Public Health and Nutrition after the SPANISH CIVIL WAR An Intervention by the Rockefeller Foundation

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 99, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1772-1779

  Del Cura, Isabel ^a   Huertas, Rafael ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSIDAD REY JUAN CARLOS   (Spain)

^b INSTITUTO DE HISTORIA   (Spain)

^c CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; FOOD INTAKE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MALNUTRITION; NON PROFIT ORGANIZATION; NUTRITION; ORGANIZATION; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; SPAIN; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

FOUNDATIONS; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONALITY; NUTRITION SURVEYS; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SPAIN; WAR;

EID: 70349151692     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2007.124875     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. J. Farley, To Cast Out Disease: A History of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation (1913-1951) (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
2. P. Weindling, "Public Health and Political Stabilization: The Rockefeller Foundation in Central and Eastern Europe Between the Two World Wars," Minerva 31 (1993): 253-267;
3. Dimitra Giannuli, "Repeated Disappointment: The Rockefeller Foundation and the Reform of the Greek Public Health System, 1929-1940," Bulletin of History of Medicine 72, no.1 (1998): 47-72;
4. Katherine Angel, Edgar Jones, and Michael Neve, ed., European Psychiatry on the Eve of War: Aubrey Lewis, the Maudsley Hospital and the Rockefeller Foundation in the 1930s (London: Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, 2003), 39-56.
5. M. Cueto, Missionaries of Science: The Rockefeller Foundation and Latin America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994);
6. Christopher Abel, "External Philanthropy and Domestic Change in Colombian Health Care: The Role of the Rockefeller Foundation, ca. 1920-1950," Hispanic American Historical Review 75 (1995): 339-376;
7. A. E. Birn and Armando Solórzano, "Public Health Policy Paradoxes: Science and Politics in the Rockefeller Foundation's Hookworm Campaign in Mexico in the 1920s," Social Science and Medicine 49 (1999): 1197-1214.
8. For a basic description of the formation of the League of Nations Health Organization, see Martin David Dubin, "The League of Nations Health Organisation," in International Health Organisation and Movements, 1918-1939, ed. P. Weindling (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 56-80.
9. See also Neville M. Goodman, International Health Organisation and Their Work (Edinburgh: Churchill, 1952 [second revised edition, 1971]).
10. S. L. Murard and P. Zylberman, L'hygiène dans la République. La santé publique en France ou l'utopie contrariée, 1870-1918 (Paris: Fayard, 1996);
11. William H. Schneider, ed., Rockefeller Philanthropy and Modern Biomedicine: International Initiatives From World War I to the Cold War, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002).
12. P. Weindling, "Philanthropy and World Health: The Rockefeller Foundation and the League of Nations Health Organization," Minerva 35 (1997): 269-281;
13. Paul Weindling, "La Fundación Rockefeller y el organismo de salud de la sociedad de Naciones: algunas conexiones españolas," Revista Española de Salud Pública 74 (2000): 15-26.
14. P. Weindling, "The Role of International Organizations in Setting Nutritional Standard in the 1920s and 1930s, " in The Science and Culture of Nutrition, 1840-1949, ed. H. Kamminga and A. Cunningham (Amsterdam: Editions Rodopi, 1995), 319-332.
15. M. Mayhew, "The 1930s Nutrition Controversy," Journal of Contemporary History 23, no.3 (1988): 445-464.
16. M. Worboys, "The Discovery of Colonial Malnutrition Between the Wars," in Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies, ed. D. Arnold (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1988), 208-226.
17. I. Borowy, "World Health in a Book," in Facing Illness in Troubled Times: Health in Europe in the Interwar Years, 1918-1939, ed. I. Borowy and W. D. Gruner (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2005), 85-128.
18. See also Iris Borowy, "International Social Medicine Between the Wars: Positioning a Volatile Concept," Hygiea Internationalis 6, no.2 (2007): 13-35, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/hygiea.1403-8668.077113 (accessed February 8, 2008).
19. Annual Report (New York: Rockefeller Foundation, 1941), 25.
20. J. B. Youmans, "An Assessment of the Nutrition of a Rural Population in Tennessee," American Journal of Public Health 31, no.7 (1941): 704-708.
21. J. M. Sánchez-Ron (coord.), La Junta para la Ampliación de Estudios e Investigaciones Científicas 80 años después, 1907-1987 (Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [CSIC], 1988).
22. E. Rodríguez-Ocaña, J. Bernabeu, and J. L. Barona, "La Fundación Rockefeller y España, 1916-1925. Un acuerdo para la modernización científica y sanitaria," in vol.2 of Estudios de Historia de las Técnicas, la arqueología industrial y las ciencias, J. L. García Hourcade, JM. Moreno, and G. Ruiz Hernández (coords.) (Salamanca, Spain: Junta de Castilla y León, 1998), 531-539.
23. E. Rodríguez-Ocaña, "El Informe sobre la sanidad española (1926) de Charles A. Bailey, enviado de la Fundación Rockefeller," Cronos 4 (2001): 63-79.
24. E. Rodríguez-Ocaña and Alfredo Menéndez, "Higiene contra la anemia de los mineros. La lucha contra la anquilostomiasis en España (1897-1936)," Asclepio 58, no.1 (2006): 219-248.
25. E. Rodríguez-Ocaña, "The Birth of the Anti-Malaria Campaign in Spain During the First 30 Years of the 20th Century: Scientific and Social Aspects," Parassitologia 47 (2005): 371-377.
26. Training for health care staff was one of the Rockefeller Foundation's top priorities; the Foundation even financed the Escuela Nacional de Sanidad and funded the training of visiting nurses specially trained in public health issues.
27. See Josep Bernabeu and Encarna Gascón, "El papel de la enfermería de salud pública en el desarrollo de la salud pública española (1923-1935)," Dynamis 15 (1995): 151-176.
28. E. Rodríguez-Ocaña, "La intervención de la Fundación Rockefeller en la creación de la Sanidad contemporánea en España," Revista Española de Salud Pública 74 (2000): 27-34.
29. See E. Rodríguez-Ocaña, "Foreign Expertise, Political Pragmatism and Professional Elite: The Rockefeller Foundation in Spain, 1919-1939," Studies in History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Science 31 (2000): 447-461.
30. a República," Revista Española de Salud Pública 74 (2000): 35-43.
31. E. Perdiguero, J. Bernabeu, R. Huertas, and E. Rodríguez- Ocaña, "History of Health, a Valuable Tool in Public Health," Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 55 (2001): 667-673. (Pubitemid 32786370)
32. "Notes on the Food Situation in Spain," Rockefeller Archive Center (RAC), record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 66.
33. J. H. Janney, "Proposal for a Nutrition Study in Spain," November 8, 1940, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 66.
34. J. Trémolières, "Human Nutrition in France," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24 (1971): 342-343;
35. William H. Schneider, "War, Philanthropy, and the National Institute of Hygiene in France," Minerva 41 (1) (2003): 1-24.
36. "Spain: Excerpt From Report," June 27-June 30, 1941, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
37. Letter from J. A. Palanca to John H. Janney, November 8, 1940, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 66.
38. W. Sawyer, "Achievement of UNRRA as an International Health Organization," American Journal of Public Health 37 (1947): 41-58.
39. Home Office, "Order of 9th April 1941, Establishing That Such Nutrition Services as May Be Deemed Necessary Shall Be Organised by the Dirección General de Sanidad," RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
40. The contribution of the Foundation to the creation and operation of the Centro de Vallecas has been documented in "A Proposal for Aid to Vallecas," RAC, record group 1.1, series 795, subseries 2, box 2, folder 22;
41. "Spain-Vallecas Health Center-Budget and designation. Resolved IH 36008," April 11, 1936, RAC, record group 1.1, series 795, subseries 2, box 2, folder 22.
42. Letter from Janney to Sawyer, July 16, 1941, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
43. Letter from Janney to Sawyer, August 15, 1941, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
44. Letter from Janney to Palanca, August 21, 1941, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
45. Letter from Janney to Sawyer, August 15, 1941.
46. C. Jiménez Diaz, Historia de mi Instituto (Madrid: Paz Montalvo, 1965).
47. Excerpt from Report RFHC, June 27, 1940-June 30, 1941, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
48. Letter from Janney to Palanca, August 21, 1941.
49. W. D. Robinson, G. C. Payne, and J. Calvo, "A Study of the Nutritional Status of a Population Group in Mexico City," Journal of the American Dietetic Association 20 (1944): 289-297.
50. "A Report on the Nutrition Study in Madrid During the Summer of 1941 by Dr William Robinson," December 1941, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
51. Letter from Sawyer to Robinson, January 29, 1942, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 68.
52. W. D. Robinson, J. H. Janney, and F. Grande (Covián), "An Evaluation of the Nutritional Status of a Population Group in Madrid, Spain, During the Summer of 1941," Journal of Nutrition 24, no.6 (1942): 557-584.
53. W. D. Robinson, J. H. Janney, and F. Grande (Covián), "Studies of the Physical Characteristics of Selected Children in Madrid, Spain," Journal of Pediatrics 20, no.6 (1942): 723-739.
54. See Robinson et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," 558.
55. et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," Ibid, 560-561.
56. Carlos Jiménez Diaz, Estudios de nutrición (Madrid: Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, 1941-1943), 76.
57. F. Grande Covián, La alimentación en Madrid durante la Guerra. (Estudio de la dieta suministrada a la población civil madrileña durante diecinueve meses de guerra: Agosto 1937 a febrero de 1939) (Madrid: Publicaciones de la Revista de Sanidad e Higiene Pública, 1939).
58. Jiménez Diaz, Estudios de nutrición, 75.
59. Robinson et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," 559.
60. Excerpt from report, June 27, 1940-June 30, 1941, RAC, record group 1.1, series 700, subseries 11, box 11, folder 67.
61. Robinson et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," 561.
62. et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," Ibid, 567.
63. et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," Ibid, 565.
64. et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," Ibid, 570-571.
65. et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," Ibid, 571.
66. M. Peraíta, "Deficiency Neuropathies Observed in Madrid During the Civil War (1936-1939)," British Medical Journal 23 (1946): 784;
67. Manuel Peraíta, "El complejo sintomático de Madrid: Sindrome parstésico-causálgico," Revista Clínica Española 26 (1947): 225-240.
68. B. Llopis, La Psicosis Pelagrosa. Un análisis estructural de los trastornos psíquicos (Barcelona: Ed. Cientificomédica, 1946).
69. See also Rafael Huertas, "Hambre, enfermedad y locura. La aportación de Bartolomé Llopis al conocimiento de la psicosis pelagrosa," Frenia 6 (2006): 79-107.
70. F. G. Covián and M. Peraíta, Avitaminosis y Sistema Nervioso (Barcelona: Ed. Miguel Server, 1941).
71. Robinson et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," 561
72. ; Jiménez Diaz, Estudios de nutrición, 85.
73. J. Rof Carballo Carballo and F. Grande Covián, "Calambres musculares como síntoma carencial. I. Fisiopatología características y frecuencia," Revista Clínica Española 9, no.5 (1943): 308-315;
74. Juan Rof Carballo and Francisco Grande Covián, "Calambres musculares como síntoma carencial. II. Relación con la composición de la dieta. Pruebas terapéuticas," Revista Clínica Española 9, no. 6 (1943): 387-396.
75. Carballo and Covián, "Fisiopatología características y frecuencia";
76. Carballo and Covián, "Relación con la composición de la dieta. Pruebas terapéuticas."
77. Robinson et al., "Evaluation of the Nutritional Status," 582.
78. H. C. Stuart and D. Kuhlmann, "Studies of the Physical Characteristics of Children in Marseille, France, in 1941," Journal of Pediatrics 20 (1942): 424.
79. See also Harold C. Stuart, "Review of the Evidence as to the Nutritional State of Children in France," American Journal of Public Health 35, no.4 (1945): 299-307.
80. J. R. Villalbí and R. Maldonado, "La alimentación de la población en España desde la postguerra a los años ochenta: una revisión crítica de las encuestas de nutrición," Medicina Clínica 90, no.3 (1988): 127-130.
81. F. Vivanco, J. L. Rodríguez Miñón, A. Merchante, J. Palacios, J. Peraines, and J. M. Segovia, "Observaciones sobre el estado nutritivo y situación alimentaria de la población madrileña. I. Comunicación. Técnicas empleadas en estos estudios," Revista clínica española 33, no.3 (1949): 166-172
82. ; F. Vivanco, J. M. Palacios, J. L. Rodríguez Miñón, J. M. Segovia, J. Perianes, and A. Merchante, "Observaciones sobre el estado nutritivo y situación alimentaria de la población madrileña. II. Comunicación. Resultados obtenidos del análisis de las dietas y de su comparación con las cantidades consideradas como aporte adecuado," Revista clínica española 33, no. 4 (1949): 245-257;
83. F. Vivanco, J. M. Segovia, A. Merchante, J. Palacios, J. Perianes, and J. L. Rodríguez Miñon, "Observaciones sobre el estado nutritivo y situación alimenticia de un sector de la población madrileña. III. Comunicación. Resultados obtenidos del examen cl ínico," Revista clínica española 33, no. 5 (1949): 318-327.
84. I. del Cura and R. Huertas, Alimentación y enfermedad en tiempos de hambre. España, 1937-1947 (Madrid: CSIC, 2007).
85. L. E. Davis, "Epidemiology of Famine in the Nigerian Crisis: Rapid Evaluation of Malnutrition by Height and Arm Circumference in Large Populations," American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 24, no.3 (1971): 363.
86. S. Pieterse, M. Manandhar, and S. Ismael, "The Nutritional Status of Older Rwandan Refugees," Public Health Nutrition 1, no.4 (1998): 259-264. (Pubitemid 128557563)
87. P. Aaby, J. Gomes, M. Fernández, Q. Djana, I. Lisse, and H. Jensen, "Nutritional Status and Mortality of Refugee and Resident Children in a Non-Camp Setting During Conflict: Follow Up Study in Guinea-Bissau," British Medical Journal 319, no.7214 (1999): 878-881.
88. P. E. Brentlinger, M. A. Hernán, S. Hernández-Díaz, L. S. Azaroff, and M. McCall, "Childhood Malnutrition and Post-War Reconstruction in Rural El Salvador: A Community-Based Survey," Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no.2 (1999): 184-190.
89. M. L. Lambert, V. Brown, F. Villagi, and I. Voiret, "Malnutrition in Displaced Persons in Zaire," Lancet 343, no.8908 (1994): 1296.
90. S. F. Dowell, A. Toko, C. Sita, R. Piarroux, A. Duerr, and B. A. Woodruff, "Health and Nutrition in Centers for Unaccompanied Refugee Children: Experience From the 1994 Rwandan Refugee Crisis," Journal of the American Medical Association 273, no.22 (1995): 1802-1806.
91. "Nutrition: Nutritional Status and Health Status of Somali Refugees in Eastern Ethiopia, September 1988-May 1989," Weekly Epidemiological Record 65, no.13 (1990): 93-95.
92. J. Vespa and F. Watson, "Who Is Nutritionally Vulnerable in Bosnia-Herzegovina?" British Medical Journal 311, no.7006 (1995): 652-654.
93. A. Robertson, N. Fronczak, N. Jaganjac, P. Haley, P. Copeland, and M. Duprat, "Nutrition and Immunization Survey of Bosnian Women and Children During 1993," International Journal of Epidemiology 24, no.6 (1995): 1163-1170.
94. UNICEF, Humanitarian Action Report - 2007, available at http://www.unicef.org/har07/files/HAR-FULLREPORT2006. pdf (accessed September 8, 2008).