A radar study of emigratory flight and layer formation by insects at dawn over southern Britain

Bulletin of Entomological Research

Volumn 98, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 35-52

  Reynolds, D R ^a   Smith, A D ^b   Chapman, J W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^b ROTHAMSTED RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Flight behaviour; Insect layers; Insect monitoring radar; Migration; Temperature inversion

Indexed keywords

AIR TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; DIURNAL ACTIVITY; EMIGRATION; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; INSECT; RADAR; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

AIR; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; FLYING; INSECT; ORIENTATION; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION MIGRATION; TELECOMMUNICATION; TIME; UNITED KINGDOM; WEATHER;

AIR MOVEMENTS; ANIMAL MIGRATION; ANIMALS; FLIGHT, ANIMAL; GREAT BRITAIN; INSECTS; ORIENTATION; POPULATION DENSITY; RADAR; TIME FACTORS; WEATHER;

ENGLAND; EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

HEXAPODA;

EID: 38549158404     PISSN: 00074853     EISSN: 14752670     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007485307005470     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aldhous, A.C. (1989) An investigation of the polarisation dependence of insect radar cross sections at constant aspect. PhD thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, UK.
2. Bean, B.R., McGavin, R.E., Chadwick, R.B. & Warner, B.D. (1971) Preliminary results of utilising the high resolution FM radar as a boundary-layer probe. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 1, 466-473.
3. Beerwinkle, K.R., Lopez, J.D., Witz, J.A., Schleider, P.G., Eyster, R.S. & Lingren, P.D. (1994) Seasonal radar and meteorological observations associated with nocturnal insect flight at altitudes to 900 metres. Environmental Entomology 23, 676-683.
4. Campistron, B. (1975) Characteristic distributions of angel echoes in the lower atmosphere and their meteorological implications. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 9, 411-426.
5. Chapman, J.W., Smith, A.D., Woiwod, I.P., Reynolds, D.R. & Riley, J.R. (2002a) Development of vertical-looking radar technology for monitoring insect migration. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 35, 95-110.
6. Chapman, J.W., Reynolds, D.R., Smith, A.D., Riley, J.R., Pedgley, D.E. & Woiwod, I.P. (2002b) High-altitude migration of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella to the U.K.: a study using radar, aerial netting and ground trapping. Ecological Entomology 27, 641-650.
7. Chapman J.W., Reynolds, D.R. & Smith, A.D. (2003) Vertical-looking radar: a new tool for monitoring high-altitude insect migration. Bioscience 53, 503-511.
8. Chapman, J.W., Reynolds, D.R., Smith A.D., Smith, E.T. & Woiwod, I.P. (2004). An aerial netting study of insects migrating at high-altitude over England. Bulletin of Entomological Research 94, 123-136.
9. Chapman, J.W., Reynolds, D.R., Smith, A.D., Riley, J.R., Telfer, M.J. & Woiwod, I.P. (2005) Mass aerial migration in the carabid beetle Notiophilus biguttatus. Ecological Entomology 30, 264-272.
10. Chapman, J.W., Reynolds, D.R., Brooks, S.J., Smith, A.D. & Woiwod, I.P. (2006) Seasonal variation in the migration strategies of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea species complex. Ecological Entomology 31, 1-11.
11. Dingle, H. (1996) Migration: the Biology of Life on the Move. 474 pp. Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
12. Drake, V.A. (1981) Quantitative observation and analysis procedures for a manually operated entomological radar. CSIRO, Australia. Division of Entomology Technical Paper 19, 41 pp.
13. Drake, V.A. (1983) Collective orientation by nocturnally migrating Australian plague locusts Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): a radar study. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73, 679-692.
14. Drake, V.A. (1984) The vertical distribution of macro-insects migrating in the nocturnal boundary layer: a radar study. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 28, 353-374.
15. Drake, V.A. (1985) Radar observations of moths migrating in a nocturnal low-level jet. Ecological Entomology 10, 259-265.
16. Drake, V.A. (2002) Automatically operating radar for monitoring insect pest migrations. Entomologica Sinica 9(4), 27-39.
17. Drake, V.A. & Farrow, R.A. (1985) A radar and aerial-trapping study of an early spring migration of moths (Lepidoptera) in inland New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 10, 223-235.
18. Drake, V.A. & Farrow, R.A. (1988) The influence of atmospheric structure and motions on insect migration. Annual Review of Entomology 33, 183-210.
19. Drake, V.A., Helm, K.F., Readshaw, J.L. & Reid, D.G. (1981) Insect migration across Bass Strait during spring: a radar study. Bulletin of Entomological Research 71, 449-466.
20. Farrow, R.A. (1986) Interaction between synoptic scale and boundary layer meteorology on micro-insect migration. pp. 185-195 in Danthanarayana, W. (Ed.) Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Berlin, Springer-Verlag.
21. Feng, H.-Q., Wu, K.-M., Cheng, D.-F. & Guo, Y.-Y. (2003) Radar observations of the autumn migration of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and other moths in northern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93, 115-124.
22. Feng, H.-Q., Wu, K.-M., Cheng, D.-F. & Guo, Y.-Y. (2004a) Northward migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and other moths in early summer observed with radar in northern China. Journal of Economic Entomology 97, 1874-1883.
23. Feng, H.-Q., Wu, K.-M., Cheng, D.-F. & Guo, Y.-Y. (2004b) Spring migration and summer dispersal of Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other insects observed with radar in northern China. Environmental Entomology 33, 1253-1265.
24. Feng H.-Q., Wu, K.-M., Ni, Y.-X., Cheng, D.-F. & Guo, Y.-Y. (2005) High-altitude windborne transport of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in mid-summer in northern China. Journal of Insect Behavior 18, 335-349.
25. Gatehouse, A.G. (1997) Behavior and ecological genetics of wind-borne migration by insects. Annual Review of Entomology 18, 475-502.
26. Gossard, E.E. & Strauch, R.G. (1983) Biological targets and their role in radar backscatter. pp. 171-178 in Radar Observations of Clear Air and Clouds. Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing.
27. Greenbank, D.O., Schaefer, G.W. & Rainey, R.C. (1980) Spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) moth flight and dispersal: new understanding from canopy observations, radar, and aircraft. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 110, 1-49.
28. Hendrie, L.K., Irwin, M.E., Liquido, N.J., Ruesin, W.G., Mueller, W.M., Voegtlin, D.J., Achtemeier, G.L., Steiner, W.M. & Scott, R.W. (1985) Conceptual approach to modeling aphid migration. pp. 541-582 in MacKenzie, D.R., Barfield, C.S., Kennedy, G.C., Berger, R.D. & Taranto, D.J. (Eds) The movement and dispersal of agriculturally important biotic agents. Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Claitor's Publishing Division.
29. Irwin, M.E. & Thresh, J.M. (1988) Long-range aerial dispersal of cereal aphids as virus vectors in North America. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 321, 421-446.
30. Johnson, C.G. (1969) Migration and Dispersal of Insects by Flight. 763 pp. London, Methuen.
31. Laird, M.A. (1962) A flight of insects in the Gulf of Aden. Proceedings of the 11th International congress of Entomology, 1960, 3, 35-36.
32. Lewis, T. & Taylor, L.R. (1964) Diurnal periodicity of flight by insects. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 116, 393-479.
33. Ottersten, H. (1970) Radar angels and their relationship to meteorological factors. Final Report. Försvarets Forskningsanstalt, Stockholm, FOA Reports 4(2), 1-33.
34. Reid, D.G., Wardhaugh, K.G. & Roffey, J. (1979) Radar studies of insect flight at Benalla, Victoria, in February 1974. C.S.I.R.O. Australia, Division of Entomology Technical Paper 16, 21 pp.
35. Reynolds, D.R., Chapman, J.W., Edwards, A.S., Smith, A.D., Wood, C.R., Barlow, J.F. & Woiwod, I.P. (2005) Radar studies of the vertical distribution of insects migrating over southern Britain: the influence of temperature inversions on nocturnal layer concentrations. Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, 259-274.
36. Richter, J.H., Jensen, D.R., Noonkester, V.R., Kreasky, J.B., Stimmann, M.W. & Wolf, W.W. (1973) Remote radar sensing: atmospheric structure and insects. Science 180, 1176-1178.
37. Riley, J.R. (1989) Orientation by high-flying insects at night: observations and theories. Orientation and Navigation - Birds, Humans and other animals. Conference of the Royal Institute of Navigation, Cardiff, 6-8 April 1989. The Royal Institute of Navigation, London.
38. Riley, J.R. & Reynolds, D.R. (1979) Radar-based studies of the migratory flight of grasshoppers in the middle Niger area of Mali. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 204, 67-82.
39. Riley, J.R. & Reynolds, D.R. (1986) Orientation at night by high-flying insects. pp. 71-87 in Danthanarayana, W. (Ed.) Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
40. Riley, J.R., Reynolds, D.R. & Farmery, M.J. (1981) Radar observations of Spodoptera exempta. Kenya, March-April 1979. Centre for Overseas Pest Research Miscellaneous Report 54. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London.
41. Riley, J.R., Reynolds, D.R. & Farmery, M.J. (1983) Observations of the flight behaviour of the armyworm moth, Spodoptera exempta, at an emergence site using radar and infra-red optical techniques. Ecological Entomology 8, 395-418.
42. Riley, J.R., Reynolds, D.R. & Farrow, R.A. (1987) The migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Delphacidae) and other Hemiptera associated with rice during the dry season in the Philippines: a study using radar, visual observations, aerial netting and ground trapping. Bulletin of Entomological Research 77, 145-169.
43. Riley, J.R., Cheng, X.N., Zhang, X.X., Reynolds, D.R., Xu, G.M., Smith, A.D., Cheng, J.Y., Bao, A.D. & Zhai, B.P. (1991) The long distance migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Delphacidae) in China: radar observations of mass return flight in the autumn. Ecological Entomology 16, 471-489.
44. Riley, J.R., Reynolds, D.R., Smith, A.D., Rosenberg, L.J., Cheng, X.-N., Zhang, X.-X., Xu, G.-M., Cheng, J.-Y., Bao, A.-D., Zhai, B.-P. & Wang, H.-K. (1994) Observations on the autumn migration of Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae) and other pests in east central China. Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, 389-402.
45. Riley, J.R., Reynolds, D.R., Smith, A.D., Edwards, A.S., Zhang, X.-X., Cheng, X.-N., Wang, H.-K., Cheng, J.-Y. & Zhai, B.-P. (1995) Observations of the autumn migration of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and other moths in eastern China. Bulletin of Entomological Research 85, 397-414.
46. Schaefer, G.W. (1976) Radar observations of insect flight. pp. 157-197 in Rainey, R.C. (Ed.) Insect Flight. Symposia of the Royal Entomological Society, No. 7. Oxford, Blackwell.
47. Smith, A.D., Riley, J.R. & Gregory, R.D. (1993) A method for routine monitoring of the aerial migration of insects by using a vertical-looking radar. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 340, 393-404.
48. Smith, A.D., Reynolds, D.R. & Riley, J.R. (2000) The use of vertical-looking radar to continuously monitor the insect fauna flying at altitude over southern England. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, 265-277.
49. Wolf, W.W., Sparks, A.N., Pair, S.D., Westbrook, J.K. & Truesdale, F.M. (1986a) Radar observations and collections of insects in the Gulf of Mexico. pp. 221-234 in Danthanarayana, W. (Ed.) Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration. Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag.
50. Wolf, W.W., Westbrook, J.K. & Sparks, A.N. (1986b) Relationships between radar entomological measurements and atmospheric structure in south Texas during March and April 1982. pp. 84-97 in Sparks, A.N. (Ed.) Long-range migration of moths of agronomic importance to the United States and Canada: Specific examples of the occurrence and synoptic weather patterns conducive to migration. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service ARS-43.
51. Wood, C.R., Chapman, J.W., Reynolds, D.R., Barlow, J.F., Smith, A.D. & Woiwod, I.P. (2006) The influence of the atmospheric boundary layer on nocturnal layers of moths migrating over southern Britain. International Journal of Biometeorology 50, 193-204.