Morbidity and Mortality Caused by Cardiac Adverse Events after Revascularization for Critical Limb Ischemia

Annals of Vascular Surgery

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 583-597

  Flu, H C ^a   Lardenoye, J H P ^b   Veen, E J ^a   Aquarius, A E ^c   Van Berge Henegouwen, D P ^a   Hamming, J F ^b  

^a CPRLab   (Netherlands)

^b LEIDEN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c TILBURG UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BYPASS SURGERY; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMORBIDITY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEATH; FEMALE; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; LEG ISCHEMIA; LEG REVASCULARIZATION; LIMB SALVAGE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURGICAL MORTALITY;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; AMPUTATION; ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON; ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; CLINICAL PROTOCOLS; CRITICAL ILLNESS; FEMALE; HEART DISEASES; HUMANS; INTERDISCIPLINARY COMMUNICATION; ISCHEMIA; LIMB SALVAGE; LOWER EXTREMITY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT CARE TEAM; PATIENT SELECTION; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; REGISTRIES; REOPERATION; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 69749110050     PISSN: 08905096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2009.06.012     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Dormandy J.A., and Rutherford R.B. Management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). TASC Working Group. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). J Vasc Surg 31 (2000) S1-S296
2. Norgren L., Hiatt W.R., Dormandy J.A., et al. Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33 Suppl. 1 (2007) S1-S75
3. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremity, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic): a collaborative report from the American Association for Vascular Surgery/Society for Vascular Surgery, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society for Vascular Medicine and Biology, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/pad/index.pdf.
4. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). http://www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/failure//index.pdf (accessed August 17, 2005).
5. Eagle K.A., Berger P.B., Calkins H., et al. ACC/AHA guideline update for perioperative cardiovascular evaluation for noncardiac surgery executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1996 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol 39 (2002) 542-553
6. Smith S.C., Allen J., Blair S.N., et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update-Endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Circulation 113 (2006) 2363-2372
7. Criqui M.H., Denenberg J.O., Langer R.D., et al. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease: importance of identifying the population at risk. Vasc Med 2 (1997) 221-226
8. Fowkes F.G., Housley E., Cawod E.H., Macintyre C.C., Ruckley C.V., and Prescott R.J. Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 20 (1991) 384-392
9. Selvin E., and Erlinger T.P. Prevalence of and risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2000. Circulation 110 (2004) 738-743
10. Hirsch A.T., Criqui M.H., Treat-Jacobson D., et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. J A M A 286 (2001) 1317-1324
11. Criqui M.H., Langer R.D., Fronek A., et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 326 (1992) 381-386
12. Mukherjee D., Lingam P., Chetcuti S., et al. Missed opportunities to treat atherosclerosis in patients undergoing peripheral vascular interventions: insights from the University of Michigan Peripheral Vascular Disease Quality Improvement Initiative (PVD-QI2). Circulation 106 (2002) 1909-1912
13. Grundy S.M., Pasternak R., Greenland P., et al. AHA/ACC scientific statement. Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology. J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (1999) 1348-1359
14. Mangano D.T. Perioperative cardiac morbidity. Anesthesiology 72 (1990) 153-184
15. Jamieson W.R.J.M., Miyagishima R.T., and Gerein A.N. Influence of ischemic heart disease on early and late mortality after surgery for peripheral occlusive vascular disease. Circulation 66 (1982) I92-I97
16. McFalls E., Ward H., Santilli S., Scheftel M., Chesler E., and Doliszny K. The influence of perioperative myocardial infarction on long-term prognosis following elective vascular surgery. Chest 113 (1998) 681-686
17. Whittemore A.D. Infrainguinal bypass. In: Rutherford R.B. (Ed). Vascular Surgery (1995), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 794-814
18. Dawson I., van Bockel J.H., and Brand R. Late nonfatal and fatal cardiac events after infrainguinal bypass for femoropopliteal occlusive disease during a thirty-one-year period. J Vasc Surg 18 (1993) 249-260
19. Leng G.C., Lee A.J., Fowkes F.G.R., et al. Incidence, natural history and cardiovascular events in symptomatic and asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population. Int J Epidemiol 25 (1996) 1172-1181
20. Newman A.B., Siscovick D.S., Manolio T.A., et al. Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular health study. Circulation 88 (1993) 837-845
21. Hertzer N.R., Beven E.G., Young J.R., et al. Coronary artery disease in peripheral vascular patients. A classification of 1000 coronary angiograms and results of surgical management. Ann Surg 199 (1984) 223-233
22. Kroon H.M., Breslau P.J., and Lardenoye J.W. Can the incidence of unplanned reoperations be used as an indicator of quality of care in surgery?. Am J Med Qual 22 (2007) 198-202
23. De Waal Malefijt M.C., and Peeters H. Een complicatieregistratiesysteem. Ned Tijdschr Orth 1 (1994) 76-83
24. Campion F.X., and Rosenblatt M.S. Quality assurance and medical outcomes in the era of cost containment. Surg Clin North Am 76 (1996) 139-156
25. Blumenthal D., and Epstein A.M.E. The role of physicians in the future of quality management. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1328-1331
26. Chassin M.P.H. Improving the quality of care. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1060-1030
27. Brook R.H., and Clearly P.D. Part 2: Measuring quality of care. N Engl Med 335 (1996) 966-970
28. de Vries B.C., and Keeman J.N. Quality policy of the Association of Surgeons of the Netherlands. Ped Tgdschr Gen 14 (1996) 789-791
29. Veen E.J., Janssen-Heijnen M.L.G., Leenen L.P.H., and Roukema J.A. The registration of complications in surgery: a learning curve. World J Surg 29 (2005) 402-409
30. Rutherford R.B., Baker J.D., Ernst C., et al. Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version. J Vasc Surg 26 (1997) 517-538
31. Rutherford R.B. Presidential address. Vascular surgery-comparing outcomes. J Vasc Surg 23 (1996) 5-17
32. Luchsinger J.A., Lee W., Carrasquillo O., Rabinowitz D., and Shea S. Body mass index and hospitalization in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 51 (2003) 1615-1620
33. de Vries B.C., and Keeman J.N. Quality policy of the Association of Surgeons of the Netherlands. [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Gen 14 (1996) 789-791
34. Roukema J.A., van der Werken C.H.R., and Leenen L.P.H. Registration of postoperative complications to improve the results of surgery. [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Gen 140 (1996) 781-784
35. de Marang-van Mheen P.J., and Kievit J. Automated registration of adverse events in surgical patients in the Netherlands: the current status. [in Dutch]. Ned Tijdschr Gen 147 (2003) 1273-1277
36. Kievit J., Jeekel J., and Sanders F.B.M. Adverse outcome registration and quality improvement. [in Dutch]. Med Contact 54 (1999) 1363-1365
37. Marang-van de Mheen P.J., van Hanegem N., and Kievit J. Effectiveness of routine reporting to identify minor and serious adverse outcomes in surgical patients. Qual Saf Health Care 14 (2005) 378-382
38. Flu H.C., van der Hage J.H., Knippenberg B., Merkus J.W., Hamming J.F., and Lardenoye J.H.P. Treatment for peripheral arterial obstructive disease: an appraisal of the economic outcome of complications. J Vasc Surg 48 (2008) 368-376
39. Mamode N., Scott R.N., McLaughlin S.C., McLellland A., and Pollack J.G. Perioperative myocardial infarction in peripheral vascular surgery. B M J 312 (1996) 1396-1397
40. Plecha F.R., Bertin V.J., Plech E.J., et al. The early results of vascular surgery in patients 75 years of age and older: an analysis of 3259 cases. J Vasc Surg 2 (1985) 769-774
41. Krupski W.C., Layug E.L., Reilly L.M., Rapp J.H., and Magano D.T. Comparison of cardiac morbidity rates between aortic and infrainguinal operations: 2 year follow-up study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. J Vasc Surg 18 (1993) 609-615
42. L'Italien C.J., Cambria R.P., Cutler B.S., et al. Comparative early and late cardiac morbidity among patients requiring different vascular surgery procedures. J Vasc Surg 21 (1995) 935-944
43. Biancari F., Kantonen I., Albäck A., Mätzke S., Luther M., and Lepäntalo M. Limits of infrapopliteal bypass surgery for critical leg ischemia: when not to reconstruct. World J Surg 24 (2000) 727-733
44. Biancari F., Albäck A., Kantonen I., Luther M., and Lepäntalo M. Predictive factors for adverse outcome of pedal bypasses. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 18 (1999) 138-143
45. Albäck A., and Lepäntalo M. Immediate occlusion of in situ saphenous vein bypass grafts: a survey of 329 reconstructions. Eur J Surg 164 (1998) 745-750
46. Dawson I., and van Bockel J.H. Reinterventions and mortality after infrainguinal reconstructive surgery for leg ischaemia. Br J Surg 86 (1999) 38-44
47. Kantonen I., Lepäntalo P., Luther M., Salenius J., and Ylönen K. Finnvasc Study Group. Factors affecting the results of surgery for chronic critical leg ischemia-a nationwide survey. J Vasc Surg 27 (1998) 940-947
48. Lam Y.E., Landry J.G., Edwards M.J., Yeager R.A., Taylor L.M., and Moneta G.L. Risk factors for autogenous infrainguinal bypass occlusion in patients with prosthetic inflow grafts. J Vasc Surg 39 (2004) 336-342
49. Halloran B.G., Lilly M.P., Cohn E.J., Benjamin M.E., and Flinn W.R. Tibial bypass using complex autologous conduit: patency and limb salvage. Ann Surg 15 (2001) 634-643
50. Virkkunen J., Heikkinen M., Lepäntalo M., Metsänoja R., and Salenius J.P. Diabetes as an independent risk factor for early postoperative complications in critical limb ischaemia. J Vasc Surg 40 (2004) 761-767
51. Poldermans D., Bax J.J., Schouten O., et al. Should major vascular surgery be delayed because of preoperative cardiac testing in intermediate-risk patients receiving beta-blocker therapy with tight heart rate control?. J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) 964-969
52. Hoeks S.E., Scholte op Reimer W.J.M., van Urk H., et al. Increase of 1-year mortality after perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal in endovascular and vascular surgery patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33 (2007) 13-19
53. Schouten O., Welten G.M.J.M., Bax J.J., and Poldermans D. Secondary medical prevention in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 35 (2008) 59-60
54. Boersma E., Poldermans D., Bax J.J., et al. Predictors of cardiac events after major vascular surgery: role of clinical characteristics, dobutamine echocardiography, and β-blocker therapy. J A M A 285 (2001) 1865-1873
55. Poldermans D., Boersma E., Bax J.J., et al. The effect of bisoprolol on perioperative mortality and myocardial infarction in high-risk patients undergoing vascular surgery. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 1789-1794
56. Schmidt M., Lindenauer P.K., Fitzgerald J.L., and Benjamin E.M. Forecasting the impact of a clinical practice guideline for perioperative beta-blockers to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Arch Intern Med 162 (2002) 63-69
57. Rapchuk I., Rabuka S., and Tonelli M. Perioperative use of betablockers remains low: experience of a single Canadian tertiary institution. Can J Anaesth 51 (2004) 761-767
58. Lindenauer P.K., Fitzgerald J.L., Hoople N., and Benjamin E.M. The potential preventability of postoperative myocardial infarction: underuse of perioperative beta-adrenergic blockade. Arch Intern Med 164 (2004) 762-766
59. Vanderkerkhof E.G., Milne B., and Parlow J.L. Knowledge and practice regarding prophylactic perioperative beta blockade in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a survey of Canadian anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 96 (2003) 1558-1565
60. Flu W.J., Hoeks S.E., van Kuijk J.P., Bax J.J., and Poldermans D. Treatment recommendations to prevent myocardial ischemia and infarction in patients undergoing vascular surgery. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med 1 (2009) 33-44
61. Fleisher L.A., and Poldermans D. Perioperative ß blockade: where do we go from here?. Lancet 371 (2008). www.thelancet.com
62. Mangano D.T., Layug E.L., Wallace A., and Tateo I. Effect of atenolol on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1713-1720
63. Schouten O., Bax J.J., Dunkelgrun M., Feringa H.H.H., and Poldermans D. Pro: beta-blockers are indicated for patients at risk for cardiac complications undergoing noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 104 (2007) 8-10
64. Hoeks S.E., Scholte Op Reimer W.J., van Urk H., et al. Increase of 1-year mortality after perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal in endovascular and vascular surgery patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 33 (2007) 16-19
65. Shammash J.B., Trost J.C., Gold J.M., Berlin J.A., Golden M.A., and Kimmel S.E. Perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal and mortality in vascular surgical patients. Am Heart J 141 (2001) 148-153
66. Kertai M., Boersma E., Westerhout C., et al. A combination of statins and beta-blockers is independently associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 28 (2004) 345-352
67. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy-I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. B M J 308 (1994) 81-106
68. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 348 (1996) 1329-1339
69. Collet J.P., Montalescot G., Blanchet B., et al. Impact of prior use or recent withdrawal of oral antiplatelet agents on acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 110 (2004) 2361-2367
70. Kinikini D., Sarfati M.R., Mueller M.T., and Kraiss L.W. Meeting AHA/ACC secondary prevention goals in a vascular surgery practice: an opportunity we cannot afford to miss. J Vasc Surg 43 (2006) 781-787
71. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 355 (2000) 253-259
72. Ostergren J., Sleight P., Dagenais G., et al. Impact of ramipril in patients with evidence of clinical or subclinical peripheral arterial disease. Eur Heart J 25 (2004) 17-24
73. Mehler P.S., Coll J.R., Estacio R., et al. Intensive blood pressure control reduces the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral arterial disease and type 2 diabetes. Circulation 107 (2003) 753-756
74. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. J A M A 289 (2003) 2560-2571
75. Psaty B.M., Smith N.L., Siscovick D.S., et al. Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J A M A 277 (1997) 739-745
76. Group SSSS. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 344 (1994) 1383-1389
77. Downs J., Clearfield M., and Weis S. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. J A M A 279 (1998) 1615-1622
78. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360 (2002) 7-22
79. Poldermans D., Bax J., Kertai M., et al. Statins are associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality in patients undergoing major noncardiac vascular surgery. Circulation 107 (2003) 1848-1851
80. Kertai M., Boersma E., Westerhout C., et al. Association between long-term statin use and mortality after successful abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. Am J Med 116 (2004) 96-103
81. Hindler K., Shaw A.D., Samuels J., Fulton S., Collard C.D., and Riedel B. Improved postoperative outcomes associated with preoperative statin therapy. Anesthesiology 105 (2006) 1260-1272
82. Poldermans D., Bax J.J., Kertai M.D., et al. Statins are associated with a reduced incidence of perioperative mortality in patients undergoing major noncardiac vascular surgery. Circulation 107 (2003) 1848-1851
83. Heeschen C., Hamm C.W., Laufs U., Snapinn S., Bohm M., and White H.D. Withdrawal of statins increases event rates in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 105 (2002) 1446-1452
84. Dajani A.S., Bisno A.L., Chung K.J., et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: recommendations by the American Heart Association. J A M A 264 (1990) 2919-2922
85. Alderman M., Arakawa K., Beilin L., et al. 7th WHO-ISH Meeting on Hypertension, Fukuoka, Japan, 29 September to October, 1998: 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens 17 (1999) 151-185
86. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). J A M A. 285:2486-2497.
87. American Diabetes Association. Position statement. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) S33-S50
88. Garber A.J., Moghissi E.S., Bransome E.D.J., et al. American College of Endocrinology position statement on inpatient diabetes and metabolic control. Endocr Pract 10 (2004) 77-82
89. Eknoyan G., Levin N.W., Eschbach J.W., Golper T.A., Owen Jr. W.F., Schwab S., and Steinberg E.P. Continuous quality improvement: DQQI becomes K/DOQI and is updated. National Kidney Foundation's Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative. Am J Kidney Dis 37 (2001) 179-194
90. Pauwels R.A., Buist S.A., Calvery P.M.A., Jenkins C.R., and Hurd S.S. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NHLBI/WHO Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) workshop summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163 (2001) 1256-1276
91. Smetana G.W., Lawrence V.A., and Cornell J.E. Preoperative pulmonary risk stratification for noncardiothoracic surgery: systematic review for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 144 (2006) 581-595
92. Bapoje S.R., Whitaker J.F., Schulz T., and Chu E.S. RK Albert. Preoperative evaluation of the patient with pulmonary disease. Chest 132 (2007) 1637-1645
93. Frank S.M., Fleisher L.A., Breslow M.J., et al. Perioperative maintenance of normothermia reduces the incidence of morbid cardiac events. A randomized clinical trial. J A M A 277 (1997) 1127-1134
94. Frank S.M., Beattie C., Christopherson R., et al. Unintentional hypothermia is associated with postoperative myocardial ischemia. The Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology 78 (1993) 468-476
95. Landesberg G., Luria M.H., Cotev S., et al. Importance of long-duration postoperative ST segment depression in cardiac morbidity after vascular surgery. Lancet 341 (1993) 715-719
96. Slogoff S., and Keats A.S. Does perioperative myocardial ischemia lead to postoperative myocardial infarction?. Anesthesiology 62 (1985) 107-114
97. Kim L.J., Martinez E.A., Faraday N., et al. Cardiac troponin I predicts short-term mortality in vascular surgery patients. Circulation 106 (2002) 2366-2371
98. Landberg G., Shatz V., Akopnik I., et al. Association of cardiac troponin, CK-MB, and postoperative myocardial ischemia with long-term survival after major vascular surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003) 1547-1554
99. Mangano D.T., Browner W.S., Hollenberg M., Li J., and Tateo I.M. Long-term cardiac prognosis following noncardiac surgery. The Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group. J A M A 268 (1992) 233-239
100. Fleisher L.A., Nelson A.H., and Rosenbaum S.H. Postoperative myocardial ischemia: etiology of cardiac morbidity or manifestation of underlying disease. J Clin Anesth 7 (1995) 97-102
101. Landesberg G. Monitoring for myocardial ischemia. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 19 (2005) 77-95
102. Lopez-Jimenez F., Goldman L., Sacks D.B., et al. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin T after noncardiac surgery: 6-month follow-up data. J Am Coll Cardiol 29 (1997) 1241-1245
103. Godet G., Dumerat M., Baillard C., et al. Cardiac troponin I is reliable with immediate but not medium-term cardiac complications after abdominal aortic repair. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand 44 (2000) 592-597
104. Bursi F., Babuin L., Barbieri A., et al. Vascular surgery patients: perioperative and long-term risk according to the ACC/AHA guidelines, the additive role of post-operative troponin elevation. Eur Heart J 26 (2005) 2448-2456
105. Filipovic M., Jeger R., Probst C., et al. Heart rate variability and cardiac troponin I are incremental and independent predictors of one-year all-cause mortality after major noncardiac surgery in patients at risk of coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003) 1767-1776
106. Kertai M.D., Boersma E., Klein J., van U.H., Bax J.J., and Poldermans D. Long-term prognostic value of asymptomatic cardiac troponin T elevations in patients after major vascular surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 28 (2004) 59-66
107. Ouattara A., Lecomte P., Le M.Y., et al. Poor intraoperative blood glucose control is associated with a worsened hospital outcome after cardiac surgery in diabetic patients. Anesthesiology 103 (2005) 687-694
108. McGirt M.J., Woodworth G.F., Brooke B.S., et al. Hyperglycemia independently increases the risk of perioperative stroke, myocardial infarction, and death after carotid endarterectomy. Neurosurgery 58 (2006) 1066-1073
109. Gandhi G.Y., Nuttall G.A., Abel M.D., et al. Intraoperative hyperglycemia and perioperative outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 80 (2005) 862-866
110. Krinsley J.S. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc. 79 (2004) 992-1000
111. McAlister F.A., Man J., Bistritz L., Amad H., and Tandon P. Diabetes and coronary artery bypass surgery: an examination of perioperative glycemic control and outcomes. Diabetes Care 26 (2003) 1518-1524
112. Parker S.D., Breslow M.J., Frank S.M., et al. Catecholamine and cortisol responses to lower extremity revascularization: correlation with outcome variables. Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Crit Care Med 23 (1995) 1954-1961
113. Rosenfeld B.A., Beattie C., Christopherson R., et al. The effects of different anesthetic regimens on fibrinolysis and the development of postoperative arterial thrombosis. Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology 79 (1993) 435-443
114. Christopherson R., Beattie C., Frank S.M., et al. Perioperative morbidity in patients randomized to epidural or general anesthesia for lower extremity vascular surgery. Perioperative Ischemia Randomized Anesthesia Trial Study Group. Anesthesiology 79 (1993) 422-434
115. Nelson A.H., Fleisher L.A., and Rosenbaum S.H. Relationship between postoperative anemia and cardiac morbidity in high-risk vascular patients in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 21 (1993) 860-866
116. Carson J.L., Noveck H., Berlin J.A., and Gould S.A. Mortality and morbidity in patients with very low postoperative Hgb levels who decline blood transfusion. Transfusion 42 (2002) 812
117. Hogue C.W.J., Goodnough L.T., and Monk T.G. Perioperative myocardial ischemic episodes are related to hematocrit level in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Transfusion 38 (1998) 924-931
118. Wu W.C., Schifftner T.L., Henderson W.G., et al. Preoperative hematocrit levels and postoperative outcomes in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. J A M A 297 (2007) 2481-2488
119. Murphy M.F., Wallington T.B., Kelsey P., et al. British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Blood Transfusion Standards Task Force. Guidelines for the clinical use of red cell transfusions. Br J Haematol 113 (2001) 24-31
120. Kleinman S, May AK, Silvergleid AJ, Landaw SA. Indications for red cell transfusion in the adult. UpToDate 2008. http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=∼PUZnAWY5WRgXpZ.
121. Practice guidelines for perioperative blood transfusion and adjuvant therapies: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Adjuvant Therapies. Anesthesiology 105 (2006) 198-208