Women's Representation on High Courts in Advanced Industrialized Countries

Politics and Gender

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 451-471

  Williams, Margaret S ^a   Thames, Frank C ^b  

^a GOUCHER COLLEGE   (United States)

^b TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 69849133720     PISSN: 1743923X     EISSN: 17439248     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1743923X08000366     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Allen David W., and Wall Diane E. 1987. “The Behavior of Women State Supreme Court Justices: Are They Tokens or Outsiders?” Justice System Journal 12 (2): 232–45.
2. Anasagasti Miriam, and Wuiame Nathalie. 1999. Women and Decision-Making in the Judiciary in the European Union. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
3. Boyd Christina L., Epstein Lee, and Martin Andrew D. 2007. “Untangling the Effect of Sex on Judging.” Paper presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
4. Caul Miki. 2001. “Political Parties and the Adoption of Candidate Gender Quotas: A Cross-National Analysis.” Journal of Politics 63 (4): 1214–29.
5. Davis Sue. 1992. “Do Women Judges Speak ‘In a Different Voice?’ Carol Gilligan, Feminist Legal Theory, and the Ninth Circuit.” Wisconsin Women's Law Journal 8 (1): 143–72.
6. Ehrmann Henry W. 1976. Comparative Legal Cultures. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
7. Epstein Lee, Knight Jack, and Shvetsova Olga. 2001. “Comparing Judicial Selection Systems.” William and Mary Bill of Rights Law Journal 10 (1): 7–36.
8. Escobar-Lemmon Maria, and Taylor-Robinson Michelle M. 2005. “Women Ministers in Latin American Government: When, Where, and Why?” American Journal of Political Science 49 (4): 829–44.
9. Gibson James L., Caldeira Gregory A., and Baird Vanessa A. 1998. “On the Legitimacy of National High Courts.” American Political Science Review 92 (2): 343–58.
10. Ginsburg Thomas. 2001. “Economic Analysis and the Design of Constitutional Courts.” Global Jurist Frontiers 1 (2): 1–40.
11. Gruhl John, Spohn Cassia, and Welch Susan. 1981. “Women as Policymakers: The Case of Trial Judges.” American Journal of Political Science 25 (2): 308–22.
12. Gryski Gerald, Main Eleanor, and Dixon William. 1986. “Models of State High Court Decision Making in Sex Discrimination Cases.” Journal of Politics 48 (1): 143–55.
13. Herron Erik, and Randazzo Kirk. 2003. “The Relationship Between Independence and Judicial Review in Post-Communist Courts.” Journal of Politics 65 (2): 422–38.
14. Htun Mala N., and Jones Mark P. 2002. “Engendering the Right to Participate in Decision-Making: Electoral Quotas and Women's Leadership in Latin America.” In Gender and the Politics of Rights and Democracy in Latin America, ed. Craske Nikki and Molyneux Maxine. New York: Palgrave.
15. Kenney Sally. 1998/1999. “The Members of the Court of Justice of the European Communities.” Columbia Journal of European Law 5 (1): 101–33.
16. Kenny Sally. 2002. “Breaking the Silence: Gender Mainstreaming and the Composition of the European Court of Justice.” Feminist Legal Studies 10 (3/4): 257–70.
17. Kenworthy Lane, and Malami Melissa. 1999. “Gender Inequality in Political Representation: A Worldwide Comparative Analysis.” Social Forces 78 (1): 235–68.
18. King Gary, Tomz Michael, and Wittenberg Jason. 2000. “Making the Most of Statistical Analyses: Improving Interpretation and Presentation.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 347–61.
19. Linehan Jan. 2001. “Women and Public International Litigation.” Background paper for the Project on International Courts and Tribunals, London Meeting. http://www.pict-pcti.org/publications/PICTarticles/women.pdf (March 11, 2005).
20. Matland Richard E., and Studlar Donley T. 1998. “Gender and the Electoral Opportunity Structure in the Canadian Provinces.” Political Research Quarterly 51 (1): 117–40.
21. Norris Pippa. 2004. Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
22. Paxton Pamela, and Kunovich Sherri. 2003. “Women's Political Representation: The Importance of Ideology.” Social Forces 82 (1): 87–114.
23. Phillips Anne. 1995. The Politics of Presence. New York: Oxford University Press.
24. Pitkin Hanna Fenichel. 1972. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
25. Schmidhauser John R., ed. 1987. Comparative Judicial Systems: Challenging Frontiers in Conceptual and Empirical Analysis. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
26. Schubert Glendon A. 1977. “Political Culture and Judicial Ideology: Some Cross-Cultural and Subcultural Comparisons.” Comparative Political Studies 9 (4): 363–408.
27. Schwartz Herman. 1998. “Eastern Europe's Constitutional Courts.” Journal of Democracy 9 (4): 100–114.
28. Segal Jeffrey A., and Spaeth Harold J. 2002. The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.
29. Shapiro Martin. 1986. Courts: A Comparative and Political Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
30. Sisk Gregory C., Heise Michael, and Morriss Andrew P. 1998. “Charting the Influences on the Judicial Mind: An Empirical Study of Judicial Reasoning.” New York University Law Review 73 (5): 1377–1500.
31. Slotnick Elliot. 1984. “Judicial Selection Systems and Nomination Outcomes: Does the Process Make a Difference?” American Politics Quarterly 12 (2): 225–40.
32. Smithey Shannon Ishiyama, and Ishiyama John. 2000. “Judicious Choices: Designing Courts in Post-Communist Politics.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 33 (2): 163–82.
33. Smithey Shannon Ishiyama, and Ishiyama John. 2002. “Judicial Activism in Post-Communist Politics.” Law and Society Review 36 (4): 719–42.
34. Songer Donald R., and Crews-Meyer Kelley A. 2000. “Does Judge Gender Matter? Decision Making in State Supreme Courts.” Social Science Quarterly 81 (3): 750–62.
35. Songer Donald R., Davis Sue, and Haire Susan. 1994. “A Reappraisal of Diversification in the Federal Courts: Gender Effects in the Courts of Appeals.” Journal of Politics 56 (2): 425–39.
36. Tate C. Neal. 1981. “Personal Attribute Models of the Voting Behavior of U.S. Supreme Court Justices: Liberalism in Civil Liberties and Economics Decisions, 1946–1978.” American Political Science Review 75 (2): 355–67.
37. Tate C. Neal, and Handberg Roger. 1991. “Time Binding and Theory Building in Personal Attribute Models of Supreme Court Voting Behavior, 1916–88.” American Journal of Political Science 35 (2): 460–80.
38. Tomz Michael, Wittenberg Jason, and King Gary. 2003. “CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results.” Version 2.1. Stanford University, University of Wisconsin, and Harvard University. January 5. Available at http://gking.harvard.edu/ (May 12, 2007).
39. Valdini Melody Ellis. 2005. “Candidate Gender as an Information Shortcut: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of Political Environments.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.
40. Vengroff Richard, Nyiri Zsolt, and Fugiero Melissa. 2003. “Electoral System and Gender Representation in Sub-National Legislatures: Is There a National–Sub-national Gender Gap?” Political Research Quarterly 56 (2): 163–73.
41. Walker Thomas G., and Barrow Deborah J. 1985. “The Diversification of the Federal Bench: Policy and Process Ramifications.” Journal of Politics 47 (2): 596–617.
42. Westergren Sarah. 2004. “Gender Effects in the Courts of Appeals Revisited: The Data Since 1994.” Georgetown Law Journal 92 (3): 689–708.
43. Williams Margaret S. 2007. “Women Judges: Accession at the State Court Level.” Social Science Quarterly 88 (5): 1192–1204.
44. Wood Rebecca. 2007. “A Framework for Comparative Judicial Selection Research.” Prepared for presentation at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.