Subtle sexism? examining vote preferences when women run against men for the presidency

Journal of Women, Politics and Policy

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 451-476

  Paul, David ^a   Smith, Jessi L ^b  

^a Skagit Valley College   (United States)

^b MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Gender; Presidential voting and elections; Qualification ratings

Indexed keywords

EID: 69849123661     PISSN: 1554477X     EISSN: 15544788     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15544770802092576     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Abramson, Paul R., Aldrich, John H., and Rohde, David W., 2006. Change and Continuity in the 2004 Elections, Washington, DC:CQ Press.
2. Asthana, Anushka. 2006. “A Political Opportunity for Women; Advocates Predict Gains in Congress and Push for More Participation.”. Washington Post,:A9 October 7
3. Bernstein, Arla G., 2005. “Gendered Characteristics of Political Engagement in College Students.”. Sex Roles, 52:299–310.
4. Biernat, Monica, and Vescio, Theresa K., 2002. “She Swings, She Hits, She’s Great, She’s Benched:Implications of Gender-Based Shifting Standards for Judgment and Behavior.”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28:66–77.
5. Broder, John M., 2006. “McCain Mines Elite of G.O.P. For 2008 Team.”. New York Times,:A1 August 21
6. Broh, Anthony C., 1980. “Whether Bellwethers or Weather-Jars Indicate Election Outcomes.”. Western Political Quarterly, 33:564–570.
7. Center for American Women in Politics. 2008. “Facts and Findings:Women Serving in the 110th Congress 2007–09.”. http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/Facts/Officeholders/cong-current.html.
8. Conaway, Mark R., 1990. “A Random Effects Model for Binary Data.”. Biometrics, 46:317–28.
9. Dolan, Kathleen. 2004. Voting for Women:How the Public Evaluates Women Candidates, Boulder, CO:Westview Press.
10. Eagly, Alice H., and Diekman, Amanda B., 2005. “What is the Problem? Prejudice as an Attitude-In-Context.”. In On the Nature of Prejudice:Fifty years after Allport, Edited by:Dovidio, John F, Glick, Peter, and Rudman, Laurie A. 19–35. Oxford, England:Blackwell.
11. Eagly, Alice H., Makhijani, Mona G., and Klonsky, Bruce G., 1992. “Gender and the Evaluation of Leaders:A Meta-Analysis.”. Psychological Bulletin, 111:3–22.
12. Falk, Erika, and Kenski, Kate. 2006. “Sexism Versus Partisanship:A New Look at the Question of Whether America is Ready for a Woman President.”. Sex Roles, 54:413–28.
13. Flanigan, William H., and Zingale, Nancy H., 2006. Political Behavior of the American Electorate, Washington DC:CQ Press.
14. Funk, Carolyn L., 1999. “Bringing the Candidate into Models of Candidate Evaluation.”. Journal of Politics, 61:700–20.
15. Gerdes, Eugenia Proctor, and Kelman, Jane Hutson. 1981. “Sex Discrimination:Effects of Sex-Role Incongruence, Evaluator Sex, and Stereotypes.”. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 2:219–26.
16. Goren, Paul. “Character Weakness, Partisan Bias, and Presidential Evaluation.”. American Journal of Political Science, 46627–41.
17. Green, Donald, Palmquist, Bradley, and Schickler, Eric. 2002. Partisan Hearts & Minds:Political Parties and the Social Identities of Voters, New Haven, CT:Yale University Press.
18. Greene, William H., 1997. Econometric Analysis, Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall.
19. Guilkey, David K., and Murhpy, James L., 1993. “Estimation and Testing in the Random Effects Probit Model.”. Journal of Econometrics, 59:301–17.
20. Hansen, Susan B., and Wills Otero, Laura. 2006. “A Woman for U.S. President? Gender and Leadership Traits Before and After 9/11.”. Journal of Women, Politics & Policy, 28:35–60.
21. Hearst Newspapers/Siena College Poll. 2005. “Do you think the United States is Ready for a Woman President in 2008? Siena Research Institute.”. http://www.siena.edu/sri/FirstWomanPresident/PDFs/FWP_release_final_sans.pdf
22. Heilman, Madeline E., 1983. “Sex Bias in Work Wettings:The Lack of Fit Model.”. Research in Organizational Behavior, 51:269–98.
23. Hernandez, Raymond. 2006. “Clinton Speaks of Rural Concerns, Upstate and Nationwide.”. New York Times,:B3 August 1
24. Herrnson, Paul S., Lay, Celeste J., and Stokes, Atiya Kai. 2003. “Women Running ‘As Women’:Candidate Gender, Campaign Issues, and Voter-Targeting Strategies.”. Journal of Politics, 65:244–255.
25. Huddy, Leonie, and Terkildsen, Nayda. 1993. “Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates.”. American Journal of Political Science, 37:119–147.
26. Kuran, Timur. 1995. Private Truths, Public Lies:The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification, Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
27. Lang, Robert E., Dhavale, Dawn, and Haworth, Kristin. 2004. “Micro Politics:The 2004 Presidential Vote in Small-Town America.”. Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech Census Note 04:03
28. Lawless, Jennifer L., 2004. “Women, War, and Winning Elections:Gender Stereotyping in the Post-September 11th Era.”. Political Research Quarterly, 57:479–490.
29. Loosley, Stephen. 2006. “The Race is on and Hillary is Leading.”. The Sunday Telegraph,:81 June 25
30. McClatchy, Margaret Taley. 2006. “To stir up votes, GOP paints Pelosi as threat.”. Sacramento Bee,:A1 October 29
31. Moore, Gwen, and Shackman, Gene. 1996. “Gender and Authority:A Cross National Study.”. Social Science Quarterly, 77:274–288.
32. Newsweek. 2007. “Presidential Trial Heats. Data accessed through the Polling the Nations survey database.”. (May 5, 2007)
33. Page, Susan. 2005. “Call her Madame President.”. USA Today,:1D October 11
34. Quinnipiac University Poll. 2007. “Clinton Opens Lead Over Giuliani as Dems Surge in Ohio, Quinnipiac University Poll Finds.”. http://www.quinnipiac.edu/images/polling/oh/oh09062007.doc
35. Rosenwasser, Shirley M., and Dean, Norma G., 1989. “Gender Role and Political Office.”. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13:77–85.
36. Rosenwasser, Shirley M., and Seale, Jana. 1988. “Attitudes Toward a Hypothetical Male or Female Presidential Candidate:A Research Note.”. Political Psychology, 9:591–598.
37. Rowland, Darrel. 2006. “Clinton, McCain are Ohioans’ early favorites for 2008.”. Columbus Dispatch,:1A May 2
38. Rudman, Laurie A., and Kilianski, Stephen E., 2000. “Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Female Authority.”. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26:1,315–28.
39. Smith, Eric R. A. N., and Fox, Richard L., 2001. “The Electoral Fortunes of Women Candidates for Congress.”. Political Research Quarterly, 54:205–21.
40. Smith, Jessi L., Paul, David, and Paul, Rachel. 2007. “No Place for a Woman:Evidence for Gender Bias in Evaluations of Presidential Candidates.”. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29:225–33.
41. Steinhauer, Jennifer. 2006. “Democratic Leader Put to Work as G.O.P. Campaign Star,”. New York Times,:A22 November 1
42. US Census Bureau. 2004. “Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2004, table 4b.”. http://www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/voting/cps2004.html
43. US Census Bureau. 2006. “State & County Quickfacts:Ohio.”. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html
44. Zogby, John, and Felchner, Morgan E., 2007. “Poll Vault.”. Campaign Insider,:4 September 27
45. Zogby International. 2007. “Zogby:Obama Leads All Republicans in General Election Head to Head Contests.”. http://www.zogby.com/News/ReadNews.dbm?ID=1316. Data originally accessed through the Polling the Nations survey database.
46. Zorn, Christopher J. W., 2001. “Generalized Estimating Equation Models for Correlated Data:A Review With Applications.”. American Journal of Political Science, 45:470–490.