메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 88, Issue 9, 2007, Pages 2305-2319

Controls on vegetation structure in Southwestern ponderosa pine forests, 1941 and 2004

Author keywords

Arizona (USA); Coconino National Forest; Hill plots; Land use history; Long term studies; Meta analysis; Overstory understory relationships; Pinus ponderosa; Stand structure

Indexed keywords

AGE STRUCTURE; CONIFEROUS FOREST; DOMINANCE; FOREST COVER; GRAZING PRESSURE; POPULATION DECLINE; POPULATION DENSITY; REGENERATION; UNDERSTORY; VEGETATION STRUCTURE;

EID: 38449117547     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/06-1775.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 0029517133 scopus 로고
    • The social and ecological consequences of early cattle ranching in the Little Colorado River Basin
    • Abruzzi, W. S. 1995. The social and ecological consequences of early cattle ranching in the Little Colorado River Basin. Human Ecology 23:75-98.
    • (1995) Human Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 75-98
    • Abruzzi, W.S.1
  • 2
    • 0024895257 scopus 로고
    • Cattle grazing effects on understory cover and tree growth in mixed conifer clearcuts
    • Allen, B. H., and J. W. Bartolome. 1989. Cattle grazing effects on understory cover and tree growth in mixed conifer clearcuts. Northwest Science 63:214-220.
    • (1989) Northwest Science , vol.63 , pp. 214-220
    • Allen, B.H.1    Bartolome, J.W.2
  • 3
    • 0035202401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape-scale changes in plant species abundance and biodiversity of a sagebrush steppe over 45 years
    • Anderson, J. E., and R. S. Inouye. 2001. Landscape-scale changes in plant species abundance and biodiversity of a sagebrush steppe over 45 years. Ecological Monographs 71:531-556.
    • (2001) Ecological Monographs , vol.71 , pp. 531-556
    • Anderson, J.E.1    Inouye, R.S.2
  • 4
    • 0002263877 scopus 로고
    • Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: Rates, patterns and proximate causes
    • M. Vavra, W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper, editors, Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA
    • Archer, S. 1994. Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: rates, patterns and proximate causes. Pages 13-68 in M. Vavra, W. A. Laycock, and R. D. Pieper, editors. Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the west. Society for Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA.
    • (1994) Ecological implications of livestock herbivory in the west , pp. 13-68
    • Archer, S.1
  • 5
    • 0000989633 scopus 로고
    • Changes in ponderosa pine bunchgrass ranges in northern Arizona resulting from pine regeneration and grazing
    • Arnold, J. F. 1950. Changes in ponderosa pine bunchgrass ranges in northern Arizona resulting from pine regeneration and grazing. Journal of Forestry 48:118-126.
    • (1950) Journal of Forestry , vol.48 , pp. 118-126
    • Arnold, J.F.1
  • 6
    • 0004200891 scopus 로고
    • Effect of heavy selection logging on the herbaceous vegetation in a ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona
    • Arnold, J. F. 1953. Effect of heavy selection logging on the herbaceous vegetation in a ponderosa pine forest in northern Arizona. Journal of Forestry 51:101-105.
    • (1953) Journal of Forestry , vol.51 , pp. 101-105
    • Arnold, J.F.1
  • 7
    • 33644527931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new, proportional method for reconstructing historical tree diameters
    • Bakker, J. D. 2005. A new, proportional method for reconstructing historical tree diameters. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 35:2515-2520.
    • (2005) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.35 , pp. 2515-2520
    • Bakker, J.D.1
  • 9
    • 0036083258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bakker, J. P., R. H. Marrs, and R. J. Pakeman. 2002. Long-term vegetation dynamics: successional patterns and processes. Introduction. Applied Vegetation Science 5:2-6.
    • Bakker, J. P., R. H. Marrs, and R. J. Pakeman. 2002. Long-term vegetation dynamics: successional patterns and processes. Introduction. Applied Vegetation Science 5:2-6.
  • 10
    • 0030619518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior west
    • Belsky, A. J., and D. M. Blumenthal. 1997. Effects of livestock grazing on stand dynamics and soils in upland forests of the interior west. Conservation Biology 11:315-327.
    • (1997) Conservation Biology , vol.11 , pp. 315-327
    • Belsky, A.J.1    Blumenthal, D.M.2
  • 12
    • 0000084714 scopus 로고
    • Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation
    • Canfield, R. H. 1941. Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation. Journal of Forestry 39:388-394.
    • (1941) Journal of Forestry , vol.39 , pp. 388-394
    • Canfield, R.H.1
  • 13
    • 0027845820 scopus 로고
    • Effects of stock grazing on the plants of semi-arid woodlands and grasslands
    • Cheal, D. C. 1993. Effects of stock grazing on the plants of semi-arid woodlands and grasslands. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 105:57-65.
    • (1993) Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria , vol.105 , pp. 57-65
    • Cheal, D.C.1
  • 14
    • 15944402862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: A synthesis of contemporary models
    • Cingolani, A. M., I. Noy-Meir, and S. Diaz. 2005. Grazing effects on rangeland diversity: a synthesis of contemporary models. Ecological Applications 15:757-773.
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 757-773
    • Cingolani, A.M.1    Noy-Meir, I.2    Diaz, S.3
  • 15
    • 0004200465 scopus 로고
    • Increasing sampling precision for some herbage variables through knowledge of the timber overstory
    • Clary, W. P. 1969. Increasing sampling precision for some herbage variables through knowledge of the timber overstory. Journal of Range Management 22:200-201.
    • (1969) Journal of Range Management , vol.22 , pp. 200-201
    • Clary, W.P.1
  • 16
    • 0001291485 scopus 로고
    • Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of Southwestern pine forests since white settlement
    • Cooper, C. F. 1960. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of Southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecological Monographs 30:129-164.
    • (1960) Ecological Monographs , vol.30 , pp. 129-164
    • Cooper, C.F.1
  • 17
    • 0013653598 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation changes following exclusion of livestock from grazed ranges
    • Costello, D. F., and G. T. Turner. 1941. Vegetation changes following exclusion of livestock from grazed ranges. Journal of Forestry 39:310-315.
    • (1941) Journal of Forestry , vol.39 , pp. 310-315
    • Costello, D.F.1    Turner, G.T.2
  • 18
    • 0002705143 scopus 로고
    • Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: Changes since Euro-American settlement
    • Covington, W. W., and M. M. Moore. 1994. Southwestern ponderosa forest structure: changes since Euro-American settlement. Journal of Forestry 92:39-47.
    • (1994) Journal of Forestry , vol.92 , pp. 39-47
    • Covington, W.W.1    Moore, M.M.2
  • 20
    • 0037800373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Irreversible impact of past land use on forest soils and biodiversity
    • Dupouey, J. L., E. Dambrine, J. D. Laffite, and C. Moares. 2002. Irreversible impact of past land use on forest soils and biodiversity. Ecology 83:2978-2984.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 2978-2984
    • Dupouey, J.L.1    Dambrine, E.2    Laffite, J.D.3    Moares, C.4
  • 21
  • 22
    • 0023480797 scopus 로고
    • Competitive effects of various grasses and forbs on ponderosa pine seedlings
    • Elliott, K. J., and A. S. White. 1987. Competitive effects of various grasses and forbs on ponderosa pine seedlings. Forest Science 33:356-366.
    • (1987) Forest Science , vol.33 , pp. 356-366
    • Elliott, K.J.1    White, A.S.2
  • 24
    • 33645811954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Previous land use alters plant allocation and growth in forest herbs
    • Fraterrigo, J. M., M. G. Turner, and S. M. Pearson. 2006. Previous land use alters plant allocation and growth in forest herbs. Journal of Ecology 94:548-557.
    • (2006) Journal of Ecology , vol.94 , pp. 548-557
    • Fraterrigo, J.M.1    Turner, M.G.2    Pearson, S.M.3
  • 26
    • 0030613978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of Southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Fulé, P. Z., W. W. Covington, and M. M. Moore. 1997. Determining reference conditions for ecosystem management of Southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications 7:895-908.
    • (1997) Ecological Applications , vol.7 , pp. 895-908
    • Fulé, P.Z.1    Covington, W.W.2    Moore, M.M.3
  • 29
    • 0002920757 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation changes in northern Arizona: The Alexander Gardner photos
    • Gordon, B. R., G. P. Parrott, and J. B. Smith. 1992. Vegetation changes in northern Arizona: the Alexander Gardner photos. Rangelands 14:308-320.
    • (1992) Rangelands , vol.14 , pp. 308-320
    • Gordon, B.R.1    Parrott, G.P.2    Smith, J.B.3
  • 30
    • 0034870192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying biodiversity: Procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness
    • Gotelli, N. J., and R. K. Colwell. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4:379-391.
    • (2001) Ecology Letters , vol.4 , pp. 379-391
    • Gotelli, N.J.1    Colwell, R.K.2
  • 31
    • 36348952221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of a near-relict site and a grazed site in a pinyon-juniper community in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah
    • C. van Riper III and K. L. Cole, editors, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
    • Guenther, D., T. J. Stohlgren, and P. Evangelista. 2004. A comparison of a near-relict site and a grazed site in a pinyon-juniper community in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. Pages 153-162 in C. van Riper III and K. L. Cole, editors. The Colorado Plateau: cultural, biological, and physical research. University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
    • (2004) The Colorado Plateau: Cultural, biological, and physical research , pp. 153-162
    • Guenther, D.1    Stohlgren, T.J.2    Evangelista, P.3
  • 32
    • 0033040602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical issues in ecological meta-analyses
    • Gurevitch, J., and L. V. Hedges. 1999. Statistical issues in ecological meta-analyses. Ecology 80:1142-1149.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1142-1149
    • Gurevitch, J.1    Hedges, L.V.2
  • 33
    • 0002026808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis: Combining the results of independent experiments
    • S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Gurevitch, J., and L. V. Hedges. 2001. Meta-analysis: combining the results of independent experiments. Pages 347-369 in S. M. Scheiner and J. Gurevitch, editors. Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (2001) Design and analysis of ecological experiments , pp. 347-369
    • Gurevitch, J.1    Hedges, L.V.2
  • 34
    • 0012828040 scopus 로고
    • Frost heaving of western yellow pine seedlings
    • Haasis, F. W. 1923. Frost heaving of western yellow pine seedlings. Ecology 4:378-390.
    • (1923) Ecology , vol.4 , pp. 378-390
    • Haasis, F.W.1
  • 35
    • 1642559158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in vegetation structure after long-term grazing in pinyon-juniper ecosystems: Integrating imaging spectroscopy and field studies
    • Harris, A. T., G. P. Asner, and M. E. Miller. 2003. Changes in vegetation structure after long-term grazing in pinyon-juniper ecosystems: integrating imaging spectroscopy and field studies. Ecosystems 6:368-383.
    • (2003) Ecosystems , vol.6 , pp. 368-383
    • Harris, A.T.1    Asner, G.P.2    Miller, M.E.3
  • 36
    • 0037904328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological heterogeneity in the effects of grazing and fire on grassland diversity
    • Harrison, S., B. D. Inouye, and H. D. Safford. 2003. Ecological heterogeneity in the effects of grazing and fire on grassland diversity. Conservation Biology 17:837-845.
    • (2003) Conservation Biology , vol.17 , pp. 837-845
    • Harrison, S.1    Inouye, B.D.2    Safford, H.D.3
  • 37
    • 34247359743 scopus 로고
    • History of the sheep industry in Arizona
    • Haskett, B. 1936. History of the sheep industry in Arizona. Arizona Historical Review 7:3-49.
    • (1936) Arizona Historical Review , vol.7 , pp. 3-49
    • Haskett, B.1
  • 38
    • 40449104930 scopus 로고
    • Effects of grazing upon western yellow-pine reproduction in the national forests of Arizona and New Mexico
    • Washington, D.C, USA
    • Hill, R. R. 1917. Effects of grazing upon western yellow-pine reproduction in the national forests of Arizona and New Mexico. USDA Forest Service Bulletin 580, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1917) USDA Forest Service Bulletin , vol.580
    • Hill, R.R.1
  • 39
    • 40449096506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hill, R. R. 1921. Notes taken on Coconino trip with grazing examiner M. W. Talbot, fall of 1921. Fort Valley Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
    • Hill, R. R. 1921. Notes taken on Coconino trip with grazing examiner M. W. Talbot, fall of 1921. Fort Valley Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
  • 40
    • 0003906724 scopus 로고
    • University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA
    • Hoffmeister, D. F. 1986. Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
    • (1986) Mammals of Arizona
    • Hoffmeister, D.F.1
  • 41
    • 0242573321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • House, J. I., S. Archer, D. D. Breshears, and R. J. Scholes. and NCEAS Tree-Grass Interactions Participants. 2003. Conundrums in mixed woody-herbaceous plant systems. Journal of Biogeography 30:1763-1777.
    • House, J. I., S. Archer, D. D. Breshears, and R. J. Scholes. and NCEAS Tree-Grass Interactions Participants. 2003. Conundrums in mixed woody-herbaceous plant systems. Journal of Biogeography 30:1763-1777.
  • 42
    • 16344382457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of grazing on restoration of endemic dwarf pine (Pinus culminicola Andresen et Beaman) populations in northeastern Mexico
    • Jiménez, J., E. Jurado, O. Aguirre, and E. Estrada. 2005. Effect of grazing on restoration of endemic dwarf pine (Pinus culminicola Andresen et Beaman) populations in northeastern Mexico. Restoration Ecology 13:103-107.
    • (2005) Restoration Ecology , vol.13 , pp. 103-107
    • Jiménez, J.1    Jurado, E.2    Aguirre, O.3    Estrada, E.4
  • 43
    • 0031890778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ponderosa pine aboveground growth after cattle removal of terminal tissue
    • Karl, M. G. S., and P. S. Doescher. 1998. Ponderosa pine aboveground growth after cattle removal of terminal tissue. Journal of Range Management 51:147-151.
    • (1998) Journal of Range Management , vol.51 , pp. 147-151
    • Karl, M.G.S.1    Doescher, P.S.2
  • 46
    • 22744457179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation cover and forb responses to cattle exclusion: Implications for pronghorn
    • Loeser, M. R., S. D. Mezulis, T. D. Sisk, and T. C. Theimer. 2005. Vegetation cover and forb responses to cattle exclusion: implications for pronghorn. Rangeland Ecology and Management 58:234-238.
    • (2005) Rangeland Ecology and Management , vol.58 , pp. 234-238
    • Loeser, M.R.1    Mezulis, S.D.2    Sisk, T.D.3    Theimer, T.C.4
  • 47
    • 0020923619 scopus 로고
    • Livestock grazing-fire regime interactions within montane forests of Zion National Park, Utah
    • Madany, M. H., and N. E. West. 1983. Livestock grazing-fire regime interactions within montane forests of Zion National Park, Utah. Ecology 64:661-667.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 661-667
    • Madany, M.H.1    West, N.E.2
  • 48
    • 0025694419 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cattle grazing and Juniperus pinchotti canopy cover on herb cover and production in western Texas
    • McPherson, G. R., and H. A. Wright. 1990. Effects of cattle grazing and Juniperus pinchotti canopy cover on herb cover and production in western Texas. American Midland Naturalist 123:144-151.
    • (1990) American Midland Naturalist , vol.123 , pp. 144-151
    • McPherson, G.R.1    Wright, H.A.2
  • 49
    • 12644311207 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of ponderosa pine
    • Meagher, G. 1950. Reproduction of ponderosa pine. Journal of Forestry 48:188-191.
    • (1950) Journal of Forestry , vol.48 , pp. 188-191
    • Meagher, G.1
  • 50
    • 4944249741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of enclosures in the recovery of woody vegetation in degraded dryland hillsides of central and northern Ethiopia
    • Mengistu, T., D. Teketay, H. Hulten, and Y. Yemshaw. 2005. The role of enclosures in the recovery of woody vegetation in degraded dryland hillsides of central and northern Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments 60:259-281.
    • (2005) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.60 , pp. 259-281
    • Mengistu, T.1    Teketay, D.2    Hulten, H.3    Yemshaw, Y.4
  • 54
    • 0026312044 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of linear and nonlinear overstory-understory models for ponderosa pine
    • Mitchell, J. E., and P. N. S. Bartling. 1991. Comparison of linear and nonlinear overstory-understory models for ponderosa pine. Forest Ecology and Management 42:195-204.
    • (1991) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.42 , pp. 195-204
    • Mitchell, J.E.1    Bartling, P.N.S.2
  • 56
    • 0032700231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reference conditions and ecological restoration: A southwestern ponderosa pine perspective
    • Moore, M. M., W. W. Covington, and P. Z. Fulé. 1999. Reference conditions and ecological restoration: a southwestern ponderosa pine perspective. Ecological Applications 94:1266-1277.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.94 , pp. 1266-1277
    • Moore, M.M.1    Covington, W.W.2    Fulé, P.Z.3
  • 57
    • 0026498926 scopus 로고
    • Stand density index as a predictor of forage production in northern Arizona pine forests
    • Moore, M. M., and D. A. Deiter. 1992. Stand density index as a predictor of forage production in northern Arizona pine forests. Journal of Range Management 45:267-271.
    • (1992) Journal of Range Management , vol.45 , pp. 267-271
    • Moore, M.M.1    Deiter, D.A.2
  • 58
    • 2642577694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of historical and contemporary forest structure and composition on permanent plots in southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Moore, M. M., D. W. Huffman, P. Z. Fulé, W. W. Covington, and J. E. Crouse. 2004. Comparison of historical and contemporary forest structure and composition on permanent plots in southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Forest Science 50:162-176.
    • (2004) Forest Science , vol.50 , pp. 162-176
    • Moore, M.M.1    Huffman, D.W.2    Fulé, P.Z.3    Covington, W.W.4    Crouse, J.E.5
  • 59
    • 0033530806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between Pinus ponderosa forest structure, light characteristics, and understory graminoid species presence and abundance
    • Naumburg, E., and L. E. DeWald. 1999. Relationships between Pinus ponderosa forest structure, light characteristics, and understory graminoid species presence and abundance. Forest Ecology and Management 124:205-215.
    • (1999) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.124 , pp. 205-215
    • Naumburg, E.1    DeWald, L.E.2
  • 60
    • 0029518788 scopus 로고
    • Relationships of overstory to understory cover variables in a ponderosa pine/gambel oak ecosystem
    • Nemati, N., and H. Goetz. 1995. Relationships of overstory to understory cover variables in a ponderosa pine/gambel oak ecosystem. Vegetatio 119:15-21.
    • (1995) Vegetatio , vol.119 , pp. 15-21
    • Nemati, N.1    Goetz, H.2
  • 61
    • 0032124827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity
    • Olff, H., and M. E. Ritchie. 1998. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:261-265.
    • (1998) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.13 , pp. 261-265
    • Olff, H.1    Ritchie, M.E.2
  • 62
    • 0000653263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises
    • Paine, R. T., M. J. Tegner, and E. A. Johnson. 1998. Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises. Ecosystems 1:535-545.
    • (1998) Ecosystems , vol.1 , pp. 535-545
    • Paine, R.T.1    Tegner, M.J.2    Johnson, E.A.3
  • 63
    • 2642563677 scopus 로고
    • A twenty year record of changes in an Arizona pine forest
    • Pearson, G. A. 1933. A twenty year record of changes in an Arizona pine forest. Ecology 14:272-285.
    • (1933) Ecology , vol.14 , pp. 272-285
    • Pearson, G.A.1
  • 64
    • 0000875425 scopus 로고
    • Herbaceous vegetation a factor in natural regeneration of ponderosa pine in the Southwest
    • Pearson, G. A. 1942. Herbaceous vegetation a factor in natural regeneration of ponderosa pine in the Southwest. Ecological Monographs 12:315-338.
    • (1942) Ecological Monographs , vol.12 , pp. 315-338
    • Pearson, G.A.1
  • 66
    • 0041779208 scopus 로고
    • Plant succession with released grazing on New Mexico range lands
    • Potter, L. D., and J. C. Krenetsky. 1967. Plant succession with released grazing on New Mexico range lands. Journal of Range Management 20:145-151.
    • (1967) Journal of Range Management , vol.20 , pp. 145-151
    • Potter, L.D.1    Krenetsky, J.C.2
  • 67
    • 14744273801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cattle grazing increases plant species richness of most species trait groups in mesic semi-natural grasslands
    • Pykälä, J. 2004. Cattle grazing increases plant species richness of most species trait groups in mesic semi-natural grasslands. Plant Ecology 175:217-226.
    • (2004) Plant Ecology , vol.175 , pp. 217-226
    • Pykälä, J.1
  • 68
    • 0032864919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of vertebrate grazing on plant and insect community structure
    • Rambo, J. L., and S. H. Faeth. 1999. Effect of vertebrate grazing on plant and insect community structure. Conservation Biology 13:1047-1054.
    • (1999) Conservation Biology , vol.13 , pp. 1047-1054
    • Rambo, J.L.1    Faeth, S.H.2
  • 71
    • 0035308873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fishtail Mesa: A vegetation resurvey of a relict area in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona
    • Rowlands, P. G., and N. J. Brian. 2001. Fishtail Mesa: a vegetation resurvey of a relict area in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Western North American Naturalist 61:159-181.
    • (2001) Western North American Naturalist , vol.61 , pp. 159-181
    • Rowlands, P.G.1    Brian, N.J.2
  • 72
    • 0001150332 scopus 로고
    • Some effects of livestock grazing on ponderosa pine forest and range in central Washington
    • Rummell, R. S. 1951. Some effects of livestock grazing on ponderosa pine forest and range in central Washington. Ecology 32:594-607.
    • (1951) Ecology , vol.32 , pp. 594-607
    • Rummell, R.S.1
  • 73
    • 0000191659 scopus 로고
    • Boysag Point: A relict area on the North Rim of Grand Canyon in Arizona
    • Schmutz, E. M., C. C. Michaels, and B. I. Judd. 1967. Boysag Point: a relict area on the North Rim of Grand Canyon in Arizona. Journal of Range Management 20:363-368.
    • (1967) Journal of Range Management , vol.20 , pp. 363-368
    • Schmutz, E.M.1    Michaels, C.C.2    Judd, B.I.3
  • 75
    • 0003259041 scopus 로고
    • Effects of cattle grazing on a ponderosa pine-bunchgrass range in Colorado
    • Washington, D.C, USA
    • Smith, D. R. 1967. Effects of cattle grazing on a ponderosa pine-bunchgrass range in Colorado. USDA Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1371, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1967) USDA Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin , vol.1371
    • Smith, D.R.1
  • 76
    • 40449119207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station. 1937. Annual report and program. U.S. Forest Service, Tucson, Arizona. Fort Valley Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
    • Southwestern Forest and Range Experiment Station. 1937. Annual report and program. U.S. Forest Service, Tucson, Arizona. Fort Valley Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
  • 77
    • 0036695653 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is fencing enough? The short-term effects of stock exclusion in remnant grassy woodlands in southern NSW
    • Spooner, P., I. Lunt, and W. Robinson. 2002. Is fencing enough? The short-term effects of stock exclusion in remnant grassy woodlands in southern NSW. Ecological Management and Restoration 3:117-126.
    • (2002) Ecological Management and Restoration , vol.3 , pp. 117-126
    • Spooner, P.1    Lunt, I.2    Robinson, W.3
  • 78
    • 40449125706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPSS. 2004. SPSS version 13.0. SPSS, Chicago. Illinois, USA
    • SPSS. 2004. SPSS version 13.0. SPSS, Chicago. Illinois, USA.
  • 79
    • 0033081192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands
    • Stohlgren, T. J., L. D. Schell, and B. Vanden Heuvel. 1999. How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands. Ecological Applications 9:45-64.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 45-64
    • Stohlgren, T.J.1    Schell, L.D.2    Vanden Heuvel, B.3
  • 82
    • 40449114928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Talbot, M. W., and R. R. Hill. 1923. Progress report on the range study plots on the Coconino National Forest comprising a description of project and digest of data. Fort Valley Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
    • Talbot, M. W., and R. R. Hill. 1923. Progress report on the range study plots on the Coconino National Forest comprising a description of project and digest of data. Fort Valley Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA.
  • 83
    • 40449113329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • version 3.5. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C, USA
    • USDA. 2004. The PLANTS database, version 3.5. USDA, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, D.C., USA. 〈http://plants.usda.gov〉
    • USDA. 2004. The PLANTS database
  • 84
    • 40449095525 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
    • USDA Forest Service. 2004. Fort Valley Cooperative Weather Station. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA. 〈http://www.rmrs.nau.edu/weather/stations/ftv_coop/〉
    • (2004) Fort Valley Cooperative Weather Station
  • 85
    • 0002837939 scopus 로고
    • Fire as an ecological factor in the southwestern ponderosa pine forests
    • Weaver, H. A. 1951. Fire as an ecological factor in the southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Journal of Forestry 49:93-98.
    • (1951) Journal of Forestry , vol.49 , pp. 93-98
    • Weaver, H.A.1
  • 86
    • 40449089971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Westveld, M. 1921. Report on the sheep damage situation on the Coconino and Tusayan forests. National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Region, Laguna Niguel, California, USA.
    • Westveld, M. 1921. Report on the sheep damage situation on the Coconino and Tusayan forests. National Archives and Records Administration, Pacific Region, Laguna Niguel, California, USA.
  • 87
    • 17644419686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of grazing exclusion on rangeland vegetation and soils, east central Idaho
    • Yeo, J. J. 2005. Effects of grazing exclusion on rangeland vegetation and soils, east central Idaho. Western North American Naturalist 65:91-102.
    • (2005) Western North American Naturalist , vol.65 , pp. 91-102
    • Yeo, J.J.1
  • 88
    • 0001308052 scopus 로고
    • Livestock grazing influences on community structure, fire intensity, and fire frequency within the Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type
    • Zimmerman, G. T., and L. F. Neuenschwander. 1984. Livestock grazing influences on community structure, fire intensity, and fire frequency within the Douglas-fir/ninebark habitat type. Journal of Range Management 37:104-110.
    • (1984) Journal of Range Management , vol.37 , pp. 104-110
    • Zimmerman, G.T.1    Neuenschwander, L.F.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.