The antiphospholipid syndrome in the 21st century;Síndrome antifosfolipídico en el siglo xxi

Medicina Clinica

Volumn 133, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 390-396

  Ruiz Irastorza, Guillermo ^a,b   Martinez Berriotxoa, Agustin ^a,b   Egurbide, M V ^a  

^a HOSPITAL DE CRUCES   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV EHU   (Spain)

Author keywords

Anticardiolipin antibodies; Anticoagulants; Aspirin; Heparin; Lupus anticoagulant; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BETA2 GLYCOPROTEIN 1 ANTIBODY; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; DALTEPARIN; ENOXAPARIN; HEPARIN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT;

ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; FETUS DEATH; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANT WOMAN; RENAL ARTERY THROMBOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOSIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ADULT; ANTIBODIES, ANTICARDIOLIPIN; ANTICOAGULANTS; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ASPIRIN; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DALTEPARIN; ENOXAPARIN; FEMALE; FETAL DEATH; HUMANS; LUPUS COAGULATION INHIBITOR; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOSIS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 69949125229     PISSN: 00257753     EISSN: 15788989     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.10.046     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. G.R. Hughes Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant Br Med J 287 1983 1088 1089
2. E.N. Harris, A.E. Gharavi, M.L. Boey, B.M. Patel, C.G. Mackworth-Young, and S. Loizou, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus Lancet 2 1983 1211 1214
3. E.N. Harris Syndrome of the black swan Br J Rheumatol 26 1987 324
4. R.A. Asherson, M.A. Khamashta, J. Ordi-Ros, R.H.W.M. Derksen, S. Machin, and J. Barquinero The "primary" antiphospholipid syndrome: major clinical and serological features Medicine 68 1989 366 374 (Pubitemid 19286656)
5. J.E. Salmon, and P.G. de Groot Pathogenic role of antiphospholipid antibodies Lupus 17 2008 405 411
6. S.S. Pierangeli, P.P. Chen, and E.B. González Antiphospholipid antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome: an update on treatment and pathogenic mechanisms Curr Opin Hematol 13 2006 366 375
7. S.S. Pierangeli, G. Girardi, M.E. Vega-Ostertag, X. Liu, R.G. Espinola, and J. Salmon Requirement of activation of complement C3 and C5 for antiphospholipid antibody-mediated thrombophilia Arthritis Rheum 52 2005 2120 2124 (Pubitemid 40994335)
8. G. Girardi, P. Redecha, and J.E. Salmon Heparin prevents antiphospholid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation Nature Med 10 2004 1222 1226
9. G. Montiel-Manzano, Z. Romay-Penabad, E. Papalardo de Martinez, L.A. Meillon-Garcia, E. Garcia-Latorre, and E. Reyes-Maldonado, et al. In vivo effects of an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B on thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies Ann N Y Acad Sci 1108 2007 540 553
10. Y. Shoenfeld Systemic antiphospholipid syndrome Lupus 12 2003 497 498
11. R. Cervera, J.C. Piette, J. Font, M.A. Khamashta, Y. Shoenfeld, and M.T. Camps Antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 1019 1027 (Pubitemid 34303815)
12. G. Sanna, M.L. Bertolaccini, M.J. Cuadrado, M.A. Khamashta, and G.R.V. Hughes Central nervous system involvement in the antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome Rheumatology 42 2003 200 213
13. M.J. Cuadrado, M.A. Khamashta, A. Ballesteros, T. Godfrey, M.J. Simon, and G.R.V. Hughes Can neurologic manifestations of Hughes (antiphospholipid) syndrome be distinguished from multiple sclerosis?: analysis of 27 patients and review of the literature Medicine 79 2000 57 68
14. M.C. Amigo, R. Garcia-Torres, M. Robles, T. Bochicchio, and P.A. Reyes Renal involvement in primary antiphospholipid syndrome J Rheumatol 9 1992 181 185
15. M.G. Tektonidou, F. Sotsiou, L. Nakopoulou, P.G. Vlachoyiannopoulos, and H.M. Moutsopoulos Antiphospholipid syndrome nephropathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibodies: prevalence, clinical associations, and long-term outcome Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 2569 2579
16. K. Duckitt, and D. Harrington Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies Br Med J 330 2005 565
17. R.A. Asherson, R. Cervera, P.G. de Groot, D. Erkan, M.C. Boffa, and J.C. Piette, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: international consensus statement on classification criteria and treatment guidelines Lupus 12 2003 530 534
18. R.A. Asherson, R. Cervera, J.C. Piette, Y. Shoenfeld, G. Espinosa, and M. Petri, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: clues to the pathogenesis from a series of 80 patients Medicine (Baltimore) 80 2001 355 377
19. W.A. Wilson, A.E. Gharavi, T. Koike, M.D. Lockshin, D.W. Branch, and J.C., et al. Piette International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop Arthritis Rheum 42 1999 1309 1311
20. S. Miyakis, M.D. Lockshin, T. Atsumi, D.W. Branch, R.L. Brey, and R. Cervera, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) J Thromb Haemost 4 2006 295 306
21. M. Galli, D. Luciani, G. Bertolini, and T. Barbui Anti-beta 2-glycoprotein I, antiprothrombin antibodies, and the risk of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome Blood 102 2003 2717 2723
22. L. Opatrny, M. David, S.R. Kahn, I. Shrier, and E. Rey Association between antiphospholipid antibodies and recurrent fetal loss in women without autoimmune disease: a metaanalysis J Rheumatol 33 2006 2214 2221
23. M. Galli, G. Reber, P. de Moerloose, and P.G. de Groot Invitation to a debate on the serological criteria that define the antiphospholipid syndrome J Thromb Haemost 6 2007 300 401
24. M. Galli, D. Luciani, G. Bertolini, and T. Barbui Lupus anticoagulants are stronger risk factors for thrombosis than anticardiolipin antibodies in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review of the literature Blood 101 2003 1827 1832
25. A. Martínez-Berriotxoa, G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M.V. Egurbide, M. Garmendia, J.G. Erdozain, and I. Villar, et al. Transiently positive anticardiolipin antibodies do not increase the risk of thrombosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus 16 2007 810 816
26. R. Forastiero, M. Martinuzzo, G. Pombo, D. Puente, A. Rossi, and L. Celebrín, et al. A prospective study of antibodies to beta2-glycoprotein I and prothrombin, and risk of thrombosis J Thromb Haemost 3 2005 1231 1238
27. K.J. Lackner, D. Peetz, and P. von Landenberg Revision of the Sapporo criteria for the antiphospholipid syndrome-coming to grips with evidence and Thomas Bayes? Thromb Haemost 95 2006 917 919
28. M.G. Tektonidou, J.P.A. Ioannidis, K.A. Boki, P.G. Vlachoyiannopoulos, and H.M. Moutsopoulos Prognostic factors and clustering of serious clinical outcomes in antiphospholipid syndome Q J Med 93 2000 523 530
29. W. Lim, M.A. Crowther, and J.W. Eikelboom Management of antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a systematic review JAMA 295 2006 1050 1057
30. M.A. Crowther, J.S. Ginsberg, J. Julian, J. Denburg, J. Hirsh, and J. Douketis, et al. A comparison of two intensities of warfarin for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome N Engl J Med 349 2003 1133 1138
31. G. Finazzi, R. Marchioli, V. Brancaccio, P. Schinco, F. Wisloff, and J. Musial, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-intensity warfarin vs. conventional antithrombotic therapy for the prevention of recurrent thrombosis in patients with the antiphospholipid syndrome (WAPS) J Thromb Haemost 3 2005 848 853
32. S.R. Levine, R.L. Brey, B.C. Tilley, J.L. Thompson, R.L. Sacco, and R.R. Sciacca, et al. APASS Investigators JAMA 291 2004 576 584
33. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, B.J. Hunt, and M.A. Khamashta A systematic review of secondary thromboprophylaxis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies Arthritis Rheum 57 2007 1487 1495
34. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M.A. Khamashta, B.J. Hunt, A. Escudero, M.J. Cuadrado, and G.R.V. Hughes Bleeding and recurrent thrombosis in definite antiphospholipid syndrome: analysis of a series of 66 patients treated with oral anticoagulation to a target INR of 3.5 Arch Intern Med 162 2002 1164 1169
35. R.K. Silver, S.N. MacGregor, E.E. Farrell, A. Ragin, C. Davis, and M.L. Socol Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody-positive obstetric patients Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 1993 1411 1417
36. F.S. Cowchock, E.A. Reece, D. Balaban, D.W. Branch, and L. Plouffe Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin Am J Obstet Gynecol 166 1992 1318 1323
37. G. Triolo, A. Ferrante, F. Ciccia, A. Accardo-Palumbo, A. Perino, and A. Castelli, et al. Randomized study of subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin plus aspirin versus intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of recurrent fetal loss associated with antiphospholipid antibodies Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 728 731
38. D.W. Branch, A.M. Peaceman, M. Druzin, R.K. Silver, Y. El-Sayed, and R.M. Silver, et al. A multicenter, placebo-controlled pilot study of intravenous immune globulin treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome during pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 2000 122 127
39. S.M. Bates, I.A. Greer, I. Pabinger, S. Sofaer, and J. Hirsh Venous thromboembolism, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) Chest 133 2008 844S 8486
40. M. Empson, M. Lassere, J. Craig, and J. Scott Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant Cochrane Database Syst Rev 18 2 2005 CD002859
41. R. Rai, H. Cohen, M. Dave, and L. Regan Randomised controlled trial of aspirin and aspirin plus heparin in pregnant women with recurrent miscarriage associated with phospholipid antibodies (or antiphospholipid antibodies) Br Med J 314 1997 253 257
42. R.G. Farquharson, S. Quenby, and M. Greaves Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a randomized, controlled trial of treatment Obstet Gynecol 100 2002 408 413
43. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, and M.A. Khamashta Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy Rheum Dis Clin North Am 33 2007 287 297
44. F. Carmona, J. Font, M. Azulay, M. Crens, F. Fabregues, and R. Cervera, et al. Risk factors associated with fetal losses in treated antiphospholipid syndrome pregnancies: a multivariate analysis Am J Reprod Immunol 46 2001 274 279
45. L.M. Askie, L. Duley, D.J. Henderson-Smart, L.A. Stewart on behalf of the PARIS Collaborative Group Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data Lancet 369 2007 1791 1798
46. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M.A. Khamashta, and G.R. Hughes Treatment of pregnancy loss in Hughes syndrome: a critical update Autoimmun Rev 1 2002 298 304
47. M. Ostensen, M.A. Khamashta, M. Lockshin, A. Parke, A. Brucato, and H. Carp, et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction Arthritis Res Ther 8 2006 209 227
48. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, and M.A. Khamashta Management of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy Ann N Y Acad Sci 1051 2005 606 612
49. A.T. Papageorghiou, and N. Roberts Uterine artery Doppler screening for adverse pregnancy outcome Curr Op Obstet Gynecol 17 2005 584 590
50. D. Le Thi Huong, B. Wechsler, D. Vauthier-Brouzes, P. Duhaut, N. Costedoat, and M.R. Andreu, et al. The second trimester Doppler ultrasound examination is the best predictor of late pregnancy outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus and/or the antiphospholipid syndrome Rheumatology (Oxford) 45 2006 332 338
51. N.M. Shah, M.A. Khamashta, T. Atsumi, and G.R. Hughes Outcome of patients with anticardiolipin antibodies: a 10 year follow-up of 52 patients Lupus 7 1998 3 6
52. F. Martínez, M.J. Forner, M. Ruano, N. Abdilla, R. Oltra, and M.J. García-Fuster Factores relacionados con el riesgo de trombosis en pacientes con lupus y positividad para anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos Med Clin (Barc) 127 2006 405 408
53. J.A. Girón-González, E. García del Rio, C. Rodriguez, J. Rodriguez-Martorell, and A. Serrano Antiphospholipid syndrome and asymptomatic carriers of antiphospholipid antibody: prospective analysis of 404 individuals J Rheumatol 31 2004 1560 1567
54. D. Erkan, J.T. Merrill, Y. Yazici, L. Sammaritano, J.P. Buyon, and M.D. Lockshin High thrombosis rate after fetal loss in antiphospholipid syndrome: effective prophylaxis with aspirin Arthritis Rheum 44 2001 1466 1467
55. D. Erkan, M.J. Harrison, R. Levy, M. Peterson, M. Petri, and L. Sammaritano, et al. Aspirin for primary thrombosis prevention in the antiphospholipid syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in asymptomatic antiphospholipid antibody-positive individuals Arthritis Rheum 56 2007 2382 2391
56. C.h. Lopez-Pedrera, P. Buendia, M.A. Aguirre, F. Velasco, and M.J. Cuadrado Antiphospholipid syndrome and tissue factor: a thrombotic couple Lupus 15 2006 161 166
57. D.E. Ferrara, X. Liu, R.G. Espinola, K. Labat, P.L. Meroni, and E.N. Harris, et al. Inhibition of the thrombogenic and inflammatory properties of antiphospholipid antibodies by fluvastatin in an in vivo animal model Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 3272 3279
58. D.E. Ferrara, R. Swerlick, K. Casper, P.L. Meroni, M.E. Vega-Ostertag, and E.N. Harris, et al. Fluvastatin inhibits up-regulation of tissue factor expression by antiphospholipid antibodies on endothelial cells J Thromb Haemost 2 2004 1558 1563
59. P.L. Meroni, E. Raschi, C. Testoni, A. Parisio, and M.O. Borghi Statins prevent endothelial cell activation induced by antiphospholipid (anti-beta2-glycoprotein I) antibodies: effect on the proadhesive and proinflammatory phenotype Arthritis Rheum 44 2001 2870 2878
60. R.L. Brey New treatment option for the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome? More pleiotropic effects of the statin drugs J Thromb Haemost 2 2004 1556 1557
61. S. Bucciarelli, G. Espinosa, R. Cervera, D. Erkan, J.A. Gómez-Puerta, and M. Ramos-Casals Mortality in the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: causes of death and prognostic factors in a series of 250 patients Arthritis Rheum 54 2006 2568 2576 (Pubitemid 44205018)
62. G.L. Erre, S. Pardini, R. Faedda, and G. Passiu Effect of rituximab on clinical and laboratory features of antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and a review of literature Lupus 17 2008 50 55
63. J.G. Erdozain, G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M.V. Egurbide, and C. Aguirre Sustained response to rituximab of autoimmune hemolytic anemia associated with antiphospholipid syndrome Haematologica 89 2004 e116 e118
64. E.R. Ahn, G. Lander, C. Bidot, J. Wenche, and Y.S. Ahn Long-term remission from life-threatening hypercoagulable state associated with lupus anticoagulant (LA) following rituximab therapy Am J Hematol 78 2005 127 129
65. R. Trappe, A. Loew, P. Thuss-Patience, B. Dorken, and H. Riess Successful treatment of thrombocytopenia in primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab-monitoring of antiphospholipid and anti-GP antibodies: a case report Ann Hematol 85 2006 134 135
66. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, and M.A. Khamashta Hydroxychloroquine: the cornerstone of lupus therapy Lupus 17 2008 271 273
67. M.H. Edwards, S. Pierangeli, X. Liu, J.H. Barker, G. Anderson, and E.N. Harris Hydroxychloroquine reverses thrombogenic properties of antiphospholipid antibodies in mice Circulation 96 1997 4380 4384
68. R.G. Espinola, S.S. Pierangeli, A.E. Gharavi, and E.N. Harris Hydroxychloroquine reverses platelet activation induced by human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies Thromb Haemost 87 2002 518 522
69. D. Erkan, Y. Yazici, M.G. Peterson, L. Sammaritano, and M.D. Lockshin A cross-section study of clinical thrombotic risk factors and preventive treatments in antiphospholipid syndrome Rheumatology 41 2002 924 929
70. G. Ruiz-Irastorza, M.V. Egurbide, J.I. Pijoan, M. Garmendia, I. Villar, and A. Martínez-Berriotxoa, et al. Effect of antimalarials on thrombosis and survival in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Lupus 15 2006 577 583
71. J.I. Weitz, J. Hirsh, and M.M. Samama New antithrombotic drugs. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition) Chest 133 2008 234S 256S (Pubitemid 351892968)