Through thickness air permeability of prepregs during cure

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

Volumn 40, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1587-1596

  Tavares, S Sequeira ^a   Michaud, V ^a   Manson J A E ^a  

^a LABORATOIRE DE TECHNOLOGIE DES COMPOSITES ET POLYMÈRES LTC   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

A. Prepreg; A. Thermosetting resin; E. Cure; Permeability

Indexed keywords

A. PREPREG; A. THERMOSETTING RESIN; CONSUMABLES; E. CURE; EXPERIMENTAL METHODS; IMMOBILE PHASE; PERMEABILITY; PREPREGS; PROCESSING CONDITION; RESIN VISCOSITY; SOIL SCIENCE;

AGRICULTURE; CAPILLARITY; CURING; PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; RESINS; THERMOSETS;

AIR PERMEABILITY;

EID: 70249092482     PISSN: 1359835X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.07.004     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Bonjour F, Amacher R, Michaud V, et al. Vacuum bag processing of large composite structures for America's cup class boats. In: Proceedings of 24th international conference and forum - SAMPE Europe conference. Paris, April, 2003. p.507-13.
2. Bowles K.J., and Frimpong S. Void effects on the interlaminar shear-strength of unidirectional graphite-fiber-reinforced composites. J Compos Mater 26 10 (1992) 1487-1509
3. Varna J., Joffe R., Berglund L.A., et al. Effect of voids on failure mechanisms in RTM laminates. Compos Sci Technol 53 2 (1995) 241-249
4. Zenkert D. The handbook of sandwich construction (1997), Engineering Materials Advisory Services, Cradley Heath
5. Bear J. Dynamics of fluids in porous media (1972), American Elsevier, New York
6. Wood J.R., and Bader M.G. Modeling the behavior of gas bubbles in an epoxy resin: evaluating the input parameters for a diffusion model using a free-volume approach. J Mater Sci 30 4 (1995) 916-922
7. Vanlandingham M.R., Eduljee R.F., and Gillespie J.W. Moisture diffusion in epoxy systems. J Appl Polym Sci 71 5 (1999) 787-798
8. Maggana C., and Pissis P. Water sorption and diffusion studies in an epoxy resin system. J Polym Sci Polym Phys 37 11 (1999) 1165-1182
9. Ding Y.F., Liu M.J., Li S.J., et al. Contributions of the side groups to the characteristics of water absorption in cured epoxy resins. Macromol Chem Phys 202 13 (2001) 2681-2685
10. Feng J.X., Berger K.R., and Douglas E.P. Water vapor transport in liquid crystalline and non-liquid crystalline epoxies. J Mater Sci 39 10 (2004) 3413-3423
11. Mehrer H. Diffusion in solids: fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes (2007), Springer, Berlin
12. Kardos J.L., Dudukovic M.P., and Dave R. Void growth and resin transport during processing of thermosetting-matrix composites. Adv Polym Sci 80 (1986) 101-123
13. Campbell F.C., Mallow A.R., and Browning C.E. Porosity in carbon-fiber composites - An overview of causes. J Adv Mater 26 4 (1995) 18-33
14. Shim S.B., Seferis J.C., and Hudson W. Process induced void formation in a high performance structural composite system manufactured by autoclave lay-up processing. J Adv Mater 28 4 (1997) 26-36
15. Michaud V., and Mortensen A. Infiltration processing of fibre reinforced composites: governing phenomena. Composites: Part A 32 8 (2001) 981-996
16. Advani S.G., and Sozer E.M. Process modeling in composites manufacturing (2003), Marcel Dekker, New York
17. Scheidegger A.E. The physics of flow through porous media (1974), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Buffalo
18. Skartsis L., Khomami B., and Kardos J.L. Resin flow through fiber beds during composite manufacturing processes. Part II: numerical and experimental studies of Newtonian flow through ideal and actual fiber beds. Polym Eng Sci 32 4 (1992) 231-239
19. Parnas R.S., Flynn K.M., and Dal-Favero M.E. A permeability database for composites manufacturing. Polym Compos 18 5 (1997) 623-633
20. Hammond V.H., and Loos A.C. The effects of fluid type and viscosity on the steady-state and advancing front permeability behavior of textile preforms. J Reinf Plast Compos 16 1 (1997) 50-72
21. Buntain M.J., and Bickerton S. Compression flow permeability measurement: a continuous technique. Composites: Part A 34 5 (2003) 445
22. Comas-Cardona S., Binetruy C., and Krawczak P. Unidirectional compression of fibre reinforcements. Part 2: A continuous permeability tensor measurement. Compos Sci Technol 67 3-4 (2007) 638-645
23. Um M.K., Daniel I.M., and Childs B.W. A gas flow method for determination of in-plane permeability of fiber preforms. Polym Compos 22 1 (2001) 47-56
24. Kim S.K., Opperer J.G., Kim D.H., et al. Determination of in-plane permeability of fiber preforms by the gas flow method using pressure measurements. Polym Compos 24 1 (2003) 34-44
25. Pomeroy R., Grove S., Summerscales J., et al. Measurement of permeability of continuous filament mat glass-fibre reinforcements by saturated radial airflow. Composites: Part A 38 5 (2007) 1439-1443
26. Scholz S., Gillespie J.W., and Heider D. Measurement of transverse permeability using gaseous and liquid flow. Composites: Part A 38 9 (2007) 2034-2040
27. Gutowski T.G., Cai Z., Bauer S., et al. Consolidation experiments for laminate composites. J Compos Mater 21 7 (1987) 650-669
28. Li M., Gu Y.Z., Zhang Z.G., et al. A simple method for the measurement of compaction and corresponding transverse permeability of composite prepregs. Polym Compos 28 1 (2007) 61-70
29. Loos A.C., and Springer G.S. Curing of epoxy matrix composites. J Compos Mater 17 2 (1983) 135-169
30. Hubert P., and Poursartip A. A method for the direct measurement of the fibre bed compaction curve of composite prepregs. Composites: Part A 32 2 (2001) 179-187
31. Michaud V, Tavares SS, Sigg A, et al. Low pressure processing of high fiber content composites. In: Proceedings of 8th international conference on flow processes in composite materials, Douai, July 2006. p.393-400.
32. Thorfinnson B, Biermann TF. Production of void free composite parts without debulking. In: Proceedings of 31st international SAMPE symposium and exhibition, Las Vegas, April 1986. p. 480-90.
33. Thorfinnson B, Biermann TF. Degree of impregnation of prepregs - effects on porosity. In: Proceedings of 32nd international SAMPE symposium and exhibition, Anaheim, April 1987. p. 1500-9.
34. Harmon B, Boyd J, Thai B. Advanced products designed to simplify co-cure over honeycomb core. In: Proceedings of 47th international SAMPE symposium and exhibition, Long Beach, May 2002. p. 502-11.
35. Ahn K.J., Seferis J.C., Price J.O., et al. Permeation measurements through prepreg laminates. Sampe J 27 6 (1991) 19-25
36. Nam J.D., Seferis J.C., Kim S.W., et al. Gas permeation and viscoelastic deformation of prepregs in composite manufacturing processes. Polym Compos 16 5 (1995) 370-377
37. Putnam J.W., and Seferis J.C. Prepreg gas permeation as a function of fiber orientation and aging time. J Adv Mater 26 3 (1995) 35-41
38. Putnam J.W., Hayes B.S., and Seferis J.C. Prepreg process-structure-property analysis and scale-up for manufacturing and performance. J Adv Mater 27 4 (1996) 47-57
39. Shim S.B., and Seferis J.C. Thermal and air permeation properties of a carbon fiber toughened epoxy based prepreg system. J Appl Polym Sci 65 1 (1997) 5-16
40. Buehler F.U., and Seferis J.C. Prepreg manufacturing under constant pressure of deformation. J Adv Mater 30 1 (1998) 3-9
41. Green H., and Ampt G.A. Studies on soil physics. Part II - The permeability of an ideal soil to air and water. J Agr Sci 5 (1912) 1-26
42. De Boodt M.F., and Kirkham D. Anisotropy and measurement of air permeability of soil clods. Soil Sci 76 2 (1953) 127-133
43. Van Groenewoud H. Methods and apparatus for measuring air permeability of soil. Soil Sci 106 4 (1968) 275-279
44. Stonestrom D.A., and Rubin J. Air permeability and trapped-air content in two soils. Water Resour Res 25 9 (1989) 1959-1969
45. Springer D.S., Loaiciga H.A., Cullen S.J., et al. Air permeability of porous materials under controlled laboratory conditions. Ground Water 36 4 (1998) 558-565
46. Iversen B.V., Schjonning P., Poulsen T.G., et al. In situ, on-site and laboratory measurements of soil air permeability: boundary conditions and measurement scale. Soil Sci 166 2 (2001) 97-106
47. Shan C., Falta R.W., and Javandel I. Analytical solutions for steady-state gas-flow to a soil vapor extraction well. Water Resour Res 28 4 (1992) 1105-1120
48. Garbesi K., Sextro R.G., Robinson A.L., et al. Scale dependence of soil permeability to air: measurement method and field investigation. Water Resour Res 32 3 (1996) 547-560
49. Yasumoto K, Kawabata J. Evaluation of in-situ air permeability test for designing of soil vapor extraction. In: Proceedings of International Symposium 2000 on Groundwater Updates, Omiya, May 2000. p. 393-7.
50. Baehr A.L., and Hult M.F. Evaluation of unsaturated zone air permeability through pneumatic tests. Water Resour Res 27 10 (1991) 2605-2617
51. Shan C. Analytical solutions for determining vertical air permeability in unsaturated soils. Water Resour Res 31 9 (1995) 2193-2200
52. Li H.L., Jiao J.J., and Luk M. A falling-pressure method for measuring air permeability of asphalt in laboratory. J Hydrol 286 1-4 (2004) 69-77
53. Wu Y.S., Pruess K., and Persoff P. Gas flow in porous media with Klinkenberg effects. Trans Porous Media 32 1 (1998) 117-137
54. Reid R.C., Prausnitz J.M., and Sherwood T.K. The properties of gases and liquids (1977), McGraw-Hill, New York
55. Kaye G.W.C., and Laby T.H. Tables of physical and chemical constants and some mathematical functions (1966), Longman, London
56. Tanikawa W., and Shimamoto T. Comparison of Klinkenberg-corrected gas permeability and water permeability in sedimentary rocks. Int J Rock Mech Min 46 2 (2009) 229-238
57. Jones F.O., and Owens W.W. A laboratory study of low-permeability gas sands. J Petrol Technol 32 9 (1980) 1631-1640