Incretin-based therapy: how do incretin mimetics and DPP-4 inhibitors fit into treatment algorithms for type 2 diabetic patients?

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 513-523

  Nauck, M ^a   Smith, U ^b  

^a DIABETESZENTRUM BAD LAUTERBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

Author keywords

DPP 4 inhibitors; GLP 1 receptor agonists; incretin enhancers; incretin mimetics; incretin based antidiabetic medication; oral anti diabetic drugs

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; EXENDIN 4; GLIPIZIDE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; INCRETIN; INSULIN; INSULIN ASPART; INSULIN GLARGINE; LIRAGLUTIDE; MEGLITINIDE; METFORMIN; PIOGLITAZONE; SITAGLIPTIN; SULFONYLUREA; VILDAGLIPTIN;

ABDOMINAL DISTENSION; ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUTE PANCREATITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DATA BASE; DIARRHEA; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET THERAPY; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG COST; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG UTILIZATION; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELDERLY CARE; ENZYME INHIBITION; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INDIVIDUALIZATION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL SOCIETY; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; POSTMARKETING SURVEILLANCE; POSTPRANDIAL STATE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VOMITING; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ALGORITHMS; ANIMALS; BIOMIMETICS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITORS; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INCRETINS; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS;

EID: 69849104533     PISSN: 1521690X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Turner R., Cull C., and Holman R. United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study 17: a 9-year update of a randomized, controlled trial on the effect of improved metabolic control on complications in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Annals of Internal Medicine 124 (1996) 136-145
2. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 352 (1998) 837-853
3. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 352 (1998) 854-865
4. Nathan D.M., Buse J.B., Davidson M.B., et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 49 (2006) 1711-1721
5. Gaede P., Vedel P., Larsen N., et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine 348 (2003) 383-393
6. Gaede P., Lund-Andersen H., Parving H.H., et al. Effect of a multifactorial intervention on mortality in type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine 358 (2008) 580-591
7. Stratton I.M., Adler A.I., Neil H.A., et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 321 (2000) 405-412
8. Kahn S.E., Haffner S.M., Heise M.A., et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. The New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2006) 2427-2443
9. Häring H.U., Joost H.G., Laube H., et al. Antihyperglykämische Therapie des Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. Evidenzbasierte Diabetes-Leitlinie DDG. In: Hrsg. Scherbaum W.A., and Landgraf R. (Eds). Diabetes und Stoffwechsel, Band 12 (Suppl. 2) (2003), Kirchheim-Verlag, Mainz
10. The DCCT Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. The American Journal of Medicine 90 (1991) 450-459
11. Drucker D.J., and Nauck M.A. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet 368 (2006) 1696-1705
12. Nauck M.A., Meininger G., Sheng D., et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, compared with the sulfonylurea, glipizide, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin alone: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 9 (2007) 194-205
13. Bolli G., Dotta F., Rochotte E., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin vs. pioglitazone when added to metformin: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind study. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 10 (2008) 82-90
14. Heine R.J., Van Gaal L.F., Johns D., et al. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 143 (2005) 559-569
15. Barnett A.H., Burger J., Johns D., et al. Tolerability and efficacy of exenatide and titrated insulin glargine in adult patients with type 2 diabetes previously uncontrolled with metformin or a sulfonylurea: a multinational, randomized, open-label, two-period, crossover noninferiority trial. Clinical Therapeutics 29 (2007) 2333-2348
16. Nauck M.A., Duran S., Kim D., et al. A comparison of twice-daily exenatide and biphasic insulin aspart in patients with type 2 diabetes who were suboptimally controlled with sulfonylurea and metformin: a non-inferiority study. Diabetologia 50 (2007) 259-267
17. Nauck M.A., Heimesaat M.M., Behle K., et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 on counterregulatory hormone responses, cognitive functions, and insulin secretion during hyperinsulinemic, stepped hypoglycemic clamp experiments in healthy volunteers. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 (2002) 1239-1246
18. Qualmann C., Nauck M.A., Holst J.J., et al. Insulinotropic actions of intravenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) [7-36 amide] in the fasting state in healthy subjects. Acta Diabetologica 32 (1995) 13-16
19. Vilsbøll T., Krarup T., Madsbad S., et al. No reactive hypoglycaemia in Type 2 diabetic patients after subcutaneous administration of GLP-1 and intravenous glucose. Diabetic Medicine 18 (2001) 144-149
20. Gutniak M.K., Juntti-Berggren L., Hellstrom P.M., et al. Glucagon-like peptide I enhances the insulinotropic effect of glibenclamide in NIDDM patients and in the perfused rat pancreas. Diabetes Care 19 (1996) 857-863
21. Buse J.B., Henry R.R., Han J., et al., for the exenatide-113 clinical study group. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 27 (2004) 2628-2635
22. Hermansen K., Kipnes M., Luo E., et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled on glimepiride alone or on glimepiride and metformin. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 9 (2007) 733-745
23. Garber A.J., Foley J.E., Banerji M.A., et al. Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with a sulphonylurea. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 10 (2008) 1047-1056
24. Gromada J., Dissing S., Bokvist K., et al. Glucagon-like peptide I increases cytoplasmic calcium in insulin-secreting ßTC3-cells by enhancement of intracellular calcium mobilization. Diabetes 44 (1995) 767-774
25. Gromada J., Dissing S., Kofod H., et al. Effects of the hypoglycaemic drugs repaglinide and glibenclamide on ATP-sensitive potassium channels and cytosolic calcium levels in ß TC3 cells and rat panceatic beta cells. Diabetologia 38 (1995) 1025-1032
26. Kendall D.M., Riddle M.C., Rosenstock J., et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1083-1091
27. Fineman M.S., Shen L.Z., Taylor K., et al. Effectiveness of progressive dose-escalation of exenatide (exendin-4) in reducing dose-limiting side effects in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews 20 (2004) 411-417
28. DeFronzo R.A., Ratner R.E., Han J., et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1092-1100
29. Zinman B., Hoogwerf B.J., Duran Garcia S., et al. The effect of adding exenatide to a thiazolidinedione in suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 146 (2007) 477-485
30. Stein P.P., Williams-Herman D., Khatami H., et al. Sitagliptin, a selective DPP-4 inhibitor, is well tolerated in patients with Type 2 diabetes: pooled analysis of 5141 patients in clinical trials for up to 2 years (abstract). Diabetes 56 Suppl. 1 (2007) A142-A143
31. Williams-Herman D., Round E., Swern A.S., et al. Safety and tolerability of sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis. BMC Endocrine Disorders 8 (2008) 14
32. Xu G., Stoffers D.A., Habener J.F., et al. Exendin-4 stimulates both beta-cell replication and neogenesis, resulting in increased beta-cell mass and improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Diabetes 48 (1999) 2270-2276
33. Tourrel C., Bailbe D., Meile M.J., et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 and exendin-4 stimulate beta-cell neogenesis in streptozotocin-treated newborn rats resulting in persistently improved glucose homeostasis at adult age. Diabetes 50 7 (2001) 1562-1570
34. Brubaker P.L., and Drucker D.J. Minireview: glucagon-like peptides regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in the pancreas, gut, and central nervous system. Endocrinology 145 (2004) 2653-2659
35. Bose A.K., Mocanu M.M., Carr R.D., et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 can directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Diabetes 54 (2005) 146-151
36. Nikolaidis L.A., Mankad S., Sokos G.G., et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation 109 (2004) 962-965
37. Nikolaidis L.A., Elahi D., Hentosz T., et al. Recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation 110 (2004) 955-961
38. Prazak R., Rütti S., Ellingsgaard H., et al. Liraglutide induces cell proliferation and protects from interleukin 1-beta induced beta-cell apoptosis in human islets. [abstract]. Diabetes 57 Suppl. 1 (2008) A440-A441
39. Mu J., Woods J., Zhou Y.P., et al. Chronic inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 with a sitagliptin analog preserves pancreatic ß-cell mass and function in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 55 (2006) 1695-1704
40. Duttaroy A., Voelker F., Zhang X., et al. The DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin increases pancreatic beta cell mass in rodents. [abstract 481]. Diabetologia 48 Suppl. 1 (2005) A178
41. U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study Group. U.K prospective diabetes study 16: Overview of 6 years therapy of type II diabetes: a progressive disease (Perspectives in diabetes). Diabetes 44 (1995) 1249-1258
42. Butler A.E., Janson J., Bonner-Weir S., et al. Beta-cell deficit and increased beta-cell apoptosis in humans with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 52 (2003) 102-110
43. Nauck M., Frid A., Hermansen K., et al. Efficacy and safety comparison of liraglutide, glimepiride, and placebo, all in combination with metformin, in type 2 diabetes: the LEAD (liraglutide effect and action in diabetes)-2 study. Diabetes Care 32 (2009) 84-90
44. Bunck M.C., Diamant M., Corner A., et al. One-year treatment with exenatide improves beta-cell function, compared to insulin glargine, in metformin treated type 2 diabetes patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care (2009)
45. Charbonnel B., Karasik A., Liu J., et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone. Diabetes Care 29 (2006) 2638-2643
46. Raz I., Hanefeld M., Xu L., et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 49 (2006) 2564-2571
47. Nonaka K., Kakikawa T., Sato A., et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin monotherapy in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 79 (2008) 291-298
48. Raz I., Chen Y., Wu M., et al. Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Current Medical Research and Opinion 24 (2008) 537-550
49. Scott R., Wu M., Sanchez M., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement 61 (2007) 171-180
50. Åhren B., Pacini G., Foley J.E., et al. Improved meal-related beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity by the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes over 1 year. Diabetes Care 28 (2005) 1936-1940
51. Pratley R.E., Jauffret-Kamel S., Galbreath E., et al. Twelve-week monotherapy with the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin improves glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Hormone and Metabolic Research 38 (2006) 423-428
52. Azuma K., Radikova Z., Mancino J., et al. Measurements of islet function and glucose metabolism with the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor vildagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93 (2008) 459-464
53. Garber A.J., Schweizer A., Baron M.A., et al. Vildagliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes failing thiazolidinedione monotherapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 9 (2007) 166-174
54. Mari A., Scherbaum W.A., Nilsson P.M., et al. Characterization of the influence of vildagliptin on model-assessed -cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93 (2008) 103-109
55. Rosenstock J., Foley J.E., Rendell M., et al. Effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin on incretin hormones, islet function, and postprandial glycemia in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care 31 (2008) 30-35
56. Scherbaum W.A., Schweizer A., Mari A., et al. Evidence that vildagliptin attenuates deterioration of glycaemic control during 2-year treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycaemia. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism 10 (2008) 1114-1124
57. Russell-Jones D., Vaag A., Schmitz O., et al. Significantly better glycemic control and weight reduction with liraglutide, a once-daily human GLP-1 analog, compared with insulin glargine: all as add-on to metformin and a sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes (abstract). Diabetes 57 Suppl. 1 (2008) A159
58. (1c) over 1 year in drug-naive patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 24 (2007) 955-961
59. Lalau J.D., Race J.M., and Brinquin L. Lactic acidosis in metformin therapy. Relationship between plasma metformin concentration and renal function. Diabetes Care 21 (1998) 1366-1367
60. Krepinsky J., Ingram A.J., and Clase C.M. Prolonged sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 35 (2000) 500-505
61. Kiryluk K., and Isom R. Thiazolidinediones and fluid retention. Kidney International 72 (2007) 762-768
62. Bergman A.J., Cote J., Yi B., et al. Effect of renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. Diabetes Care 30 (2007) 1862-1864
63. Ørskov C., Andreasen J., and Holst J.J. All products of proglucagon are elevated in plasma of uremic patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 74 (1992) 379-384
64. Meier J.J., Nauck M.A., Kranz D., et al. Secretion, degradation, and elimination of glucagon-like peptide 1 and gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with chronic renal insufficiency and healthy control subjects. Diabetes 53 (2004) 654-662
65. Williams-Herman D., Swern A.S., Davies M.J., et al. In patients with type 2 diabetes, sitagliptin effectively lowers A1c regardless of patient age, gender, or body mass index (abstract). Diabetes 57 Suppl. 1 (2008) A148
66. He Y.L., Sabo R., Campestrini J., et al. The effect of age, gender, and body mass index on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in healthy volunteers. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (2007)
67. Pratley R.E., Rosenstock J., Pi-Sunyer F.X., et al. Management of type 2 diabetes in treatment-naive elderly patients: benefits and risks of vildagliptin monotherapy. Diabetes Care 30 (2007) 3017-3022