Efficacy of clinical hypnosis: A summary of its empirical evidence;Eficacia de la hipnosis clínica: Resumen de su evidencia empírica

Papeles del Psicologo

Volumn 30, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 98-116

  Mendoza, Elena ^a   Capafons, Antonio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VALENCIA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Efficacy; Empirical evidence; Hypnosis; Theoretical study

Indexed keywords

EID: 69849096619     PISSN: 02147823     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Alladin, A., & Alibhai, A. (2007). Cognitive hypnotherapy for depression: An empirical investigation. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 147-166
2. Anbar, R.D., & Hummell, K.E. (2005). Teamwork approach to clinical hypnosis at a pediatric pulmonary center. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 48, 45-49
3. Attias, J., Shemesh, Z., Sohmer, H., Gold, S., Shoham, C., & Faraggi, D. (1993). A comparison between self-hypnosis, masking and attentiveness for alleviation of chronic tinnitus. Audiology, 2, 205-212
4. Attias, J., Shemesh, Z., Shomer, H., Shulman, H., & Shahar, A. (1990). Efficacy of self-hypnosis for tinnitus relief. Scandinaviane Audiology, 19, 245-249
5. Baglini, R., Sesana, M., Capuano, C., Gnecchi-Ruscone, T., Ugo, L., & Danzi, G. (2004). Effect of hypnotic sedation during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on myocardial ischemia and cardiac sympathetic drive. American Journal of Cardiology, 93, 1035-1038
6. Bakke, A.C., Purtzer, M.Z., & Newton, P. (2002). The effect of hypnotic-guided imagery on psychological well-being and immune function in patients with prior breast cancer. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 1131-1137
7. Belsky, J., & Khanna, P. (1994). The effects of self-hypnosis for children with cystic fibrosis: A pilot study. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36, 282-292
8. Ben-Zvi, Z., Spohn, W.A., Young, S.H., & Kattan, M. (1982). Hypnosis for exercise-induced asthma. The American Review of Respiratory Disease, 125, 392-395
9. Blankfield, R.P. (1991). Suggestion, relaxation, and hypnosis as adjuncts in the care of surgery patients: A review of the literature. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 33, 1782-1786
10. Bolocofsky, D.N., Spinler, D., & Coulthard-Morris, L. (1985). Effectiveness of hypnosis as an adjunct to behavioural weight management. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 35-41
11. Butler, L.D., Symons, B.K., Henderson, S.L., Shortliffe, L.D., & Spiegel, D. (2005). Hypnosis reduces distress and duration of an invasive medical procedure for children. Pediatrics, 115, 77-85.
12. Brann, L., & Guzvica, S. (1987). Comparison of hypnosis with conventional relaxation for antenatal and intrapartum use: A feasibility study in general practice. Journal of Royal College of General Practitioners, 37, 437-440
13. Brom, D., Kleber, R.J., & Defare, P.B. (1989). Brief psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87, 607-612
14. Brown, D. (2007). Evidence-Based Hypnotherapy for Asthma: A Critical Review. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 220-249
15. Brown, D., & Hammond, D.C. (2007). Evidence-Based Clinical Hypnosis in Obstetrics, Labor and Deliver, and Preterm Labor. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 355-371
16. Bryant, R.A., Guthrie, R.M., & Moulds, M.L. (2001). Hypnotizability in acute stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 600-604
17. Bryant, R.A., Moulds, M.L., Nixon, R.D., Mastrodomenico, J., Felmingham, K., & Hopwood, S. (2005). Hypnotherapy and cognitive behaviour therapy of acute stress disorder: A 3-year follow-up. Behavioral and Research and Therapy, 44, 1331-1335
18. Cardeña, E. (2000) Hypnosis in the treatment of trauma: A promising, but not fully supported, efficacious intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48, 225-238
19. Castel, A., Pérez, M., Sala, J., Padrol, A., & Rull, M. (2007). Effect of hypnotic suggestion on fibromyalgic pain: Comparison between hypnosis and relaxation. European Journal of Pain, 11, 463-468
20. Clark, G.T., Lanham, F., & Flack, V.F. (1988). Treatment outcome results for consecutive TMJ patients. Journal of Craniomandibular Disorders Facial Oral Pain, 2, 87-95
21. a ed.). Nueva York: Grune & Strantton.
22. Cyna, A.M., McAuliffe, G.L., & Andrew, M.I. (2004). Hypnosis for pain relief in labour and childbirth: A systematic review. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 93, 505-11
23. Chambless, D.L., & Hollon, S.D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7-18
24. Chaves, J.F. (1997). Hypnosis in dentistry: Historical overview and critical appraisal. Hypnosis International Monographs, 3, 5-23
25. Diment, A.D. (1991). Uses of hypnosis in diabetes-related stress management counseling. Australian Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hypnosis, 19, 97-101
26. Dworkin, S.F. (1997). Behavioral and educational modalities. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics, 83,128-33
27. Edwards, S.D., & van der Spuy, H.I. (1985). Hypnotherapy as a treatment for enuresis. Journal of Child Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry and Allied Health Disciplines, 26, 161-170
28. Eitner, S., Wichmann, M., Schultze-Mosgau, S., Schlegel, A., Leher, A., Heckmann, J., Heckmann, S., & Holst, S. (2006). Neurophysiologic and long-term effects of clinical hypnosis in oral and maxillofacial treatment- a comparative interdisciplinary clinical study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54, 457-479
29. Elkins, G., Jensen, M.P., & Patterson, D.R. (2007). Hypnotherapy for the management of chronic pain. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 275-287
30. Elkins, G., Marcus, J., Bates, J., Rajab, M.H., & Cook, T. (2006). Intensive hypnotherapy for smoking cessation: A prospective study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54, 303-315
31. Elkins, G., & Rajab, M.H. (2004). Clinical hypnosis for smoking cessation: Preliminary results of a three-session intervention. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 52, 73-81
32. Ewer, T.C., & Stewart, D.E. (1986). Improvement in bronchial hyper-responsiveness in patients with moderate asthma after treatment with a hypnotic technique: A randomized controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 293, 1129-1132
33. Ewin, D.M. (1992). Hypnotherapy for warts (Verruca Vulgaris): 41 consecutive cases with 33 cures. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 35, 1-10
34. Fabian, T.K. (1995). Hypnosis in dentistry. I. Comparative evaluation of 45 cases of hypnosis. Fogorvosi Szemle, 88, 111-115
35. Faymonville, M.E., Mambourg, P.H., Joris, J., Vrijens, B., Fissette, J., Albert, A., & Lamy, M. (1997). Psychological approaches during conscious sedation. Hypnosis versus stress reducing strategies: A prospective randomized study. Pain, 73, 361-367
36. Faymonville, M.E., Meurisse, M., & Fissette, J. (1999). Hypnosedation: A valuable alternative to traditional anaesthetic technicques. Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 99, 141-146
37. Flammer, E., & Alladin, A. (2007). The efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders: Meta-analytic evidence. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 251-274
38. Flammer, E., & Bongartz, W. (2003). On the efficacy of hypnosis. A meta-analytic study. Contemporary Hypnosis, 20, 179-197
39. Freeman, R.M., MacCauley, A.J., Eve, L., & Chamberlain, G.V.P. (1986). Randomized trial of self-hypnosis for analgesia in labour. British Medical Journal, 292, 657-658.
40. Galper, D.I., Taylor, A.G., & Cox, D.J. (2003). Current status of mind-body interventions for vascular complications of diabetes. Family & Community Health, 26, 34-40
41. Gay, M.C. (2007). Effectiveness of hypnosis in reducing mild essential hypertension: A one-year follow-up. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 67-83
42. Gold, J.I., Kant, A.J., Belmont, K.A., & Butler, L. (2007). Practitioner review: Applications of pediatric hypnosis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 744-754.
43. Gonsalkorale, W.M. (2006). Gut-directed hypnotherapy: The Manchester approach for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54, 27-50
44. Gonsalkorale W.M., Houghton, L.A., & Whorwell, P.J. (2002). Hypnotherapy in irritable bowel syndrome: A large-scale audit of a clinical service with examination of factors influencing responsiveness. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97, 954-61
45. Gonsalkorale, W.M., & Whorwell, P,J. (2005). Hypnotherapy in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 17, 15-20
46. Green, J.P. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy for smoking cessation: A case study in a group setting. In S.J. Lynn, I. Kirsch, & J.W. Rhue (Eds.), Casebook of Clinical Hypnosis. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
47. Green, J.P., & Lynn, S.J. (2000). Hypnosis and suggestion-based approaches to smoking cessation: An examination of the evidence. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48, 195-224
48. Green, J.P., Lynn, S.J., & Montgomery, G.H. (2008). Gender-Related Differences in Hypnosis-Based Treatments for Smoking: A Follow-up Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 50, 259-271
49. Hammond, D.C. (2007). Review of the efficacy of clinical hypnosis with headaches and migraines. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 207-219
50. Huth, M.M., Broome, M.E., & Good, M. (2004). Imagery reduces children's postoperative pain. Pain, 110, 439-448
51. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis (2000). The status of hypnosis as an empirically validated clinical intervention, 48, 2.
52. Jacknow, D.S., Tschann, J.M., Link, M.P., & Boyce, W.T. (1994). Hypnosis in the prevention of chemotherapyrelated nausea and vomiting in children: A prospective study. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 15, 258-264
53. Jenkins, M.W., & Pritchard, M.H. (1993). Hypnosis: Practical applications and theoretical considerations in normal labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 100, 221-226
54. Jensen, M.P., McArthur, K.D., Barber, J., Hanley, M.A., Engel, J.M., Romano, J.M., Cardenas, D.D., Kraft, G.H., Hofman, A.J., & Patterson, D.R. (2006). Satisfaction with, and the beneficial side effect of, hypnotic analgesia. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 54, 432-47
55. Johnson, L.S., Johnson, D.L., Olson, M.R., & Newman, J.P. (1981). The uses of hypnotherapy with learning-disabled children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 291-299
56. a ed.) (pp. 125-150). Nueva York: Guilford.
57. Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Marucha, P.T., Atkinson, C., & Glaser, R. (2001). Hypnosis as a modulator of cellular immune dysregulation during acute stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 674-682
58. Kihlstrom, J.F. (1985). Hypnosis. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 385-418
59. Kirsch, I., Capafons, A., Cardeña, E., & Amigó, S. (1999). Clinical hypnosis and self-regulation: An introduction. En I. Kirsch, A. Capafons, E. Cardeña, & S. Amigó (Eds.), Clinical hypnosis and self-regulation therapy: A cognitive-behavioral perspective (pp. 3-18). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
60. Kuttner, L., Bowman, M., & Teasdale, M. (1988). Psychological treatment of distress, pain, and anxiety for young children with cancer. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 9, 374-381
61. Lang, E.V., Benotsch, E.G., Fick, L.J., Lutgendorf, S., Berbaum, M.L., Berbaum, K.S., Logan, H., & Spiegel, D. (2000). Adjunctive non-pharmacological analgesia for invasive medical procedures: A randomised trial. Lancet, 355, 1486-1490
62. Lang, E.V., Berbaum, K.S., Faintuch, S., Hatsiopoulou, O., Halsey, N., Li, X., Berbaum, M.L., Laser, E., & Baum, J. (2006). Adjunctive self-hypnotic relaxation for outpatient medical procedures: A prospective randomized trial with women undergoing large core breast biopsy. Pain, 126, 3-4
63. Lang, E.V., Joyce, J.S., Spiegel, D., Hamilton, D., & Lee, K.K. (1996). Self-hypnotic relaxation during interventional radiological procedure: Effects on pain perception and intravenous drug use. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 44, 106-119
64. Lang, E.V., & Rosen, M. (2002). Cost analysis of adjunct hypnosis for sedation during outpatient interventional procedures. Radiology, 222, 375-382
65. Levitas, E., Parmet, A., Lunenfeld, E., Bentov, Y., Burstein, E., Friger, M., & Potashnik, G. (2006). Impact of hypnosis during embryo transfer on the outcome of in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer: A case-control study. Fertility and Sterility, 85, 1404-1408
66. Liossi, C., White, P., & Hatira, P. (2006). Randomized clinical trial of local anesthetic versus a combination of local anesthetic with self-hypnosis in the management of pediatric procedure-related pain. Health Psychology, 25, 307-315
67. Lobe, T.E. (2006). Perioperative hypnosis reduces hospitalization in patients undergoing the Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A, 16, 639-642
68. Lyles, J.N., Burish, T.G., Krozely, M.G., & Oldham, R.K. (1982). Efficacy of relaxation training and guided imagery in reducing the aversiveness of cancer chemotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 509-524
69. Lynn, S.J., & Kirsch, I. (2006). Essentials of clinical hypnosis. An evidence-based approach. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
70. Lynn, S.J., Neufeld, V., Rhue, J.W., & Matorin, A. (1993). Hypnosis and smoking cessation: A cognitivebehavioral treatment. En J.W. Rhue, S.J. Lynn, & I. Kirsch (Eds.), Handbook of clinical hypnosis (pp. 555-586). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
71. Lynn, S.J., Kirsch, I., Barabasz, A., Cardeña, E., & Patterson, D. (2000). Hypnosis as an empirically supported clinical intervention: The state of the evidence and a look to the future. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48, 239-259
72. Maudoux, A., Bonnet, S., Lhonneux-Ledoux, F., & Lefebvre, P. (2007). Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy. B-ENT, 3, 75-77
73. Martínez-Valero, C., Castel, A., Capafons, A., Sala, J., Espejo, B., & Cardeña, E. (2008). Hypnotic treatment synergizes the psychological treatment of fibromyalgia: A single pilot study. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 50, 311-321
74. Mendoza, M.E. (2000). La hipnosis como adjunto en el tratamiento del hábito de fumar: estudio de caso. Psicothema, 12, 330-338
75. Milling, L.S., & Constantino,C.A. (2000). Clinical hypnosis with children: First steps toward empirical support. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48, 113-137
76. Montgomery, G.H., Bovbjerg, D.H., Schnur, J.B., David, D., Goldfarb, A., Weltz, C.R., Schechter, C., Graff-Zivin, J., Tatrow, K., Price, D.D., Silverstein, J.H. (2007). A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Brief Hypnosis Intervention to Control Side Effects in Breast Surgery Patients. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 99, 1304-1312
77. Montgomery, G.H., David, D., Winkel, G., Silverstein, J., & Bovbjerg, D. (2002). The effectiveness of adjunctive hypnosis with surgical patients: A meta-analysis. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 94, 1639-1645
78. Montgomery, G.H., DuHamel, K.N., & Reed, W.H. (2000). A meta-analysis of hypnotically induced analgesia: How effective is hypnosis? International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48, 138-153
79. Montgomery, G.H., & Schnur, J.B. (2004). Eficacia y aplicación de la hipnosis clínica. Papeles del Psicólogo, 89, 3-8
80. Néron, S., & Stephenson, R. (2007). Effectiveness of hypnotherapy with cancer patients' trajectory: Emesis, acute pain, and analgesia and anxiolysis in procedures. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 55, 336-354
81. Neumann, P. (2005). The use of hypnosis in modifying immune system response. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 33, 140-159
82. National Institute of Health (1996).Technology assessment panel on integration of behavioral and relaxation approaches to treatment of chronic pain and insomnia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276, 313-318
83. Olness, K., Culbert, T., & Uden, D. (1989). Self-regulation of salivary immunoglobulin A by children. Pediatrics, 83, 66-71
84. Palsson, O.S. (2006). Standardized hypnosis treatment for irritable bowel syndrome: The North Carolina protocol. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54, 51-64
85. Patterson, D.R., & Jensen, M.P. (2003). Hypnosis and clinical pain. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 495-521
86. Pinnell, C.M., & Covino, N.A. (2000) Empirical findings on the use of hypnosis in medicine: A critical review. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48, 170-194
87. Pittler M.H., & Ernst, E. (2005). Complementary therapies for reducing body weight: A systematic review. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 1030-1038
88. Raskin, R., Raps, C., Luskin, F., Carlson, R., & Cristal, R. (1999). Pilot study of the effect of self-hypnosis on the medical management of essential hypertension. Stress and Health, 15, 243-247
89. Ratner, H., Gross, L., Casas, J., & Castells, S. (1990). A hypnotherapeutic approach to the improvement of compliance in adolescent diabetics. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 32, 154-159
90. Research Committee of the British Tuberculosis Society. (1968). Hypnosis for asthma: A controlled trial. A report to the Research Committee of the British Tuberculosis Association. British Medical Journal, 4, 71-76
91. Richardson, J., Smith, J.E., McCall, G., & Pilkington, K. (2006). Hypnosis for procedure-related pain and distress in pediatric cancer patients: A systematic review of effectiveness and methodology related to hypnosis interventions. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 31, 70-84
92. Richardson, J., Smith, J.E., McCall, G., Richardson, A., Pilkington, K., & Kirsch, I. (2007). Hypnosis for nausea and vomiting in cancer chemotherapy: A systematic review of the research evidence. European Journal of Cancer Care, 16, 402-412
93. Ross, U.H., Lange, O., Unterrainer, J., & Laszig, R. (2007). Ericksonian hypnosis in tinnitus therapy: Effects of a 28-day inpatient multimodal treatment concept measured by Tinnitus-Questionnaire and Health Survey SF-36. European Archives of Otorhinolaryngology, 264, 483-488
94. Saadat, H., Drummond-Lewis, J., Maranets, I., Kaplan, D., Saadat, A., Wang, S.M., & Kain, Z.N. (2006). Hypnosis reduces preoperative anxiety in adult patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 102, 1394-1396
95. Schnur, J.B., Bovbjerg, D.H., David, D., Tatrow, K., Goldfarb, A.B., Silverstein, J.H., Weltz, C.R., & Guy H. Montgomery, G.H. (2007). Hypnosis decreases presurgical distress in excisional breast biopsy patients. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 106, 440-444
96. Schnur, J.B., Kafer, I., Marcus, C., & Montgomery, G.H. (2008). Hypnosis to manage distress related to medical procedures: A meta-analysis. Contemporary Hypnosis, 25, 114-128
97. Schoenberger, N.E. (2000). Research on hypnosis as an adjunct to cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 48, 154-169
98. Simon, E.P., & Lewis, D.M. (2000). Medical hypnosis for temporomandibular disorders: Treatment efficacy and medical utilization outcome. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, 90, 54-63
99. Simrén, M. (2006). Hypnosis for irritable bowel syndrome: The quest for the mechanism of action. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54, 65-84
100. Spiegel, D., Hunt, T., & Dondershine, H.E. (1988). Dissociation and hypnotizability in post-traumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 301-305
101. Spiegel, D., & Moore, R. (1997). Imagery and hypnosis in the treatment of cancer patients. Oncology, 11, 1179-1189
102. Spanos, N.P., Stenstrom, R.J., & Johnston, J.C. (1988). Hypnosis, placebo, and suggestion in the treatment of warts. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 245-260
103. Stanton, H.E. (1994). Self-hypnosis: One path to reduced test anxiety. Contemporary Hypnosis, 11, 14-18
104. Stutman, R.K., & Bliss, E.L. (1985). Posttraumatic stress disorder, hypnotizability, and imagery. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 741-743
105. Syrjala, K.L., Cummings, C., & Donaldson, G.W. (1992). Hypnosis or cognitive behavioural training for the reduction of pain and nausea during cancer treatment: A controlled clinical trial. Pain, 48, 137-146
106. Uman, L.S., Chambers, C.T., McGrath, P.J., & Kisely, S. (2006). Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 18, CD005179.
107. Vanderlinden, J., & Vandereycken, W. (1994). The (limited) possibilities of hypnotherapy in the treatment of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36, 248-257
108. Van Dyck, R., & Spinhoven, P. (1997). Does preference for type of treatment matter? A study of exposure in vivo with or without hypnosis in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behavior Modification, 21, 172-186
109. Vandenbergh, R.L., Sussman, K.E., & Titus, C.C. (1966). Effects of hypnotically induced acute emotional stress on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with diabetes mellitus. Psychosomatic Medicine, 28, 382-390
110. Vlieger, A.M., Menko-Frankenhuis, C., Wolfkamp, S.C., Tromp, E., & Benninga, M.A. (2007). Hypnotherapy for children with functional abdominal pain or irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 133, 1430-1436
111. Whitehead, W.E. (2006). Hypnosis for irritable bowel syndrome: The empirical evidence of therapeutic effects. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54, 7-20
112. Whorwell, P.J. (2006). Effective management of irritable bowel syndrome-the Manchester Model. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 54, 21-6
113. Willett, W.C., Dietz, W.H., & Colditz, G.A. (1999). Primary care: Guidelines for healthy weight. New England Journal of Medicine, 341, 427-434
114. Winchell, S.A., & Watts, R.A. (1988). Relaxation therapies in the treatment of psoriasis and possible pathophysiologic mechanisms. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 18, 101-104
115. Wood, G.J., Bughi, S., Morrison, J., Tanavoli, S., Tanavoli, S., & Zadeh, H.H. (2003). Hypnosis, differential expression of cytokines by T-cell subsets, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 45, 179-196
116. Xu, Y., & Cardeña, E. (2008). Hypnosis as an adjunct therapy in the management of diabetes. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 56, 63-72
117. Zachariae, R., Øster, H., Bjerring, P., & Kragballe, K. (1996). Effects of psychologic intervention on psoriasis. A preliminary report. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 34, 1008-1015
118. Zeltzer, L.K., Dolgin, M.J., LeBaron, S., & LeBaron, C. (1991). A randomized, controlled study of behavioral intervention for chemotherapy distress in children with cancer. Pediatrics, 88, 34-42
119. Zeltzer, L.K., & LeBaron, S.M. (1982). Hypnosis and nonhypnotic techniques for reduction of pain and anxiety during painful procedures in children and adolescents with cancer. Journal of Pediatrics, 101, 1032-1035.