Electronic surveillance in the global workplace: Laws, ethics, research and practice

New Technology, Work and Employment

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 194-208

  Kidwell, Roland E ^a   Sprague, Robert ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHICS; GUIDELINE; MONITORING SYSTEM; WORKPLACE;

EID: 70149088169     PISSN: 02681072     EISSN: 1468005X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-005X.2009.00228.x     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Adler, N.J. (2001), International Dimensions of Organizational Behavior, 4th edn (Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing).
2. Agre, P.E. and M. Rotenberg (1997), Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press).
3. Alder, G.S. and P.K. Tompkins (1997), 'Electronic Performance Monitoring: An Organizational Justice and Concertive Control Perspective', Management Communications Quarterly 10, 3, 259-288.
4. American Management Association (2007), Electronic Monitoring & Surveillance Survey, http://press.amanet.org/press-releases/177/ 2007-electronic-monitoring-surveillance-survey (accessed 28 October 2008).
5. Anton, G. and J.J. Ward (1998), 'Every Breath You Take: Employee Privacy Rights in the Workplace-An Orwellian Prophecy Comes True?' Labor Law Journal 49, 3, 897-911.
6. Attewell, P. (1987), 'Big Brother and the Electronic Sweatshop: Computer Surveillance in the Automated Office', Sociological Theory 5, 87-99.
7. Bennett, C.J. (1997), 'Convergence Revisited: Toward A Global Policy for the Protection of Personal Data?' in P.E. Agre and M. Rotenberg (eds), Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press), pp. 99-123.
8. Bennett, S.C. and S.D. Locke (1998), 'Privacy in the Workplace: A Practical Primer', Labor Law Journal 49, 1, 781-787.
9. Blanpain, R. (1977), International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations (Deventer: Kluwer).
10. Blanpain, R. (1977/1994), 'OECD', in R. Blanpain (ed.), International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Supplement 162 (Deventer: Kluwer), pp. 37-40.
11. Blanpain, R. (1995), 'Belgium', in R. Blanpain (ed.), International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Supplement 173, Vol. 2 (Deventer: Kluwer), pp. 103-106.
12. Blanpain, R. (1999), 'Belgium', in R. Blanpain (ed.), International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Supplement 226, Vol. 2 (Deventer: Kluwer), pp. 123-125.
13. Burlington Industries, Inc. v Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742 (1998) (Thomas, J., dissenting).
14. Carrns, A. (2000), 'Prying Times: Those Bawdy E-mails Were Good for a Laugh-Until the Ax Fell', Wall Street Journal 105, 26, 1-8.
15. Ciocchetti, C.A. (2001), 'Monitoring Employee E-mail: Efficient Workplaces vs. Employee Privacy', Duke Law and Technology Review 26.
16. Collins, C. (2001), 'Monitoring and Mythology', Christian Science Monitor 93, 187, 11.
17. Collinson, D.L. (2003), 'Identities and Insecurities: Selves at Work', Organization 10, 527-547.
18. Conlon, K.J. (1997), 'Privacy in the Workplace', Labor Law Journal 48, 8, 444-448.
19. Convention for the Protection of Individuals with Regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, January 28, 1981, Europ. T.S. 108.
20. Convery, M.A. (1995), 'The Privacy of Telephone Conversations under German Law and Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights: Improving Human Rights Enforcement through Domestic Decisions', German Yearbook of International Law 38, 153-177.
21. Court, L. and C. Warmington (2006), 'The Workplace Privacy Myth: Why Electronic Monitoring Is Here to Stay', Oklahoma City University Law Review 29, 15-40.
22. Cramer v Consolidated Freightways, Inc., 255 F.3d 683 (2001), cert. denied 534 U.S. 1078 (2002).
23. Culnan, M.J. and P.K. Armstrong (1999), 'Information Privacy Concerns, Procedural Fairness, and Impersonal Trust: An Empirical Investigation', Organization Science 10, 1, 104-115.
24. Davies, S. (1998), 'Europe to U.S.: No Privacy, No Trade', Wired 6, 5, 135-136, 187-188.
25. Diffie, W. and S. Landau (1998), Privacy on the Line: The Politics of Wiretapping and Encryption (Cambridge, MA/London: The MIT Press).
26. Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-22, 2701-11.
27. European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, September 3, 1953, 213 U.N.T.S. 222.
28. Fairweather, N.B. (1999), 'Surveillance in Employment: The Case of Teleworking', Journal of Business Ethics 22, 1, 39-49.
29. Findlay, P. and A. McKinlay (2003), 'Surveillance, Electronic Communications Technologies and Regulation', Industrial Relations Journal 34, 305-318.
30. Flaherty, D.H. (1989), Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press).
31. Flaherty, D.H. (1997), 'Controlling Surveillance: Can Privacy Protection be Made Effective?' in P.E. Agre and M. Rotenberg (eds), Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press), pp. 167-192.
32. Gager, R. (2008), 'Video Surveillance: State of the Market', Security Distributing and Marketing 38, 3, 68-80.
33. Greenlaw, P.S. and C. Prundeanu (1997), 'The Impact of Federal Legislation to Limit Electronic Monitoring', Public Personnel Management 26, 227-244.
34. Griswold v Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).
35. Hall, E.T. (1976), Beyond Culture (New York: Anchor Books).
36. Harrison, C. (2000), 'The Searchable Soul', Harper's Magazine 300, 1796, 57-68.
37. Hawk, S.R. (1994), 'The Effects of Computerized Performance Monitoring: An Ethical Perspective', Journal of Business Ethics 13, 949-957.
38. Henle, C.A. and A.L. Blanchard (2008), 'The Interaction of Work Stressors and Organizational Sanctions on Cyberloafing', Journal of Managerial Issues 20, 3, 383-400.
39. Hessler, R.M. and K. Freerks (1995), 'Privacy Ethics in the Age of Disclosure: Sweden and America Compared', American Sociologist 26, 2, 35-53.
40. Hofstede, G. (1984), Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, abridged edition (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications).
41. Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (London: McGraw-Hill).
42. Holden, T.J.M. (1994), 'Surveillance: Japan's Sustaining Principle', Journal of Popular Culture 28, 1, 193-208.
43. Hubbartt, W.S. (1998), The New Battle over Workplace Privacy (New York: American Management Association).
44. Jacobs, L.N. (2006), 'Is What's Yours Really Mine?: Shmueli v. Corcoran Group and Penumbral Property Rights', Journal of Law and Policy 14, 837-880.
45. Joynt, P. and M. Warner (1996), Managing across Cultures: Issues and Perspectives (London: International Thomson Business Press).
46. Kallman, E. (1993), 'Electronic Monitoring of Employees: Issues and Guidelines', Journal of Systems Management 44, 6, 17-21.
47. Kanigel, R. (1997), The One Best Way (New York: Viking Press).
48. Katz v U.S., 389 U.S. 347 (1967).
49. Kesan, J.P. (2002), 'Cyber-Working or Cyber-Shirking?: A First Principles Examination of Electronic Privacy in the Workplace', Florida Law Review 54, 289-332.
50. Kidwell, L.A. and R.E. Kidwell, Jr. (1997), 'Toward a Multilevel Framework for Studying Electronic Control Systems', Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 16, 89-109.
51. Kidwell, R.E. (2005), 'Noncompliance at Dow Chemical', in R.E. Kidwell and C.L. Martin (eds), Managing Organizational Deviance (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage), pp. 151-155.
52. Kleve, P., R.V. De Mulder and K. van Noortwijk (2007), 'Surveillance Technology and the Law: The Social Impact', International Journal of Intercultural Information Management 1, 2-16.
53. Kushner, D. (2004), 'Big Brother at Work', IEEE Spectrum 41, 12, 57-58.
54. Lasprogata, G., N.J. King and S. Pillay (2004), 'Regulation of Electronic Employee Monitoring: Identifying Fundamental Principles of Employee Privacy through a Comparative Study of Data Privacy Legislation in the European Union, United States and Canada', Stanford Technology Law Review 2004, 4.
55. Lawrence v Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003).
56. Lim, V.K.G. (2002), 'The IT Way of Loafing on the Job: Cyberloafing, Neutralizing and Organizational Justice', Journal of Organizational Behavior 23, 675-694.
57. Long, R.E. (1997), Rights to Privacy (New York/Dublin: H.W. Wilson).
58. Lyon, D. and E. Zureik (1996), Computers, Surveillance and Privacy (Minneapolis/London: University of Minnesota Press).
59. Madsen, W. (1992), Handbook of Personal Data Protection (New York: Stockton Press).
60. Martin, K. and R.E. Freeman (2003), 'Some Problems with Employee Monitoring', Journal of Business Ethics 43, 353-361.
61. Marx, G.T. (2003), 'A Tack in the Shoe: Neutralizing and Resisting the New Surveillance', Journal of Social Issues 59, 2, 369-390.
62. Marx, G.T. (2007), 'Desperately Seeking Surveillance Studies: Players in Search of a Field', Contemporary Sociology 36, 125-130.
63. Mayer-Schonberger, V. (1997), 'Generational Development of Data Protection in Europe', in P.E. Agre and M. Rotenberg (eds), Technology and Privacy: The New Landscape (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press), pp. 219-242.
64. Milberg, S.J., S.J. Burke, H.J. Smith and E.A. Kallman (1995), 'Values, Personal Information, Privacy and Regulatory Approaches', Communications of the ACM 38, 12, 65-74.
65. Milberg, S.J., H.J. Smith and S.J. Burke (2000), 'Information Privacy: Corporate Management and National Regulation', Organization Science 11, 1, 35-57.
66. Miller, G. (2001), 'Fired by Big Brother; Fearing Sexual Harassment Lawsuits, Dow Chemical Co. in Michigan Fired Worker Who Forwarded Lewd E-mail. Could Your Company Do the Same?' The Los Angeles Times Magazine, http://www.latimes.com (accessed 28 May 2009).
67. Myers, M.D. and F.B. Tan (2002), 'Beyond Models of National Culture in Information Systems Research', Journal of Global Information Management 10, 24-32.
68. Olafson, S. (2000), 'Dow Fires 24 for E-mail Abuse, 235 Reprimanded at Freeport Facility', Houston Chronicle, September 14, 2000, A-31.
69. Ottensmeyer, E.J. and M.A. Heroux (1991), 'Ethics, Public Policy and Managing Advanced Technologies: The Case of Electronic Surveillance', Journal of Business Ethics 10, 519-526.
70. Pagnattaro, M.A. (2004), 'What Do You Do When You Are Not at Work?: Limiting the Use of Off-Duty Conduct as the Basis for Adverse Employment Decisions', University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor & Employment Law 6, 625-684.
71. Pagnattaro, M.A. and E. Peirce (2007), 'Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Conflict between U.S. Corporate Codes of Conduct and European Privacy and Work Laws', Berkeley Journal of Employment & Labor Law 28, 375-428.
72. Prosser, W.L. (1960), 'Privacy', California Law Review 48, 383-423.
73. Raab, C.D. and C.J. Bennett (1994), 'Protecting Privacy across Borders: European Policies and Prospects', Public Administration 72, 95-112.
74. Regan, P. (1993), 'The Globalization of Privacy: Implications of Recent Changes in Europe', American Journal of Economics & Sociology 52, 257-274.
75. Richards, D. (2000), 'Dow Disciplines Employees for Violating E-mail Policy', Chemical Market Reporter 258, 9, 7-41.
76. Rodriquez, A.P. (1995), 'The Protection of Workers' Privacy: The Situation in the Americas', International Labour Review 134, 297-313.
77. Rosen, J. (2000), The Unwanted Gaze (New York: Random House).
78. Rosenberg, R.S. (1999), 'The Workplace on the Verge of the 21st Century', Journal of Business Ethics 22, 1, 3-14.
79. Selmi, M. (2006), 'Privacy for the Working Class: Public Work and Private Lives', Louisiana Law Review 66, 1035-1056.
80. Sewell, G. (1996), 'A Japanese "Cure"to a British "Disease"? Cultural Dimensions to the Development of Workplace Surveillance Technologies', Information Technology & People 9, 3, 12-29.
81. Sewell, G. and B. Wilkinson (1992), '"Someone to Watch over Me": Surveillance, Discipline and the Just-in-Time Labour Process', Sociology 26, 271-289.
82. Simpson, I.H. (1999), 'Historical Patterns of Workplace Organization: From Mechanical to Electronic Control and Beyond', Current Sociology 47, 2, 47-75.
83. Singelis, T.M. and W.J. Brown (1995), 'Culture, Self, and Collectivist Communication', Human Communication Research 21, 354-399.
84. Smith, H.J. and E.A. Kallman (1996), Privacy Attitudes and Practices Worldwide: An Empirical Study of the ISACA Membership, monograph, series 8 (Rolling Meadows, IL: Information Systems Audit and Control Association/Foundation).
85. Smith, H.J., S.J. Milberg and S.J. Burke (1996), 'Information Privacy: Measuring Individuals' Concerns about Organizational Practices', MIS Quarterly 20, 2, 167-196.
86. Smith v Maryland, 442 U.S. 735 (1979).
87. Smyth v Pillsbury Co., 914 F.Supp. 97 (E.D.Penn. 1996).
88. Sprague, R. (2007), 'From Taylorism to the Omnipticon: Expanding Employee Surveillance beyond the Workplace', John Marshall Journal of Computer & Information Law 25, 1, 1-35.
89. Sprague, R. (2008), 'Orwell Was an Optimist: The Evolution of Privacy in the United States and Its De-Evolution for American Employees', John Marshall Law Review 42, 1, 83-134.
90. Strasser, R., K. Grillberger and R. Rebhahn (1992), 'Austria', in R. Blanpain (ed.), International Encyclopaedia for Labour Law and Industrial Relations, Supplement 131, Vol. 2 (Deventer: Kluwer), pp. 71-74.
91. Susser, P.A. (1988), 'Electronic Monitoring in the Private Sector: How Closely Should Employers Supervise Their Workers', Employee Relations Law Journal 13, 575-598.
92. Swanson, S. (2001), 'Beware: Employee Monitoring Is on the Rise, Employee Privacy Gives Way to Business Needs for Electronic Surveillance', Information Week 851, 57-58.
93. TBG Ins. Services Corp. v Superior Court, Cal.Rptr.2d 155 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002).
94. Townsend, K. (2005), 'Electronic Surveillance and Cohesive Teams: Room for Resistance in an Australian Call Center', New Technology, Work and Employment 20, 1, 47-59.
95. Tsutsui, W.M. (1998), Manufacturing Ideology: Scientific Management in Twentieth-Century Japan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
96. US Congress, Office of Technology Assessment (1987), The Electronic Supervisor: New Technology, New Tensions (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office).
97. US Department of Commerce (2009), Safe Harbor Overview, http://www.export.gov/safeharbor/eg_main_018236.asp (accessed 28 May 2009).
98. US v Barrows, 481 F.3d 1246 (10th Cir. 2007).
99. US v Simons, 206 F.3d 392 (4th Cir. 2000).
100. Valsecchi, R. (2006), 'Visible Moves and Invisible Bodies: The Case of Teleworking in an Italian Call Centre', New Technology, Work and Employment 21, 2, 123-138.
101. Varca, P.E. (2006), 'Telephone Surveillance in Call Centers: Prescriptions for Reducing Strain', Managing Service Quality 16, 290-305.
102. Vorvoreanu, M. and C.H. Botan (2000), 'Examining Electronic Surveillance in the Workplace: A Review of Theoretical Perspectives and Research Findings', Paper presented to the Conference of the International Communication Association, Acapulco, Mexico, June.
103. Ward, M. (2001), 'EU Condemned over Planned Snoop Laws', BBC News, 16 May 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1334371.stm (accessed 28 May 2009).
104. Weisinger, J.Y. and E.M. Trauth (2003), 'The Importance of Situating Culture in Cross-Cultural IT Management', IEEE Transactions and Engineering Management 50, 26-30.
105. Wood, D.M., D. Lyon and K. Abe (2007), 'Surveillance in Urban Japan: A Critical Introduction', Urban Studies 44, 3, 551-568.
106. Zuckerman, A. (1997), 'Group will Advise ISO on Whether Global Standard for Information Privacy Is Needed', Journal of Commerce 412, 28991, 16C.