Stress fractures of the foot and ankle

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 149-159

  Brockwell, Jason ^a,c   Yeung, Yeung ^a   Griffith, James F ^b  

^a Asia Medical Specialists   (Hong Kong)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^c Institute of Medical Specialists   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Ankle; Dance; Fatigue fracture; Foot; Fracture; Sport; Stress fracture

Indexed keywords

ANKLE FRACTURE; FOOT FRACTURE; HALLUX; HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANGE OF MOTION; REVIEW; SPORTS MEDICINE; STRESS FRACTURE; TALUS; ANKLE INJURIES; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BIOMECHANICS; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FOOT INJURIES; FRACTURES, STRESS; REACTION TIME; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES;

ANKLE INJURIES; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA; ELECTROMYOGRAPHY; FOOT INJURIES; FRACTURES, STRESS; HUMANS; REACTION TIME; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 69749124085     PISSN: 10628592     EISSN: 15381951     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/JSA.0b013e3181b12727     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. Breithaupt J. Zur pathologie des menschlichen fussess. Medizin Zeitung. 1855;24:169-177.
2. Jansen M. March foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1926;8:262-272.
3. Stechow AW. Fussoedem und Roentgenstrahlen. Deutsche milit artzl Ztschr. 1897;26:465-471.
4. Devas M. Stress Fractures. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1975.
5. Devas MB. Stress fractures in athletes. Proc R Soc Med. 1969; 62:933-937.
6. Devas MB. Stress fractures in athletes. J R Coll Gen Pract. 1970;19:34-38.
7. Devas MB. Stress fractures in athletes. Nurs Times. 1971;67: 227-232.
8. Devas MB, Sweetnam DR. Runner's fracture. Practitioner. 1958;180:340-342.
9. Devas MB, Sweetnam R. Stress fractures of the fibula; a review of fifty cases in athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1956;38-B: 818-829.
10. Eisele SA, Sammarco GJ. Fatigue fractures of the foot and ankle in the athlete. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:290-298.
11. Beaman DN, Roeser WM, Holmes JR, et al. Cuboid stress fractures: a report of two cases. Foot Ankle. 1993;14:525-528. (Pubitemid 24012786)
12. Biedert R, Hintermann B. Stress fractures of the medial great toe sesamoids in athletes. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24:137-141. (Pubitemid 36222639)
13. Creighton R, Sonoga A, Gordon G. Stress fracture of the tarsal middle cuneiform bone. A case report. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1990;80:489-495.
14. Crotty JG, Berlin SJ, Donick II. Stress fracture of the first metatarsal after Keller bunionectomy. J Foot Surg. 1989; 28:516-520. (Pubitemid 20097645)
15. Elias I, Zoga AC, Raikin SM, et al. Bone stress injury of the ankle in professional ballet dancers seen on MRI. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2008;9:39. (Pubitemid 351581171)
16. Hopson CN, Perry DR. Stress fractures of the calcaneus in women marine recruits. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977;128: 159-162. (Pubitemid 8253140)
17. Lo SL, Zoga AC, Elias I, et al. Stress fracture of the distal phalanx of the great toe in a professional ballet dancer: a case report. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:1564-1566. (Pubitemid 47301092)
18. Lucas MJ, Baxter DE. Stress fracture of the first metatarsal. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18:373-374.
19. Meurman KO, Elfving S. Stress fracture of the cuneiform bones. Br J Radiol. 1980;53:157-160.
20. Micheli LJ, Sohn RS, Solomon R. Stress fractures of the second metatarsal involving Lisfranc's joint in ballet dancers. A new overuse injury of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985; 67:1372-1375. (Pubitemid 16184266)
21. Miller MD, Marks PH, Fu FH. Bilateral stress fractures of the distal fibula in a 35-year-old woman. Foot Ankle Int. 1994; 15:450-453.
22. Nicastro JF, Haupt HA. Probable stress fracture of the cuboid in an infant. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984;66: 1106-1108. (Pubitemid 14011470)
23. Okada K, Senma S, Abe E, et al. Stress fractures of the medial malleolus: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16:49-52.
24. Orava S, Karpakka J, Hulkko A, et al. Stress avulsion fracture of the tarsal navicular. An uncommon sports-related overuse injury. Am J Sports Med. 1991;19:392-395.
25. Shabat S, Sampson KB, Mann G, et al. Stress fractures of the medial malleolus-review of the literature and report of a 15-year-old elite gymnast. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:647-650. (Pubitemid 34761568)
26. Shiraishi M, Mizuta H, Kubota K, et al. Stress fracture of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. Foot Ankle. 1993; 14:28-34. (Pubitemid 23075121)
27. Yokoe K, Mannoji T. Stress fracture of the proximal phalanx of the great toe. A report of three cases. Am J Sports Med. 1986;14:240-242. (Pubitemid 16051551)
28. Milgrom C, Giladi M, Stein M, et al. Stress fractures in military recruits. A prospective study showing an unusually high incidence. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67:732-735. (Pubitemid 16250438)
29. Niva MH, Sormaala MJ, Kiuru MJ, et al. Bone stress injuries of the ankle and foot: an 86-month magnetic resonance imaging-based study of physically active young adults. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35:643-649.
30. Milgrom C, Finestone A, Shlamkovitch N, et al. Youth is a risk factor for stress fracture. A study of 783 military recruits. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1994;76-B:20-22. (Pubitemid 24029252)
31. Tins B, Cassar-Pullicino V. Marrow changes in anorexia nervosa masking the presence of stress fractures on MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2006;35:857-860.
32. Fleischli JG, Laughlin TJ, Lavery LA, et al. The effects of diabetes mellitus on the material properties of human metatarsal bones. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998;37:195-198.
33. Luchini M, Sarokhan AJ, Micheli LI. Acute displaced femoralshaft fractures in long-distance runners: two case reports. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1983;65A:689-691.
34. Chou LB, Mann RA, Coughlin MJ, et al. Stress fracture as a complication of autogenous bone graft harvest from the distal tibia. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:199-201.
35. Davitt JS, Morgan JM. Stress fracture of the fifth metatarsal after Evans' calcaneal osteotomy: a report of two cases. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:710-712.
36. Sammarco GJ, Idusuyi OB. Stress fracture of the base of the third metatarsal after an endoscopic plantar fasciotomy: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 1998;19:157-159.
37. Korpelainen R, Orava S, Karpakka J, et al. Risk factors for recurrent stress fractures in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:304-310. (Pubitemid 32488410)
38. Fortin PT, Guettler J, Manoli A II. Idiopathic cavovarus and lateral ankle instability: recognition and treatment implications relating to ankle arthritis. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:1031-1037. (Pubitemid 35334728)
39. Glasoe WM, Allen MK, Kepros T, et al. Dorsal first ray mobility in women athletes with a history of stress fracture of the second or third metatarsal. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2002;32:560-565; discussion 565-567. (Pubitemid 35315651)
40. Konradsen L, Sommer H. Ankle instability caused by peroneal tendon rupture. A case report. Acta Orthop Scand. 1989;60: 723-724.
41. Karlsson J, Eriksson BI, Renstrom PA. Subtalar ankle instability. A review. Sports Med. 1997;24:337-346.
42. Nussbaum ED, Hosea TM, Sieler SD, et al. Prospective evaluation of syndesmotic ankle sprains without diastasis. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29:31-35.
43. Fredericson M, Bergman AG, Hoffman KL, et al. Tibial stress reaction in runners. Correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:472-481.
44. Zwas ST, Elkanovitch R, Frank G. Interpretation and classification of bone scintigraphic findings in stress fractures. J Nucl Med. 1987;28:452-457. (Pubitemid 17074166)
45. Weist R, Eils E, Rosenbaum D. The influence of muscle fatigue on electromyogram and plantar pressure patterns as an explanation for the incidence of metatarsal stress fractures. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1893-1898. (Pubitemid 39551869)
46. Pitsis GC, Best JP, Sullivan MR. Unusual stress fractures of the proximal phalanx of the great toe: a report of two cases. Br J Sports Med. 2004;38:e31.
47. Yokoe K, Kameyama Y. Relationship between stress fractures of the proximal phalanx of the great toe and hallux valgus. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1032-1034. (Pubitemid 38669402)
48. Matsusue Y, Yamamuro T, Nakagawa Y, et al. Stress fracture of the proximal phalanx of the great toe: the case report of a shot-putter. Clin J Sport Med. 1992;2:279-282.
49. Pitsis G, Perry P, Van der Wall H. Stress fracture of the proximal phalanx of the second toe. Clin J Sport Med. 2003; 13:118-119. (Pubitemid 36356504)
50. Chillag K, Grana WA. Medial sesamoid stress fracture. Orthopedics. 1985;8:819-821.
51. Meurman KO. Less common stress fractures in the foot. Br J Radiol. 1981;54:1-7.
52. Kadel NJ, Goldstein J, Newberg AH, et al. Salter-Harris III stress fracture of the proximal first metatarsal: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22:252-255. (Pubitemid 32275514)
53. Gross TS, Bunch RP. A mechanical model of metatarsal stress fracture during distance running. Am J Sports Med. 1989;17: 669-674.
54. Bernstein J, Stone JR. March fracture: a report of three hundred and seven cases and a new method of treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1944;26:743-750.
55. O'Malley MJ, Hamilton WG, Munyak J, et al. Stress fractures at the base of the second metatarsal in ballet dancers. Foot Ankle Int. 1996;17:89-94. (Pubitemid 26063159)
56. Harrington T, Crichton KJ, Anderson IF. Overuse ballet injury of the base of the second metatarsal. A diagnostic problem. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:591-598. (Pubitemid 23215114)
57. Muscolo L, Migues A, Slullitel G, et al. Stress fracture nonunion at the base of the second metatarsal in a ballet dancer: a case report. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:1535-1537. (Pubitemid 39100899)
58. Chuckpaiwong B, Cook C, Pietrobon R, et al. Second metatarsal stress fracture in sport: comparative risk factors between proximal and non-proximal locations. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:510-514. (Pubitemid 47216963)
59. Saxena A, Krisdakumtorn T, Erickson S. Proximal fourth metatarsal injuries in athletes: similarity to proximal fifth metatarsal injury. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22:603-608. (Pubitemid 32729235)
60. Pisani G. Podostati Rxgrafia e pressopodostai-Rxgrafia. SERTOT. 1974;16:349.
61. Watson F. The Life of Sir Robert Jones. London: Hodder and Stoughton; 1934.
62. Jones R. Fracture of the fifth metatarsal bone by indirect violence. Ann Surg. 1902;35:697-700.
63. Kavanaugh JH, Brower TD, Mann RV. The Jones fracture revisited. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978;60:776-782.
64. Boden BP, Osbahr DC. High-risk stress fractures: evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2000;8:344-353.
65. Gehrmann RM, Renard RL. Current concepts review: stress fractures of the foot. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:750-757. (Pubitemid 44373149)
66. Lawrence SJ, Botte MJ. Jones' fractures and related fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal. Foot Ankle. 1993;14: 358-365. (Pubitemid 23249452)
67. Torriani M, Thomas BJ, Bredella MA, et al. MRI of metatarsal head subchondral fractures in patients with forefoot pain. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190:570-575. (Pubitemid 351304496)
68. Carmont MR, Patrick JH, Cassar-Pullicino VN, et al. Sequential metatarsal fatigue fractures secondary to abnormal foot biomechanics. Mil Med. 2006;171:292-297.
69. Elias I, Dheer S, Zoga AC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in bipartite medial cuneiform-a potential pitfall in diagnosis of midfoot injuries: a case series. J Med Case Reports. 2008;2:272.
70. Bateman J. Broken Hock in the Greyhound. Repair methods and the plastic scaphoid. Vet Rec. 1958;70:621-623.
71. Towne LC, Blazina ME, Cozen LN. Fatigue fracture of the tarsal navicular. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970;52:376-378.
72. Torg JS, Pavlov H, Cooley LH, et al. Stress fractures of the tarsal navicular. A retrospective review of twenty-one cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982;64:700-712. (Pubitemid 12090278)
73. Saxena A, Fullem B, Hannaford D. Results of treatment of 22 navicular stress fractures and a new proposed radiographic classification system. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2000;39: 96-103. (Pubitemid 30226935)
74. Shawdon A, Kiss ZS, Fuller P. The bipartite tarsal navicular bone: radiographic and computed tomography findings. Australas Radiol. 1995;39:192-194.
75. Coris EE, Lombardo JA. Tarsal navicular stress fractures. Am Fam Physician. 2003;67:85-90.
76. Khan KM, Brukner PD, Kearney C, et al. Tarsal navicular stress fracture in athletes. Sports Med. 1994;17:65-76. (Pubitemid 24039203)
77. Khan KM, Fuller PJ, Brukner PD, et al. Outcome of conservative and surgical management of navicular stress fracture in athletes. Eighty-six cases proven with computerized tomography. Am J Sports Med. 1992;20:657-666.
78. Burne SG, Mahoney CM, Forster BB, et al. Tarsal navicular stress injury: long-term outcome and clinicoradiological correlation using both computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:1875-1881.
79. Saxena A, Fullem B. Navicular stress fractures: a prospective study on athletes. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:917-921. (Pubitemid 44672472)
80. Chen JB. Cuboid stress fracture. A case report. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1993;83:153-155.
81. Franco M, Albano L, Kacso I, et al. An uncommon cause of foot pain: the cuboid insufficiency stress fracture. Joint Bone Spine. 2005;72:76-78. (Pubitemid 40169970)
82. Stalder H, Zanetti M. Stress fracture of the cuboid in an 8-year-old boy: a characteristic magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120:233-235. (Pubitemid 30103007)
83. McGlone J. Stress fractures of the talus. J Am Podiatry Assoc. 1965;55:814-817.
84. Sormaala MJ, Niva MH, Kiuru MJ, et al. Bone stress injuries of the talus in military recruits. Bone. 2006;39:199-204. (Pubitemid 43831767)
85. Bradshaw C, Khan K, Brukner P. Stress fracture of the body of the talus in athletes demonstrated with computer tomography. Clin J Sport Med. 1996;6:48-51. (Pubitemid 26104562)
86. Rossi F, Dragoni S. Talar body fatigue stress fractures: three cases observed in elite female gymnasts. Skeletal Radiol. 2005;34:389-394. (Pubitemid 40983499)
87. Travlos J, Learmonth ID. Bilateral avascular necrosis of the talus following strenuous physical activity. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:863-864.
88. Sormaala MJ, Niva MH, Kiuru MJ, et al. Outcomes of stress fractures of the talus. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34: 1809-1814.
89. Asal. Über Entstehung und Verhütung der Spontanfrakturen an den unteren Extremitäten. Veröffentl. Gebiete. Herressaanitätsw. 1937;104:32.
90. Hullinger C. Insufficiency fracture of the calcaneus similar to march fracture of the metatarsal. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1944;26:751-757.
91. Sormaala MJ, Niva MH, Kiuru MJ, et al. Stress injuries of the calcaneus detected with magnetic resonance imaging in military recruits. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:2237-2242.
92. Nilsson LJ, Coetzee JC. Stress fracture in the presence of a calcaneonavicular coalition: a case report. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:373-374. (Pubitemid 43673107)
93. Shelbourne KD, Fisher DA, Rettig AC, et al. Stress fractures of the medial malleolus. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:60-63.
94. Orava S, Karpakka J, Taimela S, et al. Stress fracture of the medial malleolus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77:362-365.
95. Reider B, Falconiero R, Yurkofsky J. Nonunion of a medial malleolus stress fracture. A case report. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:478-481. (Pubitemid 23149749)
96. Schils JP, Andrish JT, Piraino DW, et al. Medial malleolar stress fractures in seven patients: review of the clinical and imaging features. Radiology. 1992;185:219-221.
97. Sherbondy PS, Sebastianelli WJ. Stress fractures of the medial malleolus and distal fibula. Clin Sports Med. 2006;25: 129-137, x.