A simple and rapid diagnostic algorithm for the detection of ocular allergic diseases

Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 471-476

  Mantelli, Flavio ^a   Lambiase, Alessandro ^a   Bonini, Stefano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Allergic conjunctivitis; Atopic; Hay fever; Vernal keratoconjunctivitis

Indexed keywords

ANTIALLERGIC AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT;

ALGORITHM; ASTHMA; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; ATOPIC KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONJUNCTIVA EPITHELIUM; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; EOSINOPHIL; GIANT PAPILLARY CONJUNCTIVITIS; GOBLET CELL; HAY FEVER; HUMAN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; LYMPHOCYTE; MAST CELL; PERENNIAL ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOALLERGOSORBENT TEST; REVIEW; SEASONAL ALLERGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS; SKIN TEST; VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS;

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CONJUNCTIVITIS, ALLERGIC; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL; HUMANS; INFECTION;

EID: 69749111487     PISSN: 15284050     EISSN: 14736322     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283303ea2     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Granet D. Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and differential diagnosis of the red eye. Allergy Asthma Proc 2008; 29:565-574.
2. Novaes P, do Nascimento Saldiva PH, Kara-Jose N, et al. Ambient levels of air pollution induce goblet-cell hyperplasia in human conjunctival epithelium. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:1753-1756.
3. Wirbelauer C. Management of the red eye for the primary care physician. Am J Med 2006; 119:302-306.
4. Gaston H. Managing the red eye. Practitioner 1989; 233:1566-1572.
5. Bal SK, Hollingworth GR. Red eye. BMJ 2005; 331:438.
6. Feldman RM. Conjunctival hyperemia and the use of topical prostaglandins in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2003; 19:23-35. (Pubitemid 36249877)
7. Belfort R, Marbeck P, Hsu CC, Freitas D. Epidemiological study of 134 subjects with allergic conjunctivitis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl 2000; (230):38-40.
8. Bertolini J, Pelucio M. The red eye. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1995; 13:561-579.
9. Rummenie VT, Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, et al. Tear cytokine and ocular surface alterations following brief passive cigarette smoke exposure. Cytokine 2008; 43:200-208.
10. Mancini AJ, Kaulback K, Chamlin SL. The socioeconomic impact of atopic dermatitis in the United States: a systematic review. Pediatr Dermatol 2008; 25:1-6. (Pubitemid 351315442)
11. Halken S. Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2004; 15 (Suppl 16):4-5; 9-32. (Pubitemid 38937029)
12. Saxena R, Srivastava S, Trivedi D, et al. Impact of environmental pollution on the eye. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2003; 81:491-494.
13. Tarabishy AB, Jeng BH. Bacterial conjunctivitis: a review for internists. Cleve Clin J Med 2008; 75:507-512.
14. Bielory L. Ocular allergy overview. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:1-23; v.. This comprehensive review describes how the prevalence of ocular allergy is still underappreciated, underdiagnosed and undertreated, and highlights the need for proper differential diagnosis based on common and discerning features of the different forms of conjunctivitis. This approach would result in a more focused and appropriate management of ocular allergy sufferers.
15. Bielory L. Allergic diseases of the eye. Med Clin North Am 2006; 90:129-148.
16. Petricek I, Prost M, Popova A. The differential diagnosis of red eye: a survey of medical practitioners from Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Ophthalmologica 2006; 220:229-237. (Pubitemid 43952571)
17. Bielory L. Ocular allergy guidelines: a practical treatment algorithm. Drugs 2002; 62:1611-1634. (Pubitemid 34848369)
18. Buckley RJ. Allergic eye disease: a clinical challenge. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28 (Suppl 6):39-43. (Pubitemid 128607793)
19. Choi SH, Bielory L. Late-phase reaction in ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:438-444.
20. Hodges MG, Keane-Myers AM. Classification of ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7:424-428.
21. Leonardi A, De Dominicis C, Motterle L. Immunopathogenesis of ocular allergy: a schematic approach to different clinical entities. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7:429-435. (Pubitemid 47415288)
22. Leonardi A, Fregona IA, Plebani M, et al. Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in chronic ocular allergy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244:1240-1245. (Pubitemid 44463460)
23. Mantelli F, Santos MS, Petitti T, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials on topical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Br J Ophthalmol 2007; 91:1656-1661. (Pubitemid 350207394)
24. Trocme SD, Sra KK. Spectrum of ocular allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 2:423-427.
25. Uchio E, Kimura R, Migita H, et al. Demographic aspects of allergic ocular diseases and evaluation of new criteria for clinical assessment of ocular allergy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008; 246:291-296. (Pubitemid 351149635)
26. Ehlers WH, Donshik PC. Allergic ocular disorders: a spectrum of diseases. CLAO J 1992; 18:117-124.
27. Trocme SD, Leiferman KM, George T, et al. Neutrophil and eosinophil participation in atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Curr Eye Res 2003; 26:319-325. (Pubitemid 36920833)
28. Pelikan Z. The possible involvement of nasal allergy in allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Eye 2008. [Epub ahead of print]
29. Leonardi A, Jose PJ, Zhan H, Calder VL. Tear and mucus eotaxin-1 and eotaxin-2 in allergic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 2003; 110:487-492. (Pubitemid 36262729)
30. Kocabeyoglu S, Bozkurt B, Bilen O, et al. Serum allergen specific immunoglobulin E levels in patients with allergic conjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol 2008; 18:675-679.
31. Stahl JL, Barney NP. Ocular allergic disease. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 4:455-459.
32. Bielory L, Lien KW, Bigelsen S. Efficacy and tolerability of newer antihistamines in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. Drugs 2005; 65:215-228. (Pubitemid 40139383)
33. Bielory L. Intranasal corticosteroids reduce ocular symptoms of allergic rhinitis as a class effect. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:538-539. (Pubitemid 351688518)
34. Bielory L. Ocular allergy treatment. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:189-224; vii. This review shows how the pharmacological agents available for the treatment of ocular allergy have drastically increased in the last years. Having standard criteria to assess diagnosis of ocular allergy could allow a more focused approach to the patients.
35. Bielory L. Ocular symptom reduction in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis treated with the intranasal corticosteroid mometasone furoate. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2008; 100:272-279.
36. Bielory L, Katelaris CH, Lightman S, Naclerio RM. Treating the ocular component of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and related eye disorders. MedGenMed 2007; 9:35. (Pubitemid 47263998)
37. Owen CG, Shah A, Henshaw K, et al. Topical treatments for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 2004; 54:451-456. (Pubitemid 38771894)
38. Dart JK, Buckley RJ, Monnickendan M, Prasad J. Perennial allergic conjunctivitis: definition, clinical characteristics and prevalence. A comparison with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 1986; 105 (Pt 5):513-520.
39. Kosrirukvongs P, Visitsunthorn N, Vichyanond P, Bunnag C. Allergic conjunctivitis. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2001; 19:237-244.
40. Foster CS, Calonge M. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1990; 97:992-1000.
41. Bonini S, Lambiase A, Matricardi P, et al. Atopic and vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a model for studying atopic disease. Curr Probl Dermatol 1999; 28:88-94.
42. Bonini S, Coassin M, Aronni S, Lambiase A. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Eye 2004; 18:345-351.
43. Bonini S. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Allergy 2004; 59 (Suppl 78):71-73.
44. Dogru M, Okada N, Asano-Kato N, et al. Atopic ocular surface disease: implications on tear function and ocular surface mucins. Cornea 2005; 24:S18-S23. (Pubitemid 41688551)
45. Dogru M, Katakami C, Nakagawa N, et al. Impression cytology in atopic dermatitis. Ophthalmology 1998; 105:1478-1484.
46. Dantas PE, Alves MR, Nishiwaki-Dantas MC. Topographic corneal changes in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Arq Bras Oftalmol 2005; 68:593-598. (Pubitemid 41819845)
47. Bonini S, Lambiase A, Marchi S, et al. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis revisited: a case series of 195 patients with long-term followup. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1157-1163. (Pubitemid 30825518)
48. Ridolo E, Albertini R, Giordano D, et al. Airborne pollen concentrations and the incidence of allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in northern Italy from 1992 to 2003. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 142:151-157.
49. Schatz M. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in the USA. Allergy 2007; 62 (Suppl 85):9-16. (Pubitemid 47561568)
50. Canonica GW, Bousquet J, Mullol J, et al. A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in Europe. Allergy 2007; 62 (Suppl 85):17-25. (Pubitemid 47561569)
51. Suzuki S, Goto E, Dogru M, et al. Tear film lipid layer alterations in allergic conjunctivitis. Cornea 2006; 25:277-280.
52. Pallasaho P, Ronmark E, Haahtela T, et al. Degree and clinical relevance of sensitization to common allergens among adults: a population study in Helsinki. Finland Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:503-509.
53. Anderson DF. Management of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC): current therapeutic strategies. Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:823-826. (Pubitemid 34204253)
54. Anderson DF, MacLeod JD, Baddeley SM, et al. Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is accompanied by increased mast cell numbers in the absence of leucocyte infiltration. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27:1060-1066.
55. Mimura T, Yamagami S, Amano S, et al. Allergens in Japanese patients with allergic conjunctivitis in autumn. Eye 2005; 19:995-999. (Pubitemid 43114981)
56. El-NahasHA, El-Beshbishi SN, Azab MS,et al. Diagnostic criteria for house dust mites sensitized allergic patients. J Egypt Soc Parasitol 2007; 37:1113-1124.
57. Oshinskie L, Haine C. Atopic dermatitis and its ophthalmic complications. J Am Optom Assoc 1982; 53:889-894.
58. Tuft SJ, Kemeny DM, Dart JK, Buckley RJ. Clinical features of atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Ophthalmology 1991; 98:150-158.
59. Strauss EC, Foster CS. Atopic ocular disease. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2002; 15:1-5.
60. Dogru M, Asano-Kato N, Tanaka M, et al. Ocular surface and MUC5AC alterations in atopic patients with corneal shield ulcers. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30:897-908. (Pubitemid 43154708)
61. Lambiase A, Minchiotti S, Leonardi A, et al. Prospective, multicenter demographic and epidemiological study on vernal keratoconjunctivitis: a glimpse of ocular surface in Italian population. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2009; 16:38-41. This study shows that VKC is characterized by different clinical features, suggesting the need for standardized diagnostic criteria to allow a proper therapeutic approach.
62. Hu Y, Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, et al. The differences of tear function and ocular surface findings in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis and vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Allergy 2007; 62:917-925. (Pubitemid 47037854)
63. Leonardi A. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis: pathogenesis and treatment. Prog Retin Eye Res 2002; 21:319-339.
64. Jun J, Bielory L, Raizman MB. Vernal conjunctivitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:59-82; vi.
65. Elhers WH, Donshik PC. Giant papillary conjunctivitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:445-449.
66. Katelaris CH. Giant papillary conjunctivitis: a review. Acta Ophthalmol Scand Suppl 1999; (228):17-20.
67. Donshik PC, Ehlers WH, Ballow M. Giant papillary conjunctivitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2008; 28:83-103; vi.