You should know better: Expressions of empathy and disregard among victims of massive social trauma

Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 197-226

  Chaitin, Julia ^a   Steinberg, Shoshana ^b  

^a SAPIR ACADEMIC COLLEGE   (Israel)

^b KAYE ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF EDUCATION   (Israel)

Author keywords

Empathy; Genocide; Holocaust; Intergenerational aspects of trauma; Palestinian Israeli conflict; Social trauma; Victimhood; Victims

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; ANGER; CRIME; EMPATHY; GENOCIDE; HUMAN; INJURY; MEMORY; REVIEW; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; VICTIM; VIOLENCE;

EID: 69849128623     PISSN: 10926771     EISSN: 1545083X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10926770802344851     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. Adwan, S. & Bar-On, D. (2001). Victimhood and beyond: The Bethlehem encounter. Jerusalem: Peace Research Institute of the Middle East.
2. Auron, Y. (1993). Zehut Yehudit Yisraelit [Jewish-Israeli identity]. Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim.
3. Bar-On, D. (1995). Fear and hope: Three generations of the Holocaust. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Bar-On, D. (1999). Ha'acherim b'tocheinu: Tmurot b'zehut ha'yisraelit mi perpectiva shel psychologia chevratit [The others within us: Changes in Israeli identity from the perspective of social psychology]. Beer-Sheva: Ben Gurion University Press with Mosad Bialik Press.
5. Bar-On, D. (2007). Why didn't the Jews take vengeance? In Z. Solomon & J. Chaitin (Eds.), Children in the shadow of the Holocaust (pp. 243-258). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Ha'meuchad.
6. Bar-On, D. & Kassem, F. (2004). Storytelling as a way to work-through intractable conflicts: The TRT German-Jewish experience and its relevance to the Palestinian-Israeli context. Journal of Social Issues, 60(2), 289-306.
7. Bar-Tal, D. (1995). Barriers on the way to peace: Social beliefs in an intractable conflict-the Israeli case. Jerusalem: Institute for the Study of Nurturing in Education.
8. Batson, C. D., Batson, J. G., Brandt, J. R., Sprengelmeyer, P., & Bayley, M. J. (1989). Negative-state relief and the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 922-933.
9. Chaitin, J. (2002). Issues and interpersonal values among three generations in families of Holocaust survivors. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 19(3), 385-408.
10. Chaitin, J. (2004). The relevance and meaning of the Holocaust for children and grandchildren of survivors: The case of paradoxical relevance. Children in War. The International Journal of Evacuee and War Child Studies, 1(1), 79-89.
11. Danieli, Y. (1982). Families of survivors and the Nazi Holocaust: Some short and long term effects. In C. D. Spielberger, I. G. Sarason, & N. Milgram (Eds.), Stress and anxiety, Vol.8 (pp. 405-423). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
12. Danieli, Y. (1989). Mourning in survivors and children of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust: The role of group and community modalities. In D. R. Dietrich & P. C. Shabad (Eds.), Psychoanalytic perspectives (pp. 427-460). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
13. Danieli, Y. (Ed.). (1998). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. New York: Plenum Press.
14. Danieli, Y., Brom, D., & Sills, J. (Eds.). (2005). The trauma of terrorism: Sharing knowledge and shared care, an international handbook. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press.
15. Dickson-Gomez, J. (2002). The sound of barking dogs: Violence and terror among Salvadoran families in the post war. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 16(4), 415-438.
16. Durst, N. (2002). Emotional wounds that never heal. Jewish Political Studies Review, 14(3/4). Retrieved July 22, 2006, from http://www.jcpa.org/phas/ phas-durst-f02.htm
17. Felman, S. & Laub, D. (Eds.). (1992). Testimony: Crises of witnessing in literature, psychoanalysis, and history. New York: Routledge.
18. Freud, A. (1967). Ego and the mechanisms of defense (Rev. ed.). New York: International Universities Press.
19. Gergen, K. J. (1990). Social understanding and the inscription of self. In J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder, & G. Hardt (Eds.), Cultural psychology (pp. 669-706). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20. Gramsci, A. (1971). Selection from prison notebooks (Q. Hoare & G. Nowell-Smith, Trans.). London: Lawrence and Wishart.
21. Gur-Ze'ev, I. (1998). The morality of acknowledging/not acknowledging the other's Holocaust/genocide. Journal of Moral Education, 27(2), 161-177.
22. Gur-Ze'ev, I. & Pappe, I. (2001). Beyond the destruction of the other's collective memory: Blueprints for Palestinian/Israeli dialogue. Theory, Culture & Society, 18, 22-34.
23. Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
24. Halpern, J. & Weinstein, H. M. (2004). Rehumanizing the other: Empathy and reconciliation. Human Rights Quarterly, 26(3), 561-583.
25. Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
26. Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions. New York: Free Press.
27. Keilson, H. (1994). Sequential traumatization in children. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
28. Kelman, H. (1999). The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflicts. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 581-600.
29. Kellerman, N. (2007). Ha'avara shel traumat hashoah [The transmission of the Shoah trauma]. In Z. Solomon & J. Chaitin (Eds.), Yeldut b'tzel hashoah: Yeladim-nitzolim v'dor sheni [Childhood in the shadow of the Holocaust: Survived children and the second generation] (pp. 286-303). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.
30. Kidron, C. A. (2003). Surviving a distant past: A case study of the cultural construction of trauma descendant identity. Ethos, 3(4), 513-544.
31. Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York: Plenum Press.
32. Lerner, M. J. & Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1030-1051.
33. Levy, S., Levinsohn, H., & Katz, E. (2000). Amunot, Shmira v'Arachim ben Yehudim B'Yisrael 2000 [Beliefs, observances and values among Jews in Israel 2000]. Jerusalem: Luis Guttman Israel Institute and the Israeli Center for Democracy.
34. Lifton, R. J. (1967). Death in life: The survivors in Hiroshima. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
35. Lifton, R. J. (1980). The concept of the survivor. In J. E. Dimsdale (Ed.), Survivors, victims, and perpetrators: Essays on the Nazi Holocaust (pp. 113-126). Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing.
36. Lindner, E. (2002). Humiliation or dignity: Regional conflicts in the global village. Lund, Sweden: Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research. Retrieved July 22, 2006, from http://www.transnational.org/forum/meet/ 2002/Lindner-RegionalConflicts.html
37. Lipsitz, G. (1990). Time passages: Collective memory and American popular culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
38. Maoz, I. & Bar-On, D. (2002). From working through the Holocaust to current ethnic conflicts: Evaluating the TRT group workshop in Hamburg. Group, 26(1), 29-48.
39. McWilliams, N. (2003). The educative aspects of psychoanalysis. Psychanalytic Psychology, 20, 245-260.
40. Murray, J. D., Spadafore, J., & McIntosh, W. D. (2005). Belief in a just world and social perception: Evidence for automatic activation. Journal of Social Psychology, 145(1), 35-47.
41. Nadler, A. (2002). Social-psychological analysis of reconciliation: Instrumental and socioemotional routes to reconciliation. In G. Salomon & B. Nevo (Eds.), Peace education worldwide: The concept, underlying principles, the research (pp. 127-143). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. Nadler, A. & Shnabel, N. (2008). Instrumental and socio-emotional paths to intergroup reconciliation and the need-based model of socio-emotional reconciliation. In A. Nadler, T. Malloy, & J. D. Fisher (Eds.), Social psychology of intergroup reconciliation (pp. 37-56). New York: Oxford University Press.
43. Nagata, D. K. (1990). The Japanese American internment: Exploring the transgenerational consequences of traumatic stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 3(1), 47-69.
44. Niederland, W. G. (1968). Clinical observations on the "Survivor Syndrome." International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 49, 313-315.
45. Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 11-20.
46. Robben, A. C. G. M. & Suarez-Orozco, M. M. (Eds.). (2000). Cultures under siege: Collective violence and trauma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Roediger H. L., Meade, M. L., & Bergman, E. T. (2001). Social contagion of memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 365-371.
48. Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science, Vol.III, Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184-256). New York: McGraw Hill.
49. Rosenthal, G. (1999, February). WWII: Transgenerational transmission of violence and trauma. Paper presented at the International Conference: Biographies and the Division of Europe, Berlin, Germany.
50. Ross, K. (1995). Collective memory. Retrieved April 17, 2004, from http://www.mediahistory. umn.edu/memory.html
51. Rothman, J. (1992). From confrontation to cooperation: Resolving ethnic and regional conflict. London: Sage.
52. Roy, S. (2002). Living with the Holocaust: The journey of a child of Holocaust survivors. Journal of Palestine Studies, 13(1), 5-12.
53. Shriver, D. W. (2001). Bosnia in fear and hope. World Policy Journal, 18(2), 43-53.
54. Solomon, Z., Kotler, M., & Mikulincer, M. (1989). Combat related post traumatic stress disorder among the second generation of Holocaust survivors: Trans-generational effects among Israeli soldiers. Psychologica Israel Journal of Psychology, 1(2), 113-119.
55. Staub, E. (2003). The psychology of good and evil: Why children, adults, and groups help and harm others. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
56. Staub, E. & Pearlman, L. A. (2001). Healing, reconciliation and forgiving after genocide and other collective violence. In R. G. Helmick, S. J. Peterson, & R. L Peterson (Eds.), Forgiveness and reconciliation: Religion, public policy, and conflict transformation (pp. 205-227). Radnor, PA: Templeton Foundation Press.
57. Steinberg, S. (2002). "Dialogic moments" in encounters between Jews and Palestinians in the midst of an ongoing conflict (in Hebrew). Doctoral dissertation, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
58. Steinberg, S. & Bar-On, D. (2002). An analysis of the group process in encounters between Jews and Palestinians using a typology for discourse classification. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26(2), 199-214.
59. Stephan, W. G. & Finley, K. A. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 729-744.
60. Volkan, V. D. (2001). Transgenerational transmissions and chosen traumas: An aspect of large-group identity. Group Analysis, 34, 79-97.
61. Wallace B. C. Carter R. T. (2003). Understanding and dealing with violence: A multicultural approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
62. Waller, J. (2002). Becoming evil: How ordinary people commit genocide and mass killing. New York: Oxford University Press.
63. Wardi, D. (1990). Nosei hachotam [Memorial candles]. Jerusalem: Keter.
64. Wei Liang, D., Moreland, R., & Argote, L. (1995). Group versus individual training and group performance: The mediating role of transactive memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2(4), 384-393.
65. Weingarten, K. (2004). Witnessing the effects of political violence in families: Mechanisms of intergenerational transmission and clinical interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Retrieved August 11, 2007, from http://findarticles.com/p/ articles/mi-qa3658/is-200401/ai-n9350156
66. Whitebrook, M. (2001). Identity, narrative and politics. London: Routledge.
67. Yehuda, R., Halligan, S. L., & Grossman, R. (2001). Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: Relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD, and cortisol excretion. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 733-753.
68. Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Giller, E. L., Jr., & Binder-Brynes, K. (1998). Relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder characteristics of Holocaust survivors and their adult offspring. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 841-843. (Pubitemid 28252670)