Cloud-radar observations of insects in the UK convective boundary layer

Meteorological Applications

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 491-500

  Wood, Curtis R ^a   O'Connor, Ewan J ^a   Hurley, Rebecca A ^a   Reynolds, Don R ^b,c   Illingworth, Anthony J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^c ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

CBL; Insect migration; Ka band; Lidar; Radar; W band; X band

Indexed keywords

ANTENNAS; BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW; BOUNDARY LAYERS; RADAR;

BOUNDARY LAYER PROCESS; CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYERS; HIGHER FREQUENCIES; INSECT MIGRATION; KA BAND; RADAR REFLECTIVITIES; W BANDS; X BANDS;

OPTICAL RADAR;

CLOUD; CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER; FLIGHT ACTIVITY; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; GRASSHOPPER; INSECT; LIDAR; MIGRATORY SPECIES; MOTH; RADAR ALTIMETRY;

UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 69949090373     PISSN: 13504827     EISSN: 14698080     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/met.146     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Achtemeier GL. 1991. The use of insects as tracers for "clear-air" boundary-layer studies by Doppler radar. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 8: 746-765.
2. Campistron B. 1975. Characteristic distributions of angel echoes in the lower atmosphere and their meteorological implications. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 9: 411-426.
3. Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Smith AD. 2003. Vertical-looking radar: A new tool for monitoring high-altitude insect migration. Bioscience 53: 503-511.
4. Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Smith AD. 2004a. Migratory and foraging movements in beneficial insects: a review of radar monitoring and tracking methods. International Journal of Pest Management 50: 225-232.
5. Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Smith ET, Woiwod IP. 2004b. An aerial netting study of insects migrating at high-altitude over England. Bulletin of Entomological Research 94: 123-136.
6. Chapman JW, Smith AD, Woiwod IP, Reynolds DR, Riley JR. 2002. Development of vertical-looking radar technology for monitoring insect migration. Computing and Electronics for Agriculture 35: 95-110.
7. Clothiaux EE, Ackerman TP, Mace GG, Moran KP, Marchand RT, Miller MA, Martner BE. 2000. Objective determination of cloud heights and radar reflectivities using a combination of active remote sensors at the ARM CART sites. Journal of Applied Meteorology 39(5): 645-665.
8. Cullen MJP, Davies T, Mawson MH, James JA, Coulter SC, Malcolm A. 1997. An overview of numerical methods for the next generation UK NWP and climate model. In Numerical Methods in Atmospheric and Ocean Modelling: The Andre J. Robert Memorial Volume, Lin, CA, Laprise R, Ritichie, H (eds). Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society: Ottawa, Canada; 425-444.
9. David CT, Hardie J. 1998. The visual responses of free-flying summer and autumn forms of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae, in an automated flight chamber. Physiological Entomology 13: 277-284.
10. Drake VA. 1981a. Quantitative Observation and Analysis Procedures for a Manually Operated Entomological Radar. Technical Paper no. 19, CSIRO Australia, Division of Entomology.
11. Drake VA. 1981b. Target density estimation in radar biology. Journal of Theoretical Biology 90: 545-571.
12. Drake VA, Farrow R. 1994. The influence of atmospheric structure and motions on insect migration. Annual Review of Entomology 33: 183-210.
13. Drake VA, Gatehouse AG (eds). 1995. Insect Migration: Tracking Resources through Space and Time. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.
14. Drake VA, Harman IT, Wang HK. 2002. Insect monitoring radar: stationary-beam operating mode. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 35: 111-137.
15. Farrow R. 1986. Interactions between synoptic scale and boundary-layer meteorology on micro-insect migration. In Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration, Danthanarayana W (ed). Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg; 185-195.
16. Gatehouse AG. 1997. Behaviour and ecological genetics of wind-borne migration by insects. Annual Review of Entomology 42: 475-502.
17. Goddard JWF, Tan J, Thurai M. 1994. Technique for calibration of meteorological radars using differential phase. Electronics Letters 30: 166-167.
18. Hardy KH, Atlas D, Glover KM. 1966. Multiwavelength backscatter from the clear atmosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research 71: 1537-1552.
19. Hardy KR, Ottersten H. 1969. Radar investigations of convective patterns in the clear atmosphere. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 26: 666-672.
20. Hendrie LK, Irwin ME, Liquido NJ, Ruesin WG, Mueller WM, Voegtlin, DJ, Achtemeier, GL, Steiner, WM, Scott, RW. 1985. Conceptual approach to modeling aphid migration. In The Movement and Dispersal of Agriculturally Important Biotic Agents, MacKenzie DR, Barfield CS, Kennedy GC, Berger RD, Taranto, DJ (eds). Claitor's Publishing Division: Baton Rouge, Louisiana; 541-582.
21. Irwin ME, Thresh JM. 1988. Long-range dispersal of cereal aphids as virus vectors in North America. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series, B 321: 421-446.
22. Johnson CG. 1969. Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight. Metheun and Co: London.
23. Khandwalla A, Majurec N, Sekelsky SM, Williams CR, Gage KS. 2002. Characterization of radar boundary layer data collected during the 2001 multi-frequency radar IOP. Twelth ARM Science Team Meeting Proceedings. St Petersburg, Florida; 1-5.
24. Malcolm SB, Zalucki MP (eds). 1993. Biology and Conservation of the Monarch Butterfly. Science Series 38. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: Los Angeles, CA.
25. O'Connor EJ, Illingworth AJ, Hogan RJ. 2004. A technique for autocalibration of cloud lidar and for inferring the lidar ratio for ice and mixed phase clouds. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 21(5): 777-786.
26. Pedgley DE. 1993. Managing migratory insect pests - a review. International Journal of Pest Management 39: 3-12.
27. Probert-Jones JR. 1962. The radar equation in meteorology. Quarterly Journal of the Meteorological Society 88: 485-495.
28. Reynolds DR, Chapman JW, Edwards AS, Smith AS, Wood CR, Barlow JF, Woiwod IP. 2005. Radar studies of the vertical distribution of insects migrating over southern Britain: the influence of temperature inversions on nocturnal layer concentrations. Bulletin of Entomological Research 95: 259-274.
29. Reynolds DR, Chapman JW, Harrington R. 2006. The migration of insect vectors of plant and animal viruses. Advances in Virus Research 67: 453-517.
30. Reynolds AM, Reynolds DR. 2009. Aphid aerial density profiles are consistent with turbulent advection amplifying flight behaviours: abandoning the epithet 'passive'. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series, B 276: 137-143.
31. Reynolds DR, Riley JR. 1997. The Flight Behaviour and Migration of Insect Pests: Radar Studies in Developing Countries, NRI Bulletin 71. Natural Resources Institute: Chatham.
32. Reynolds DR, Smith AD, Chapman JW. 2008. A radar study of emigratory flight and layer formation by insects at dawn over southern Britain. Bulletin of Entomological Research 98: 35-52.
33. Richter JH, Jensen DR, Noonkester VR, Kreasky JB, Stimmann MW, Wolf WW. 1973. Remote radar sensing: atmospheric structure and insects. Science 180: 1176-1178.
34. Riley JR. 1985. Radar cross section of insects. Proceedings of the IEEE 73(2): 228-232.
35. Riley JR. 1992. A millimetric radar to study the flight of small insects. Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal 4(1): 43-48.
36. Riley JR, Cheung X, Zhang X, Reynolds DR, Xu G, Smith AD, Cheng J, Bao A, Zhai B. 1991. The long-distance migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Delphacidae) in China: radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecological Entomology 16: 471-489.
37. Riley JR, Reynolds DR. 1979. Radar-based studies of the migratory flight of grasshoppers in the middle Niger area of Mali. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series, B 204: 67-82.
38. Riley JR, Reynolds DR, Farmery MJ. 1983. Observations of the flight behaviour of the armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta, at an emergence site using radar and infra-red optical techniques. Ecological Entomology 8: 395-418.
39. Schaefer GW. 1976. Radar observations of insect flight. Symposium of the Royal Entomology Society of London 7: 157-197.
40. Smith AD, Reynolds DR, Riley JR. 2000. The use of vertical-looking radar to continuously monitor the insect fauna flying at altitude over southern England. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90: 265-277.
41. Smith AD, Riley JR, Gregory RD. 1993. A method for routine monitoring of the aerial migration of insects by using a vertical-looking radar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series, B 340: 393-404.
42. Thomas AAG, Ludlow AR, Kennedy JS. 1977. Sinking speeds of falling and flying Aphis fabae Scopoli. Ecological Entomology 2: 315-326.
43. Wilson JW, Weckworth TM, Vivekanandan J, Wakimoto RM, Russell RW. 1994. Boundary layer clear-air radar echoes: origin of echoes and accuracy of derived winds. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 11: 1184-1206.
44. Wood CR. 2007. The biometeorology of high-altitude insect layers. PhD thesis, University of Reading: Reading, UK.
45. Wood CR, Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Barlow JF, Smith AD, Woiwod IP. 2006. The influence of the atmospheric boundary layer on nocturnal layers of noctuids and other moths migrating over southern Britain. International Journal of Biometeorology 50: 193-204.
46. Wood CR, Reynolds DR, Wells PM, Barlow JF, Woiwod IP, Chapman JW. 2009. Flight periodicity and the vertical distribution of high-altitude moth migration over southern Britain. Bulletin of Entomological Research. in press. DOI: 10.1017/S0007485308006548.