74. Tao, Q., Ho, F.C., Loke, S.L. Srivastava, G. (1995) Epstein-Barr virus is localized in the tumour cells of nasal lymphoma of NK, T or B cell type. International Journal of Cancer, 60, 315 320.
75. Tse, W.C., Yeung, C.K., Trenell-Smith, N. Kwong, Y.L. (2002) A cutaneous sore with black eschar in a cowhide worker. Lancet, 360, 306.
76. Wang, B., Lu, J.J., Ma, X., Guo, Y., Lu, H., Hong, X. Li, J. (2007) Combined chemotherapy and external beam radiation for stage IE and IIE natural killer T-cell lymphoma of nasal cavity. Leukemia and Lymphoma, 48, 396 402.
77. Wong, K.F., Chan, J.K., Cheung, M.M. So, J.C. (2001) Bone marrow involvement by nasal NK cell lymphoma at diagnosis is uncommon. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 115, 266 270.
78. Yamaguchi, M., Kita, K., Miwa, H., Nishii, K., Oka, K., Ohno, T. Shirakawa, S. (1995) Frequent expression of P-glycoprotein/MDR1 by nasal T-cell lymphoma cells. Cancer, 76, 2351 2356.
79. Yamaguchi, M., Suzuki, R., Kwong, Y.L., Kim, W.S., Hasegawa, Y., Izutsu, K., Suzumiya, J., Okamura, T., Nakamura, S., Kawa, K. Oshima, K. (2008) Phase I study of dexamethasone, methotrexate, ifosfamide, l-asparaginase and etoposide (SMILE) chemotherapy for advanced stage, relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma and leukemia. Cancer Science, 99, 1016 1020.
80. Yokoyama, H., Yamad, M.F., Ishizawa, K., Yamamoto, J., Tomiya, Y., Harigae, H., Kameoka, J., Ichinohasama, R. Sasaki, T. (2007) Successful treatment of advanced extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma with unrelated cord blood transplantation. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 211, 395 399.
81. Yong, W., Zheng, W., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J., Wei, Y., Zhu, D. Li, J. (2003) l-asparaginase based regimen in the treatment of refractory midline nasal/nasal type T/NK-cell lymphoma. International Journal of Hematology, 78, 163 167.
82. Yong, W., Zheng, W., Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Wang, X., Lin, N., Xie, Y., Xu, B. Li, J. (2006) Midline NK/T-cell lymphoma nasal type: treatment outcome, the effect of l-asparaginase based regimen and prognosis. Hematological Oncology, 24, 28 32.
83. Yong, W., Zheng, W., Zhu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Xie, Y., Lin, N., Xu, B., Lu, A. Li, J. (2009) l-asparaginase in the treatment of refractory and relapsed extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Annals of Hematology, 88, 647 652.