Spatial variability in mortality inequalities, socioeconomic deprivation, and air pollution in small areas of the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, Spain

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 407, Issue 21, 2009, Pages 5501-5523

  Barceló, Maria Antònia ^a,b   Saez, Marc ^a,b   Saurina, Carme ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GIRONA   (Spain)

^b CIBER EPIDEMIOLOGÍA Y SALUD PÚBLICA CIBERESP   (Spain)

Author keywords

Air pollutants; Bayesian hierarchical models; Census tracts; Deprivation index; Mortality health inequality; Small areas; Socioeconomic variables; Standardized mortality ratio

Indexed keywords

AIR POLLUTANTS; BAYESIAN HIERARCHICAL MODELS; CENSUS TRACTS; DEPRIVATION INDEX; MORTALITY HEALTH INEQUALITY; SMALL AREAS; SOCIOECONOMIC VARIABLES; STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIO;

AIR QUALITY; BAYESIAN NETWORKS; HEALTH; HEALTH RISKS; HIERARCHICAL SYSTEMS; SMALL NUCLEAR REACTORS; SURVEYS;

POLLUTION;

NITROGEN DIOXIDE;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; BAYESIAN ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION; HEALTH RISK; METROPOLITAN AREA; MORTALITY; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS;

AIR POLLUTION; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; BAYES THEOREM; CAUSE OF DEATH; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION COEFFICIENT; DIETARY INTAKE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXPLANATORY VARIABLE; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HUMAN; LUNG CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPONSE VARIABLE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIOECONOMICS; SPAIN; STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIO;

AIR POLLUTION; BAYES THEOREM; CAUSE OF DEATH; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; MALE; MORTALITY; PARTICLE SIZE; PARTICULATE MATTER; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SPAIN;

BARCELONA [BARCELONA (PRV)]; BARCELONA [CATALONIA]; CATALONIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

NICOTIANA TABACUM;

EID: 70349181600     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.028     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Barceló A., Saez M., Cano-Serral G., Martínez-Beneito M.A., Martínez J.M., Borrell C., et al. Methods to smooth mortality indicators: application to the analysis of inequalities in mortality in Spanish cities (the MEDEA Project) (in Spanish, with English abstract). Gac Sanit 22 6 (2008) 596-608
2. Benach J., Yasui Y., Borrell C., Saez M., and Pasarin M.I. Material deprivation and leading causes of death by gender: evidence from a nationwide small area study. J Epidemiol Comm Health 55 4 (2001) 239-245
3. Benach J., Martínez J.M., Yasui Y., Borrell C., Pasarín M.I., Español E., et al. Atlas of Mortality of Small Areas in Catalonia (1984-1998) [in Spanish, with English abstract] (2004), University Pompeu Fabra-Fundació Jaume Bofill-Editorial Mediterrània, Barcelona
4. Besag J. Spatial interaction and the statistical analysis of lattice systems (with discussion). Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B 36 (1974) 192-236
5. Besag J., York J., and Mollié A. Bayesian image restoration, with two applications in spatial statistics. Ann Inst Stat Math 43 (1991) 1-59
6. Best N.G., Richardson S., and Thomson A. A comparison of Bayesian spatial models for disease mapping. Stat Methods Med Res 14 (2005) 35-59
7. Bobak M., and Leon D.A. The effect of air pollution on infant mortality appears specific for respiratory causes in the postneonatal period. Epidemiology 10 (1999) 666-670
8. Borrell C. Socioeconomic and environment inequalities in mortality in Spanish cities: MEDEA project [in Spanish, with English Abstract]. Proceedings from the 'IV Jornadas Científicas de las Sociedades Españolas de Epidemiología y Biometría', Valencia, Spain (2008), SEE and Spanish Biometrics Society, Valencia 19-20 June 2008
9. Borrell C., Rué M., Pasarín M.I., Rohlfs I., Ferrando J., and Fernández E. Trends in social class inequalities in health status, health-related behaviors, and health services utilization in a Southern European urban area (1983-1994). Prev Med 31 (2000) 691-701
10. Borrell C., Azlor E., Rodríguez-Sanz M., Puigpinós R., Cano-Serral G., Pasarín M.I., et al. Trends in socioeconomic mortality inequalities in a southern European urban setting at the turn of the 21st century. J Epidemiol Comm Health 62 3 (2008) 258-266
11. Briggs D.J., Collins S., Elliott P., Fischer P., Kingham S., Lebret E., et al. Mapping urban air pollution using GIS: a regression-based approach. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 11 (1997) 699-718
12. Briggs D., Fecht D., and de Hoogh K. Census data issues for epidemiology and health risk assessment: experiences from the Small Area Health Statistics Unit. J R Stat Soc, Series A 170 2 (2007) 355-378
13. Brooks S.P., and Gelman A. Alternative methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J Comput Graph Stat 7 (1998) 434-455
14. Cano-Serral G., Azlor E., Rodríguez-Sanz M., Pasarín M.I., Martínez J.M., Puigpinós R., et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in Barcelona: a study based on census tracts (MEDEA Project). Health Place 15 1 (2009) 186-192
15. Carlin B.P., Gelman A., and Neal R.M. Markov chain Monte Carlo in practice: a roundtable discussion. Am Stat 52 (1998) 93-100
16. Clayton D.G., Bernadinelli L., and Montomoli C. Spatial correlation in ecological analysis. Int J Epidemiol 22 (1993) 1193-1202
17. Diez-Roux A.V. Neighborhoods and health: where are we and were do we go from here?. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 55 1 (2007) 13-21
18. Diez-Roux A.V., Green-Franklin T., Alazraqui M., and Spinelli H. Intraurban variations in adult mortality in a large Latin American city. J Urban Health 84 3 (2007) 319-333
19. Dockery D.W., Pope III C.A., Xu X., Spengler J.D., Ware J.H., Fay M.E., et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med 329 (1993) 1753-1759
20. Dominguez-Berjón M.F., and Borrell C. Mortality and socioeconomic deprivation in the census tracts and districts of Barcelona [in Spanish, with English abstract]. Gac Sanit 19 (2005) 363-369
21. Domínguez-Berjón F., Borrell C., Cano-Serral G., Esnaola S., Nolasco A., Pasarín M.I., et al. Constructing a deprivation index based on census data in large Spanish cities (the MEDEA Project) [in Spanish, with English abstract]. Gac Sanit 22 3 (2008) 179-187
22. Elliott P., and Wartenberg D. Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future challenges. Environ Health Perspect 112 9 (2004) 998-1006
23. Esnaola S., Aldasoro E., Ruiz R., Audicana C., Pérez Y., and Calvo M. Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in the Basque Country (Spain) [in Spanish, with English abstract]. Gac Sanit 20 (2006) 16-24
24. Fanshawe T.R., Diggle P.J., Rushton S., Sanderson R., Lurz P.W.W., Gliniania S.V., et al. Modelling spatio-temporal variation in exposure to particulate matter: a two-stage approach. Environmetrics 19 (2008) 549-566
25. Finkelstein M.M., Jerrett M., and Sears M.R. Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients. J Epidemiol Community Health 59 6 (2005) 481-487
26. Forastiere F., Stafoggia M., Tasco C., Picciotto S., Agabiti N., Cesaroni G., et al. Socioeconomic status, particulate air pollution, and daily mortality: differential exposure or differential susceptibility. Am J Ind Med 50 3 (2007) 208-216
27. García-Gil C., Cruz-Rojo C., Alvarez-Girón M., and Solano-Parés A. Health inequalities in Seville, Spain: use of indicators of social deprivation and mortality in small areas. Public Health 118 1 (2004) 11-20
28. Gelfand A.E., and Smith A.F.M. Sampling-based approaches to calculating marginal densities. J Am Stat Assoc 85 (1990) 398-409
29. Gelman A. Prior distributions for variance parameters in hierarchical models. Bayesian Analysis 1 2 (2005) 1-19
30. Gelman A., Carlin J.B., Stern H.S., and Rubin D.B. Bayesian Data Analysis (2004), Chapman & Hall/CRC, London
31. In: Gilks W.R., Richardson S., and Spiegelhalter D.J. (Eds). Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice (1996), Chapman & Hall, New York
32. Giskes K., Kunst A.E., Benach J., Borrell C., Costa G., Dahl E., et al. Trends in smoking behaviour between 1985 and 2000 in nine European countries by education. J Epidemiol Community Health 59 5 (2005) 395-401
33. Gouveia N., and Fletcher T. Time series analysis of air pollution and mortality: effects by cause, age and socio-economic status. J Epidemiol Community Health 54 (2000) 750-755
34. Gwynn R.C., and Thurston G.D. The burden of air pollution: impacts among racial minorities. Environ Health Perspect 109 suppl 4 (2001) 501-506
35. Higgs G., Senior M.L., and Williams H.C. Spatial and temporal variation of mortality and deprivation. 1: widening health inequalities. 2: statistical modelling. Environ Plan A 30 9 (1998) 661-682 30(10):815-834
36. Huff N.C., and Gray D. Coronary heart disease inequalities: deaths and the socio-economic environment in Nottingham, England. Health Place 7 1 (2001) 57-61
37. Huisman M., Kunst A.E., Bopp M., Borgan J.K., Borrell C., Costa G., et al. Educational inequalities in cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and older men and women in eight western European populations. Lancet 365 9458 (2005) 493-500
38. Janghorbani M., Jones R.B., and Nelder R. Neighbourhood deprivation and excess coronary heart disease mortality and hospital admissions in Plymouth, UK: an ecological study. Acta Cardiol 61 3 (2006) 313-320
39. Jerrett M., Burnett R.T., Brook J., Kanaroglou P., Giovis C., Finkelstein N., et al. Do socioeconomic characteristics modify the short term association between air pollution and mortality? Evidence from a zonal time series in Hamilton, Canada. J Epidemiol Community Health 58 1 (2004) 31-40
40. Krewski D., Burnett R.T., Goldberg M.S., Hoover K., Siemiatycki J., Jerret M., et al. Reanalysis of the Harvard Six Cities study and the American Cancer Society study of particulate air pollution and mortality. A special report of the Institute's Particle Epidemiology Reanalysis Project (2000), Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, MA
41. Krieger N. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider?. Soc Sci Med 38 (1994) 887-903
42. Laurent O., Bard D., Filleul L., and Segala C. Effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between atmospheric pollution and mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health 61 8 (2007) 665-675
43. Lawson A.B. Statistical Methods in Spatial Epidemiology. Second Edition (2006), John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey
44. Lawson A.B., Browne W.J., and Vidal-Rodeiro C.L. Disease Mapping with WinBUGS and MLwiN (2003), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester
45. 10) air pollution in the metropolitan areas of Barcelona and Bilbao, Spain. Environmetrics 20 5 (2009) 477-493
46. Leyland A.H., Rundas A., McLoone P., and Boddy F.A. Cause-specific inequalities in Scotland: two decades of change. A population-based study. BMC Public Health 7 (2007) 172
47. Lipfert F.W. Air pollution and poverty: does the sword cut both ways?. J Epidemiol Community Health 58 5 (2004) 2-3
48. Little R.J.A., and Rubin D.B. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data (1987), John Wiley & Sons, New York
49. Lunn D.J., Thomas A., Best N., and Spiegelhalter D. WinBUGS - a Bayesian modelling framework: concepts, structure, and extensibility. Statistics and Computing 10 (2000) 325-337
50. Mackenbach J.P., and Bakker M.J. European Network on interventions and policies to reduce inequalities in health. Tracking socioeconomic inequalities in health: analysis of European experiences. Lancet 362 9393 (2003) 1409-1414
51. Mackenbach J.P., Bos V., Andersen O., Cardano M., Costa G., Harding S., et al. Widening socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in six Western European countries. Int J Epidemiol 32 5 (2003) 830-837
52. Mackenbach J.P., Stirbu I., Roskam A.J., Schaap M.M., Menvielle G., Leinsalu M., et al. European Union Working Group on socioeconomic inequalities in health in 22 European countries. N Engl J Med 358 23 (2008) 2468-2481
53. Marmot M. Commission on social determinants of health. Achieving health equity: from root causes to outcomes. Lancet 370 9593 (2007) 1153-1183
54. Martins M.C.H., Fatigati F.L., Véspoli T.C., Martins L.C., Pereira L.A.A., Martins M.A., et al. Influence of socioeconomic conditions on air pollution adverse health effects in elderly people: an analysis of six regions in Sao Paulo, Brazil. J Epidemiol Community Health 58 (2004) 41-46
55. Medina-Ramón M., Goldberg R., Melly S., Mittleman M.A., and Schwartz J. Residential exposure to traffic-related air pollution and survival after heart failure. Environ Health Perspect 116 4 (2008) 481-485
56. Mollié A. Bayesian mapping of disease. In: En Gilks W.R., Richardson S., and Spiegelhalter D.J. (Eds). Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice (1996), Chapman & Hall, New York 359-379
57. O'Neill M.S., Jerrett M., Karachi I., Levy J.I., Cohen A.J., Gouveia N., et al. Health, wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and methods. Environ Health Perspect 111 16 (2003) 1861-1870
58. Ocaña-Riola R., Sánchez-Cantalejo C., Fernández-Ajuria A., Ruiz-Ramos M., Mayoral J.M., and Méndez C. Atlas of Mortality of the Capital Cities of Andalusia (1992-2002) in Spanish, with English Abstract (2007), EASP, Granada
59. Ocaña-Riola R., Saurina C., Fernández-Ajuria A., Lertxundi A., Sánchez-Cantalejo C., Saez M., et al. Area deprivation and mortality in the provincial capital cities in Andalusia and Catalonia (Spain). J Epidemiol Comm Health 62 2 (2008) 147-152
60. Premji S., Bertrand F., Smargiassi A., and Daniel M. Socio-economic correlates of municipal-level pollution emissions on Montreal Island. Can J Public Health 98 2 (2007) 138-142
61. R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, ISBN 3-900051-07-0, 2008, http://www.R-project.org.
62. Regidor E., Gutiérrez-Fisac J.L., Calle E., Navarro P., and Domínguez V. Trends in cigarette smoking in Spain by social class. Prev Med 33 (2001) 241-248
63. Richardson S., Thomson A., Best N.G., and Elliot P. Interpreting posterior relative risk estimates in disease-mapping studies. Environ Health Perspect 112 (2004) 1016-1025
64. Rytkönen M., Rusanen J., and Näyhä S. Small-area variation in mortality in the city of Oulu, Finland, during the period 1978-1995. Health Place 7 2 (2001) 75-79
65. Samet J.M., and White R.H. Urban air pollution, health and equity. J Epidemiol Community Health 58 5 (2004) 3-5
66. Stafford M., Martikainen P., Lahelma E., and Marmot M. Neighbourhoods and self rated health: a comparison of public sector employees in London and Helsinki. J Epidemiol Community Health 58 9 (2004) 772-778
67. Susser M. The logic in ecological: I. The logic of analysis. Am J Public Health 84 5 (1994) 825-829
68. Susser M., and Susser E. Choosing a future for epidemiology: II. From black box to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology. Am J Public Health 86 (1996) 674-677
69. Tonne C., Melly S., Mittleman M., Coull B., Goldberg R., and Schwartz J. A case-control analysis of exposure to traffic and acute myocardial infarction. Environ Health Perspect 115 1 (2007) 53-57
70. van Lenthe F.J., and Mackenbach J.P. Neighbourhood and individual socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: the role of physical neighbourhood stressors. J Epidemiol Community Health 60 8 (2006) 699-705
71. van Lenthe F.J., Borrell L.N., Costa G., Diez Roux A.V., Kauppinen T.M., Marinacci C., et al. Neighbourhood unemployment and all cause mortality: a comparison of six countries. J Epidemiol Community Health 59 3 (2005) 231-237
72. Whitehead M., Petticrew M., Graham H., Macintyre S.J., Bambra C., and Egan M. Evidence for public health policy on inequalities: 2. Assembling the evidence jigsaw. J Epidemiol Community Health 58 10 (2004) 817-821
73. Zanobetti A., and Schwartz J. Race, gender, and social status as modifiers of the effects of PM10 on mortality. J Occup Environ Med 42 5 (2000) 469-474
74. Zeka A., Zanobetti A., and Schwartz J. Individual-level modifiers of the effects of particulate matter on daily mortality. Am J Epidemiol 163 9 (2006) 849-859