Cheap talk in the classroom: How biased grading at school explains gender differences in achievements, career choices and wages

Review of Economic Studies

Volumn 76, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 1431-1459

  Mechtenberg, Lydia ^a  

^a TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITÄT BERLIN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; EMPLOYMENT; GENDER DISPARITY; LABOR MARKET; OECD; SOCIAL THEORY; THEORETICAL STUDY; WAGE GAP;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 70149102215     PISSN: 00346527     EISSN: 1467937X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-937X.2009.00551.x     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. ALVIDREZ, J. and WEINSTEIN, R. S. (1999), "Early Teacher Perceptions and Later Student Academic Achievement", Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 731-746.
2. ARROW, K. J. (1972), "Some Mathematical Models of Race in the Labor Market", in Pascal, A. (ed.) Racial Discrimination in Economic Life (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books) 187-204.
3. ARROW, K. J. (1973), "The Theory of Discrimination", in Ashenfelter, O. and Rees, A. (eds) Discrimination in Labor Markets (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press) 3-33.
4. BECKER, G. (1957), The Economics of Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
5. BENABOU, R. and LAROQUE, G. (1992), "Using Privileged Information to Manipulate Markets: Insiders, Gurus, and Credibility", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107 (3), 921-958.
6. BENABOU, R. and TIROLE, J. (2000), "Self-Confidence and Social Interaction" (NBER Working Paper).
7. BENABOU, R. and TIROLE, J. (2002), "Self-Confidence and Personal Motivation", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (3), 871-916.
8. BENABOU, R. and TIROLE, J. (2003), "Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation", Review of Economic Studies, 70 (3), 489-520.
9. BENOIT, J.-P. (1999), "Color Blind Is Not Color Neutral: Testing Differences and Affirmative Action", Journal of Law Economics & Organization, 15 (2), 378-400.
10. BLAU, F. D. and KAHN, L. M. (2006), "The US Gender Pay Gap in the 1990s: Slowing Convergence" (Working Paper 508, Princeton University).
11. BLINDER, A. S. (1973), "Wage Discrimination: Reduced Form and Structural Estimates", Journal of Human Resources, 8 (4), 436-455.
12. CLIFFORD, M. M. and WALSTER, E. (1973), "The Effect of Physical Attractiveness on Teacher Expectations", Sociology of Education, 46 (2), 248-258.
13. CLIFTON, R. A., PERRY R. P., PARSONSON, K. and HRYNIUK, S. (1986), "Effects of Ethnicity and Sex on Teachers' Expectations of Junior High School Students", Sociology of Education, 59 (1), 58-67.
14. COATE, S. and LOURY, G. C. (1993), "Will Affirmative-Action Policies Eliminate Negative Stereotypes?" American Economic Review, 83 (5), 1220-1240.
15. CRAWFORD, V. P. and SOBEL, J. (1982), "Strategic Information Transmission", Econometrica, 50 (6), 1431-1451.
16. DEE, T. S. (2005), "A Teacher Like Me: Does Race, Ethnicity, or Gender Matter?" American Economic Review, 95 (2), 158-165.
17. FANG, H. and MOSCARINI, G. (2005), "Moral Hazard", Journal of Monetary Economics, 52, 749-777.
18. FRYER, R. G., LOURY, G. C. and YURET, T. (2003), "Color-Blind Affirmative Action" (NBER Working Paper No. 10103).
19. HOGE, H. D. and BUTCHER, R. (1984), "Analysis of Teacher Judgments of Pupil Achievement Levels", Journal of Educational Psychology, 76, 777-781.
20. JUSSIM, L. (1989), "Teacher Expectations: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies, Perceptual Biases, and Accuracy", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 469-480.
21. JUSSIM, L. and HARBER, K. D. (2005), "Teacher Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies: Knowns and Unknowns, Resolved and Unresolved Controversies", Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9 (2), 131-155.
22. LAVY, V. (2004), "Do Gender Stereotypes Reduce Girls' Human Capital Outcomes? Evidence from a Natural Experiment" (NBER Working Paper No. 10678).
23. LEMKE, M., SEN, A., PAHLKE, E., MILLER, D., WILLIAMS, T., KASTBERG, D. and JOCELYN, L. (2004), International Outcomes of Learning in Mathematics Literacy and Problem Solving: PISA 2003 Results from the US Perspective (NCES 2005-003) (Washington, DC: US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics).
24. MORRIS, S. (2001), "Political Correctness", Journal of Political Economy, 109 (21), 231-265.
25. MULLIS, I. V. S., MARTIN, M. O., FIERROS, E. G., GOLDBERG, A. L. and STEMLER, S. E. (2000), Gender Differences in Achievement: IEA's Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) (Chestnut Hill, MA: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, TIMSS International Study Center, Boston College).
26. OAXACA, R. (1973), "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets", International Economic Review, 14 (3), 693-709.
27. OECD (2001), "Knowledge and Skills for Life: First Results from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2000" (Paris: OECD).
28. OUAZAD, A. (2008), "Assessed by a Teacher Like Me: Race, Gender and Subjective Evaluations" (INSEAD Working Paper No. 2008/57/EPS).
29. PHELPS, E. S. (1972), "The Statistical Theory of Racism and Sexism", American Economic Review, 62, 659-61.
30. PRENDERGAST, C. and TOPEL, R. H. (1996), "Favoritism in Organizations", Journal of Political Economy, 104 (5), 958-978.
31. ROSENTHAL, R. and JACOBSON, L. (1968), Pygmalion in the Classroom: Teacher Expectation and Pupils' Intellectual Development (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston).
32. SOBEL, J. (1985), "A Theory of Credibility", Review of Economic Studies, 52 (4), 557-573.
33. TROUILLOUD, D. O., SARRAZIN, P. G., MARTINEK, T. J. and GUILLET, E. (2002), "The Influence of Teacher Expectations on Student Achievement in Physical Education Classes: Pygmalion Revisited", European Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 591-607.
34. WEICHSELBAUMER, R. and WINTER-EBMER, D. (2005), "A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap", Journal of Economic Surveys, 19 (3), 479-511.
35. YURTOGLU, B. B. and ZULEHNER, C. (2006), "The Gender Gap in Top Corporate Jobs is still there" (unpublished manuscript).