메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 334-354

Moving Risk Factors into Developmental Theories of Gang Membership

Author keywords

developmental; risk factors; theory; youth gang

Indexed keywords


EID: 34247669346     PISSN: 15412040     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1541204005278679     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (167)

References (98)
  • 2
    • 21344497273 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in gang participation, delinquency, and substance use
    • Bjerregaard, B., & Smith, C. (1993). Gender differences in gang participation, delinquency, and substance use. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 9, 329-355.
    • (1993) Journal of Quantitative Criminology , vol.9 , pp. 329-355
    • Bjerregaard, B.1    Smith, C.2
  • 4
    • 84929029983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study
    • Broidy, L. M., Tremblay, R. E., Brame, B., Fergusson, D., Horwood, J. L., Laird, R., et al. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39(2), 222-245.
    • (2003) Developmental Psychology , vol.39 , Issue.2 , pp. 222-245
    • Broidy, L.M.1    Tremblay, R.E.2    Brame, B.3    Fergusson, D.4    Horwood, J.L.5    Laird, R.6
  • 9
    • 0000402856 scopus 로고
    • Social cognition and social networks: A developmental perspective
    • D. J. Pepler and K. H. Rubin (eds.) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Cairns, R. B., & Cairns, B. D. (1991). Social cognition and social networks: A developmental perspective. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 249-278). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1991) The development and treatment of childhood aggression , pp. 249-278
    • Cairns, R.B.1    Cairns, B.D.2
  • 12
    • 84936823500 scopus 로고
    • Social capital in the creation of human capital
    • Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120.
    • (1988) American Journal of Sociology , vol.94 , pp. 95-120
    • Coleman, J.S.1
  • 14
    • 0036003796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The road to gang membership: Characteristics of male gang and non-gang members from ages 10 to 14
    • Craig, W. M., Vitaro, C. G., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). The road to gang membership: Characteristics of male gang and non-gang members from ages 10 to 14. Social Development, 11(1), 53-68.
    • (2002) Social Development , vol.11 , Issue.1 , pp. 53-68
    • Craig, W.M.1    Vitaro, C.G.2    Tremblay, R.E.3
  • 15
    • 0039178058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-reported gang involvement and officially recorded delinquency
    • Curry, G. D. (2000). Self-reported gang involvement and officially recorded delinquency. Criminology, 38, 1253-1274.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 1253-1274
    • Curry, G.D.1
  • 17
    • 0347616408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gang involvement and delinquency in a middle school population
    • Curry, G. D., Decker, S. H., & Egley, A., Jr. (2002). Gang involvement and delinquency in a middle school population. Justice Quarterly, 19, 275-292.
    • (2002) Justice Quarterly , vol.19 , pp. 275-292
    • Curry, G.D.1    Decker, S.H.2    Egley, A.3
  • 18
    • 0026673761 scopus 로고
    • Gang involvement and delinquency among Hispanic and African-American adolescent males
    • Curry, G. D., & Spergel, I. A. (1992). Gang involvement and delinquency among Hispanic and African-American adolescent males. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29, 273-291.
    • (1992) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , vol.29 , pp. 273-291
    • Curry, G.D.1    Spergel, I.A.2
  • 19
    • 0347137606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collective and normative features of gang violence
    • Decker, S. H. (1996). Collective and normative features of gang violence. Justice Quarterly, 13, 243-264.
    • (1996) Justice Quarterly , vol.13 , pp. 243-264
    • Decker, S.H.1
  • 20
    • 0034311781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Addressing key features of gang membership: Measuring the involvement of young members
    • Decker, S. H., & Curry, G. D. (2000). Addressing key features of gang membership: Measuring the involvement of young members. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 473-482.
    • (2000) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.28 , pp. 473-482
    • Decker, S.H.1    Curry, G.D.2
  • 22
    • 0031743716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common risk and protective factors in successful prevention programs
    • Durlak, J. A. (1998). Common risk and protective factors in successful prevention programs. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 512-520.
    • (1998) American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , vol.68 , pp. 512-520
    • Durlak, J.A.1
  • 23
    • 1142290971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative exposure to stressful life events and male gang membership
    • Eitle, D., Gunkel, S., & Gundy, K. V. (2004). Cumulative exposure to stressful life events and male gang membership. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 95-111.
    • (2004) Journal of Criminal Justice , vol.32 , pp. 95-111
    • Eitle, D.1    Gunkel, S.2    Gundy, K.V.3
  • 24
    • 0002548604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delinquent friends and delinquent behavior: Temporal and developmental patterns
    • In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.) New York: Cambridge University Press
    • Elliott, D. S., & Menard, S. (1996). Delinquent friends and delinquent behavior: Temporal and developmental patterns. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 28-67). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (1996) Delinquency and crime: Current theories , pp. 28-67
    • Elliott, D.S.1    Menard, S.2
  • 25
    • 33746487776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing adolescent gang involvement: Risk factors and prevention strategies
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
    • Esbensen, F. (2000). Preventing adolescent gang involvement: Risk factors and prevention strategies. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Youth Gang Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
    • (2000) Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Youth Gang Series
    • Esbensen, F.1
  • 26
    • 0040676526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-site examination of gang membership: Does gender matter?
    • Esbensen, F., & Deschenes, E. P. (1998). A multi-site examination of gang membership: Does gender matter? Criminology, 36, 799-828.
    • (1998) Criminology , vol.36 , pp. 799-828
    • Esbensen, F.1    Deschenes, E.P.2
  • 27
    • 0033415293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences between gang girls and gang boys: Results from a multi-site survey
    • Esbensen, F., Deschenes, E. P., & Winfree, L. T. (1999). Differences between gang girls and gang boys: Results from a multi-site survey. Youth and Society, 31, 27-53.
    • (1999) Youth and Society , vol.31 , pp. 27-53
    • Esbensen, F.1    Deschenes, E.P.2    Winfree, L.T.3
  • 28
    • 15444355573 scopus 로고
    • Gangs, drugs, and delinquency in a survey of urban youth
    • Esbensen, F., & Huizinga, D. (1993). Gangs, drugs, and delinquency in a survey of urban youth. Criminology, 31, 565-589.
    • (1993) Criminology , vol.31 , pp. 565-589
    • Esbensen, F.1    Huizinga, D.2
  • 30
    • 0001343227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race and gender differences between gang and non-gang youths: Results from a multi-site survey
    • Esbensen, F., & Winfree, L. T. (1998). Race and gender differences between gang and non-gang youths: Results from a multi-site survey. Justice Quarterly, 15, 505-526.
    • (1998) Justice Quarterly , vol.15 , pp. 505-526
    • Esbensen, F.1    Winfree, L.T.2
  • 34
    • 0036876453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Promoting science-based prevention in communities
    • Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Arthur, M. W. (2002). Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 951-976.
    • (2002) Addictive Behaviors , vol.27 , pp. 951-976
    • Hawkins, J.D.1    Catalano, R.F.2    Arthur, M.W.3
  • 35
    • 0026891046 scopus 로고
    • Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention
    • Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 64-105.
    • (1992) Psychological Bulletin , vol.112 , pp. 64-105
    • Hawkins, J.D.1    Catalano, R.F.2    Miller, J.Y.3
  • 39
    • 84885579869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Youth gangs: Prevention and intervention
    • P. Allen-Meares and M. W. Fraser (eds.) Boston: Allyn & Bacon
    • Howell, J. C. (2004). Youth gangs: Prevention and intervention. In P. Allen-Meares & M. W. Fraser (Eds.), Intervention with children and adolescents: An interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 493-514). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
    • (2004) Intervention with children and adolescents: An interdisciplinary perspective , pp. 493-514
    • Howell, J.C.1
  • 40
    • 33745967993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern day youth gangs
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
    • Howell, J. C., Egley, A., Jr., & Gleason, D. K. (2002). Modern day youth gangs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Youth Gang Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
    • (2002) Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Youth Gang Series
    • Howell, J.C.1    Egley, A.2    Gleason, D.K.3
  • 41
    • 0037339842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Child disobedience and noncompliance: A review
    • Kalb, L. M., & Loeber, R. (2003). Child disobedience and noncompliance: A review. Pediatrics, 111, 641-652.
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.111 , pp. 641-652
    • Kalb, L.M.1    Loeber, R.2
  • 42
    • 0041590609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncovering preschool precursor problem behaviors
    • R. Loeber and D. P. Farrington (eds.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Keenan, K. (2001). Uncovering preschool precursor problem behaviors. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development, intervention, and service needs (pp. 117-134). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2001) Child delinquents: Development, intervention, and service needs , pp. 117-134
    • Keenan, K.1
  • 45
    • 84964571709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The developmental dynamics of gang initiation: When and why young people join gangs
    • November Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology. Chicago
    • Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Hill, K. G., Abbott, R. D., Catalano, R. F., & Guo, J. (1996, November). The developmental dynamics of gang initiation: When and why young people join gangs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago.
    • (1996)
    • Kosterman, R.1    Hawkins, J.D.2    Hill, K.G.3    Abbott, R.D.4    Catalano, R.F.5    Guo, J.6
  • 48
    • 84933475529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social and psychological characteristics of gang members according to the gang structure and its subcultural and ethnic makeup
    • Le Blanc, M., & Lanctot, N. (1998). Social and psychological characteristics of gang members according to the gang structure and its subcultural and ethnic makeup. Journal of Gang Research, 5, 15-28.
    • (1998) Journal of Gang Research , vol.5 , pp. 15-28
    • Le Blanc, M.1    Lanctot, N.2
  • 49
    • 85004405632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research
    • R. Loeber and D. P. Farrington (eds.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Lipsey, M. W., & Derzon, J. H. (1998). Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 86-105). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1998) Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions , pp. 86-105
    • Lipsey, M.W.1    Derzon, J.H.2
  • 50
    • 0038597845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors influencing gun carrying among young urban males over the adolescent-young adult life course
    • Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Howell, J. C., Tobin, K., & Howard, G. J. (2000). Factors influencing gun carrying among young urban males over the adolescent-young adult life course. Criminology, 38, 811-834.
    • (2000) Criminology , vol.38 , pp. 811-834
    • Lizotte, A.J.1    Krohn, M.D.2    Howell, J.C.3    Tobin, K.4    Howard, G.J.5
  • 57
    • 0039621500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking gender, minority group status, and family matters to self-control theory: A multivariate analysis of key self-control concepts in a youth gang context
    • Lynskey, D. P., Winfree, L. T., Esbensen, F., & Clason, D. L. (2000). Linking gender, minority group status, and family matters to self-control theory: A multivariate analysis of key self-control concepts in a youth gang context. Juvenile and Family Court Journal, 51(3), 1-19.
    • (2000) Juvenile and Family Court Journal , vol.51 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-19
    • Lynskey, D.P.1    Winfree, L.T.2    Esbensen, F.3    Clason, D.L.4
  • 58
    • 0345017379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability to street gang membership: Implications for prevention
    • Maxson, C. L., Whitlock, M., & Klein, M. W. (1998). Vulnerability to street gang membership: Implications for prevention. Social Service Review, 72(1), 70-91.
    • (1998) Social Service Review , vol.72 , Issue.1 , pp. 70-91
    • Maxson, C.L.1    Whitlock, M.2    Klein, M.W.3
  • 59
    • 1642306572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining racial and ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior
    • McNulty, T. L., & Bellair, P. E. (2003). Explaining racial and ethnic differences in serious adolescent violent behavior. Criminology, 41, 709-748.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 709-748
    • McNulty, T.L.1    Bellair, P.E.2
  • 61
    • 0010003983 scopus 로고
    • Aggression in a boys’ street-corner group
    • Miller, W. B., Geertz, H., & Cutter, H. S. G. (1962). Aggression in a boys’ street-corner group. Psychiatry, 24, 283-298.
    • (1962) Psychiatry , vol.24 , pp. 283-298
    • Miller, W.B.1    Geertz, H.2    Cutter, H.S.G.3
  • 64
    • 79952152535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding youth street gangs: Economic restructuring and the urban underclass
    • In M. W. Watts (Ed.) Stamford, CT: JAI
    • Moore, J. W. (1998). Understanding youth street gangs: Economic restructuring and the urban underclass. In M. W. Watts (Ed.), Cross-cultural perspectives on youth and violence (pp. 65-78). Stamford, CT: JAI.
    • (1998) Cross-cultural perspectives on youth and violence , pp. 65-78
    • Moore, J.W.1
  • 65
    • 0043177583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female gangs
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
    • Moore, J. W., & Hagedorn, J. M. (2001). Female gangs. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Youth Gang Series. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
    • (2001) Juvenile Justice Bulletin, Youth Gang Series
    • Moore, J.W.1    Hagedorn, J.M.2
  • 66
    • 0013004499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence
    • Morenoff, J. D., Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2001). Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology, 39, 517-559.
    • (2001) Criminology , vol.39 , pp. 517-559
    • Morenoff, J.D.1    Sampson, R.J.2    Raudenbush, S.W.3
  • 68
    • 34547937151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • b Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
    • National Youth Gang Center. (2002b). OJJDP comprehensive gang model: Planning for implementation. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
    • (2002) OJJDP comprehensive gang model: Planning for implementation
  • 70
    • 0003864645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC: National Academy Press
    • National Research Council & Institute of Medicine. (2002). Community programs to promote youth development. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
    • (2002) Community programs to promote youth development
  • 71
  • 72
    • 1642618585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The delinquency of children born to young mothers: Results from the Rochester Youth Development Study
    • Pogarsky, G., Lizotte, A. J., & Thornberry, T. P. (2003). The delinquency of children born to young mothers: Results from the Rochester Youth Development Study. Criminology, 41, 1249-1286.
    • (2003) Criminology , vol.41 , pp. 1249-1286
    • Pogarsky, G.1    Lizotte, A.J.2    Thornberry, T.P.3
  • 73
    • 0031492905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Collective regulation of adolescent misbehavior: Validation results from eighty Chicago neighborhoods
    • Sampson, R. J. (1997). Collective regulation of adolescent misbehavior: Validation results from eighty Chicago neighborhoods. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 227-244.
    • (1997) Journal of Adolescent Research , vol.12 , pp. 227-244
    • Sampson, R.J.1
  • 74
    • 28344457759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Violent victimization as a risk factor for violent offending among juveniles
    • Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
    • Shaffer, J. N., & Ruback, R. B. (2002). Violent victimization as a risk factor for violent offending among juveniles. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
    • (2002) Juvenile Justice Bulletin
    • Shaffer, J.N.1    Ruback, R.B.2
  • 75
    • 84995120595 scopus 로고
    • Youth, gangs and society: Micro-and macrosociological processes
    • Short, J. F., Jr. (1974). Youth, gangs and society: Micro-and macrosociological processes. The Sociological Quarterly, 15, 3-19.
    • (1974) The Sociological Quarterly , vol.15 , pp. 3-19
    • Short, J.F.1
  • 76
    • 21644475493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Personal, gang, and community careers
    • In C. R. Huff (Ed.) (2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Short, J. F., Jr. (1996). Personal, gang, and community careers. In C. R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America (2nd ed., 221-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1996) Gangs in America , pp. 221-240
    • Short, J.F.1
  • 77
    • 0000981354 scopus 로고
    • Resilient youth: Identifying factors that prevent high-risk youth from engaging in delinquency and drug use
    • In J. Hagan (Ed.) Greenwich, CT: JAI
    • Smith, C. A., Lizotte, A. J., Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (1995). Resilient youth: Identifying factors that prevent high-risk youth from engaging in delinquency and drug use. In J. Hagan (Ed.), Delinquency in the life course (pp. 217-247). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
    • (1995) Delinquency in the life course , pp. 217-247
    • Smith, C.A.1    Lizotte, A.J.2    Thornberry, T.P.3    Krohn, M.D.4
  • 82
    • 0023600005 scopus 로고
    • Toward an interactional theory of delinquency
    • Thornberry, T. P. (1987). Toward an interactional theory of delinquency. Criminology, 25, 863-891.
    • (1987) Criminology , vol.25 , pp. 863-891
    • Thornberry, T.P.1
  • 83
    • 0001547017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending
    • R. Loeber and D. P. Farrington (eds.) Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • Thornberry, T. P. (1998). Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 147-166). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1998) Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions , pp. 147-166
    • Thornberry, T.P.1
  • 84
    • 0005599736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of delinquency: An interactional perspective
    • In S. O. White (Ed.) New York: Plenum
    • Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2001). The development of delinquency: An interactional perspective. In S. O. White (Ed.), Handbook of youth and justice (pp. 289-305). New York: Plenum.
    • (2001) Handbook of youth and justice , pp. 289-305
    • Thornberry, T.P.1    Krohn, M.D.2
  • 87
    • 84984308480 scopus 로고
    • Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: A longitudinal test of interactional theory
    • Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Farnworth, M., & Jang, S. J. (1994). Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: A longitudinal test of interactional theory. Criminology, 32, 601-637.
    • (1994) Criminology , vol.32 , pp. 601-637
    • Thornberry, T.P.1    Lizotte, A.J.2    Krohn, M.D.3    Farnworth, M.4    Jang, S.J.5
  • 90
    • 0038687140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dimensions of the construct of resilience and adaptation among inner-city youth
    • Tiet, Q. Q., & Huizinga, D. (2003). Dimensions of the construct of resilience and adaptation among inner-city youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 17, 260-276.
    • (2003) Journal of Adolescent Research , vol.17 , pp. 260-276
    • Tiet, Q.Q.1    Huizinga, D.2
  • 91
    • 8644283920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why socialization fails: The case of chronic physical aggression
    • B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt and A. Caspi (eds.) New York: Guilford
    • Tremblay, R. E. (2003). Why socialization fails: The case of chronic physical aggression. In B. B. Lahey, T. E. Moffitt, & & A. Caspi (Eds.), Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency (pp. 182-224). New York: Guilford.
    • (2003) Causes of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency , pp. 182-224
    • Tremblay, R.E.1
  • 92
    • 85001190647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health
    • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Youth violence: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health.
    • (2001) Youth violence: A report of the Surgeon General
  • 94
    • 0035512387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic differences in the effect of parenting on gang involvement and gang delinquency: A longitudinal, hierarchical linear modeling perspective
    • Walker-Barnes, C. J., & Mason, C. A. (2001). Ethnic differences in the effect of parenting on gang involvement and gang delinquency: A longitudinal, hierarchical linear modeling perspective. Child Development, 72, 1814-1831.
    • (2001) Child Development , vol.72 , pp. 1814-1831
    • Walker-Barnes, C.J.1    Mason, C.A.2
  • 97
    • 0042406625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hispanic and Anglo gang membership in two southwestern cities
    • Winfree, L. T., Jr., Bernat, F. P., & Esbensen, F. A. (2001). Hispanic and Anglo gang membership in two southwestern cities. The Social Science Journal, 38, 105-117.
    • (2001) The Social Science Journal , vol.38 , pp. 105-117
    • Winfree, L.T.1    Bernat, F.P.2    Esbensen, F.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.