Building character: A model for reflective practice

Academic Medicine

Volumn 84, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1283-1288

  Bryan, Charles S ^a,b   Babelay, Allison M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Providence Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHARACTER; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL PERSONNEL; MORALITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONALISM; REVIEW;

EID: 70349118665     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181b6a79c     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Harrison TR, Beeson PB, Thorn GW, Resnik WH, Wintrobe MM. Approach to the patient (Introduction). In: Harrison TR, Beeson PB, Thorn GW, Resnik WH, Wintrobe MM, eds. Principles of Internal Medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company; 1950:1-5.
2. Krause EA. Death of the Guilds: Professions, States, and the Advance of Capitalism, 1930 to the Present. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press; 1996.
3. Stern DT. The development of professional character in medical students. Hastings Cent Rep. 2000;30(4 suppl):S26-S29.
4. Eckles RE, Meslin EM, Gaffney MN, Helft PR, Medical ethics education: Where are we? Where should we be going? A review. Acad Med. 2005;80:1143-1152.
5. Brainard AH, Brislen HC. Viewpoint. Learning professionalism: A view from the trenches. Acad Med. 2007;82:1010-1014.
6. Leo T, Eagen K. Professionalism education: The medical student response. Perspect Biol Med. 2008;51:508-516.
7. Baernstein A, Fryer-Edwards K. Promoting reflection on professionalism: A comparison trial of educational interventions for medical students. Acad Med. 2003;78:742-747.
8. Dobie S. Reflections on a well-traveled path: Self-awareness, mindful practice, and relationship-centered care as foundations for medical education. Acad Med. 2007;82: 422-427.
9. MacIntyre A. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. 2nd ed. South Bend, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press; 1985.
10. Anscombe GEM. Modern moral philosophy. In: Crisp R, Slote M, eds. Virtue Ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2003: 26-44.
11. Arpaly N. Unprincipled Virtue: An Inquiry Into Moral Agency. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2003:8-11.
12. Kinghorn WA, McEvoy MD, Michel A, Balboni M. Professionalism in modern medicine: Does the emperor have any clothes? Acad Med. 2007;82:40-45.
13. Stuart J. A virtue-ethical approach to moral conflicts involving the possibility of self-sacrifice. J Soc Philos. 2004;35: 21-33.
14. Pieper J. The Four Cardinal Virtues. Notre Dame, Ind: University of Notre Dame Press; 1966.
15. Pieper J. Faith, Hope, Love. San Francisco, Calif: Ignatius Press; 1997.
16. McCloskey DN. The Bourgeois Virtues: Ethics for an Age of Commerce. Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press; 2006.
17. Rowling JK. Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. New York, NY: Scholastic Press; 1999.
18. Aristotle. The Nichomachean Ethics. Ross D, trans. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1991.
19. Sherman N. Making a Necessity of Virtue: Aristotle and Kant on Virtue. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1997.
20. Peterson C, Seligman MEP. Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2004.
21. Aspinwall LG, Staudinger UM. A Psychology of Human Strengths: Fundamental Questions and Future Directions for a Positive Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2003.
22. Carr A. Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Human Strengths. Hove, UK: Brunner-Routledge; 2004.
23. Peterson C, Park N. Classification and measurement of character strengths: Implications for practice. In: Linley PA, Joseph S, eds. Positive Psychology in Practice. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2004: 433-436.
24. Seligman MEP, Steen TA, Park N, Peterson C. Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. Am Psychol. 2006;60:410-421.
25. Snyder CR, Lopez SJ. Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2005.
26. Korsgaard CM, Cohen GA, Geuss R, Nagel T, Williams B. The Sources of Normativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1996.
27. Darcy J. Ethics Without Principles. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 2004.
28. Gill C. The school in the Roman Imperial Period. In: Inwood B, ed. The Cambridge Companion to the Stoics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2003:33-58.
29. Doris JM. Lack of Character: Personality and Moral Behavior. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
30. Isen AM, Levin PF. Effect of feeling good on helping: Cookies and kindness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1972;21;384-388.
31. Darley JM, Batson CD. From Jerusalem to Jericho: A study of situational and dispositional variables in helping behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1973;27:100-108.
32. Franklin B. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Bigelow J, ed. Franklin Center, Pa: The Franklin Library; 1981. The following references appear only in the tables and the list.
33. Pellegrino ED, Thomasma DC. The Virtues in Medical Practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1993.
34. Bryan CS. Medical professionalism and Maslow's needs hierarchy. Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. Spring. 2005; 68:4-10.
35. Bryan CS. For Goodness Sake: The Seven Basic Virtues. Columbia, SC: The Phrontistery Press; 2006.
36. Baltes PB, Smith J. Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In: Sternberg RJ, ed. Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1990:87-120.
37. Sternberg RJ. Wisdom, Intelligence, and Creativity Synthesized. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 1993.
38. Maslow AH. A theory of human motivation. Psychol Rev. 1943;50:370-396.
39. Lewis CS. The Screwtape Letters. San Francisco, Calif: HarperSan Francisco; 2001.
40. Walton DN. Courage: A Philosophical Investigation. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press; 1986.
41. Tillich P. The Dynamics of Faith. New York, NY: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.; 1957.
42. Lake K. Landmarks in the History of Christianity. London, UK: MacMillan and Company; 1920.
43. Snyder CR. Handbook of Hope: Theory, Measures, & Applications. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press; 2000.
44. Beauchamp TL, Childress JF. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 5th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2001.
45. Bok S. Lying: Moral Choices in Public and Private Life. New York, NY: Vintage Books; 1999.
46. Gallagher TH, Garbutt JM, Waterman AD, et al. Choosing your words carefully: How physicians would disclose harmful medical errors to patients. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:1585-1593.
47. Reilly B, Van Herp M, Sermand D, et al. SARS and Carlo Urbani. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348:1951-1952.
48. Bryan CS, Theodore E. Woodward Award. HIV/AIDS, ethics, and professionalism. Where went the debate? Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2003;114:353-367.
49. Bryan CS. Advancing medical professionalism. II. One size does not fit all. J S C Med Assoc. 2004;100:89-92.
50. Thomson J. A defense of abortion. Philos Public Aff. 1971;1:46-47.