Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

Volumn 34, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 1348-1359

  Grundy, Scott M ^a   Pasternak, Richard ^a   Greenland, Philip ^a   Smith Jr , Sidney ^a   Fuster, Valentin ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

AHA ACC Scientific Statement; Coronary disease; Risk assessment; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HOMOCYSTEINE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

AGE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DIABETES MELLITUS; FAMILY HISTORY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; IMMOBILIZATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ADULT; AGED; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FEMALE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTOR; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGED; AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION; CORONARY DISEASE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0033210739     PISSN: 07351097     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00387-3     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Smith S.C. Jr, Blair S.N., Criqui M.H., et al. Preventing heart attack and death in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 92:1995;2-4.
2. Wilson P.W., D'Agostino R.B., Levy D., Belanger A.M., Silbershatz H., Kannel W.B. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 97:1998;1837-1847.
3. Eckel R.H. Obesity and heart disease a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association . Circulation. 96:1997;3248-3250.
4. Fletcher G.F., Balady G., Blair S.N., et al. Statement on exercise benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all Americans: a statement for health professionals by the Committee on Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, American Heart Association . Circulation. 94:1996;857-862.
5. Clinical Guidelines on Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults The Evidence Report . 1998;National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md.
6. National Cholesterol Education Program second report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol (Adult Treatment Panel II) . Circulation. 89:1994;1329-1445.
7. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; 1997. NIH publication 98-4080.
8. Clinical practice recommendations. Diabetes Care. 22:(Suppl 1):1999;S1-S114.
9. Wood D., De Backer G., Faergemann O., Graham I., Mancia G., Pyorala K. Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice recommendations of the second joint task force of European and other societies on coronary prevention . Eur Heart J. 19:1998;1434-1503.
10. Grundy S.M., Balady G.J., Criqui M.H., et al. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease guidance from Framingham: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association's Task Force on Risk Reduction . Circulation. 97:1998;1876-1887.
11. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9.
12. Shepherd J., Cobbe S.M., Ford I., et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group . N Engl J Med. 333:1995;1301-1307.
13. Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moye L.A., et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels Cholesterol And Recurrent Events Trial Investigators . N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1001-1009.
14. The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57.
15. Downs J.R., Clearfield M., Weis S., et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS . JAMA. 279:1998;1615-1622.
16. Stamler J., Wentworth D., Neaton J.D. Is the relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA. 256:1986;2823-2828.
17. Grundy S.M., Wilhelmsen L., Rose R., Campbell R.W.F., Assman G. Coronary heart disease in high-risk populations lessons from Finland . Eur Heart J. 11:1990;462-471.
18. Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1183-202.
19. Epstein F.H., Ostrander L.D. Jr, Johnson B.C., et al. Epidemiological studies of cardiovascular disease in a total community Tecumseh, Michigan . Ann Intern Med. 62:1965;1170-1187.
20. Paul O., Lepper M.H., Phelan W.H., et al. A longitudinal study of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 28:1963;20-31.
21. Stamler J., Lindberg H.A., Berkson D.M., Shaffer A., Miller W., Poindexter A. Prevalence and incidence of coronary heart disease in strata of the labor force of a Chicago industrial corporation. J Chronic Dis. 11:1960;405-420.
22. Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: final report of the Pooling Project: the Pooling Project Research Group. J Chronic Dis 1978;31:201-306.
23. Keys A. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation. 41:(Suppl 4):1970;1-211.
24. Marmot M.G., Syme S.L., Kagan A., Kato H., Cohen J.B., Belsky J. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii, and California prevalence of coronary and hypertensive heart disease and associated risk factors . Am J Epidemiol. 102:1975;514-525.
25. Worth R.M., Kato H., Rhoads G.G., Kagan K., Syme S.L. Epidemiologic studies of coronary heart disease and stroke in Japanese men living in Japan, Hawaii, and California mortality . Am J Epidemiol. 102:1975;481-490.
26. Fraser G.E. Determinants of ischemic heart disease in Seventh-Day Adventists a review . Am J Clin Nutr. 48:1988;833-836.
27. Wilson P.W.F., Abbott R.D., D'Agostino R.B. Jr, Rodriguez B.L., Curb J.D., Burns J.A. Prediction of coronary heart disease in Japanese-American men (abstr). Circulation. 98:(Suppl I):1998;I323.
28. Karter A.J., Gazzaniga J.M., Cohen R.D., Casper M.L., Davis B.D., Kaplan G.A. Ischemic heart disease and stroke mortality in African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men and women, 1985 to 1991. West J Med. 169:1998;139-145.
29. Anderson K.M., Wilson P.W., Odell P.M., Kannel W.B. An updated coronary risk profile a statement for health professionals . Circulation. 83:1991;356-362.
30. Grundy S.M., Balady G.J., Criqui M.H., et al. Guide to primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases a statement for healthcare professionals from the Task Force on Risk Reduction, American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee . Circulation. 95:1997;2329-2331.
31. Ockene I.S., Miller N.H. Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction . Circulation. 96:1998;3243-3247.
32. Goldstein J.L., Hobbs H.H., Brown M.S. Familial hypercholesterolemia. Scriver C.R., Beaudet A.L., Sly W.S., Valle D. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. 7th ed. 1995;1981-2030 McGraw Hill, New York.
33. Lloyd C.E., Kuller L.H., Ellis D., Becker D.J., Wing R.R., Orchard T.J. Coronary artery disease in IDDM gender differences in risk factors but not risk . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 16:1996;720-726.
34. Wilson P.W. Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 32:1998;S89-S100.
35. Haffner S.M., Lehto S., Ronnemaa T., Pyorala K., Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 339:1998;229-234.
36. Stone P.H., Muller J.E., Hartwell T., et al. The effect of diabetes mellitus on prognosis and serial left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction contribution of both coronary disease and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction to the adverse prognosis: the MILIS Study Group . J Am Coll Cardiol. 14:1989;49-57.
37. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes: American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 1998;21:179-82.
38. Ringqvist I., Fisher L.D., Mock M., et al. Prognostic value of angiographic indices of coronary artery disease from the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS). J Clin Invest. 71:1983;1854-1866.
39. Emond M., Mock M.B., Davis K.B., et al. Long-term survival of medically treated patients in the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) Registry. Circulation. 90:1994;2645-2657.
40. Storstein O., Enge I., Erikssen E.J., Thaulow E. Natural history of coronary artery disease studied by coronary arteriography a seven-year study of 795 patients . Acta Med Scand. 210:1981;53-58.
41. Law M.R., Wald N.J., Wu T., Hackshaw A., Bailey A. Systematic underestimation of association between serum cholesterol concentration and ischaemic heart disease in observational studies data from the BUPA study . BMJ. 308:1994;363-366.
42. Krieger D.R., Landsberg L. Mechanisms in obesity-related hypertension role of insulin and catecholamines . Am J Hypertens. 1:1988;84-90.
43. Denke M.A., Sempos C.T., Grundy S.M. Excess body weight an under-recognized contributor to dyslipidemia in white American women . Arch Intern Med. 154:1994;401-410.
44. Denke M.A., Sempos C.T., Grundy S.M. Excess body weight an underrecognized contributor to high blood cholesterol levels in white American men . Arch Intern Med. 153:1993;1093-1103.
45. Tchernof A., Lamarche B., Prud'Homme D., et al. The dense LDL phenotype association with plasma lipoprotein levels, visceral obesity, and hyperinsulinemia in men . Diabetes Care. 19:1996;629-637.
46. Bogardus C., Lillioja S., Mott D., Reaven G.R., Kashiwagi A., Foley J.E. Relationship between obesity and maximal insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo and in vitro in Pima Indians. J Clin Invest. 73:1984;800-805.
47. Abate N., Garg A., Peshock R.M., Stray-Gundersen J., Grundy S.M. Relationship of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensitivity in men. J Clin Invest. 96:1995;88-98.
48. Mykkanen L., Ronnemaa T., Marniemi J., Haffner S.M., Bergman R., Laakso M. Insulin sensitivity is not an independent determinant of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. Arterioscler Thromb. 14:1994;1264-1271.
49. Giltay E.J., Elbers J.M., Gooren L.J., Emeis J.J., Kooistra T., Asscheman H., Stehouwer C.D. Visceral fat accumulation is an important determinant of PAI-1 levels in young, nonobese men and women modulation by cross-sex hormone administration . Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 18:1998;1716-1722.
50. Rimm E.B., Stampfer M.J., Giovannucci E., Ascherio A., Spiegelman D., Colditz G.A., Willett W.C. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle-aged and older US men. Am J Epidemiol. 141:1995;1117-1127.
51. Manson J.E., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., Hankinson S.E., Hennekens C.H., Speizer F.E. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 333:1995;677-685.
52. Manson J.E., Willett W.C., Stampfer M.J., Colditz G.A., Hunter D.J., Hankinson S.E., Hennekens C.H., Speizer F.E. Overweight and mortality in Mexican Americans. Int J Obes. 14:1990;623-629.
53. Pettitt D.J., Lisse J.R., Knowler W.C., Bennett P.H. Mortality as a function of obesity and diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol. 115:1982;359-366.
54. Stevens J., Keil J.E., Rust P.F., Tyroler H.A., Davis C.E., Gazes P.C. Body mass index and body girths as predictors of mortality in black and white women. Arch Intern Med. 152:1992;1257-1262.
55. US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, Ga: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.
56. Kannel W.B., Sorlie P. Some health benefits of physical activity the Framingham Study . Arch Intern Med. 139:1979;857-861.
57. Kannel W.B., Wilson P.W.F., Blair S.N. Epidemiological assessment of the role of physical activity and fitness in development of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J. 109:1985;876-885.
58. Kannel W.B., Belanger A., D'Agostino R., Israel I. Physical activity and physical demand on the job and risk of cardiovascular disease and death the Framingham Study . Am Heart J. 112:1986;820-825.
59. Dannenberg A.L., Keller J.B., Wilson P.W., Castelli W.P. Leisure time physical activity in the Framingham Offspring Study description, seasonal variation, and risk factor correlates . Am J Epidemiol. 129:1989;76-88.
60. Rodriguez B.L., Curb J.D., Burchfiel C.M., et al. Physical activity and 23-year incidence of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among middle-aged men the Honolulu Heart Program . Circulation. 89:1994;2540-2544.
61. Blair SN. Physical activity, fitness, and coronary heart disease. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, editors. Physical Activity, Fitness and Health: International Proceedings and Consensus Statement. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1994:579-90.
62. Blair S.N., Kohl H.W. III, Barlow C.E., Paffenbarger R.S. Jr, Gibbons L.W., Macera C.A. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men . JAMA. 273:1995;1093-1098.
63. Fletcher G.F. How to implement physical activity in primary and secondary prevention a statement for healthcare professionals from the Task Force on Risk Reduction, American Heart Association . Circulation. 96:1997;355-357.
64. Myers R.H., Kiely D.K., Cupples L.A., Kannel W.B. Parental history is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease the Framingham Study . Am Heart J. 120:1990;963-969.
65. Christensen A.J., Smith T.W. Cynical hostility and cardiovascular reactivity during self-disclosure. Psychosom Med. 55:1993;193-202.
66. King K.B. Psychologic and social aspects of cardiovascular disease. Ann Behav Med. 19:1997;264-270.
67. Eaker E.D. Psychosocial risk factors for coronary heart disease in women. Cardiol Clin. 16:1998;103-111.
68. Williams R., Bhopal R., Hunt K. Coronary risk in a British Punjabi population a comparative profile of non-biochemical factors . Int J Epidemiol. 23:1994;28-37.
69. Pugh R.N., Hossain M.M., Malik M., El Mugamer I.T., White M.A. Arabian Peninsula men tend to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk seen in South Asians. Trop Med Int Health. 3:1998;89-94.
70. Seedat Y.K., Mayet F.G. Risk factors leading to coronary heart disease among the black, Indian and white peoples of Durban. J Hum Hypertens. 10:(Suppl 3):1996;S93-S94.
71. Goff D.C. Jr, Ramsey D.J., Labarthe D.R., Nichaman M.Z. Greater case-fatality after myocardial infarction among Mexican Americans and women than among non-Hispanic whites and men the Corpus Christi Heart Project . Am J Epidemiol. 139:1994;474-483.
72. Goff D.C., Nichaman M.Z., Chan W., Ramsey D.J., Labarthe D.R., Ortiz C. Greater incidence of hospitalized myocardial infarction among Mexican Americans than non-Hispanic whites the Corpus Christi Heart Project, 1988-1992 . Circulation. 95:1997;1433-1440.
73. Keys A., Menotti A., Aravanis C., et al. The Seven Countries Study 2,289 deaths in 15 years . Prev Med. 13:1984;141-154.
74. Castelli W.P. The triglyceride issue a view from Framingham . Am Heart J. 112:1986;432-437.
75. Austin M.A. Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 11:1991;2-14.
76. Austin M.A., Hokanson J.E., Edwards K.L. Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol. 81:1998;7B-12B.
77. Assman G., Schulte H., Funke H., von Eckardstein A. The emergence of triglycerides as a significant independent risk factor in coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 19:(Suppl M):1998;M8-M14.
78. Grundy S.M. Hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 81:1998;18B-25B.
79. Manninen V., Huttunen J.K., Heinonen O.P., Tenkanen L., Frick M.H. Relation between baseline lipid and lipoprotein values and the incidence of coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. Am J Cardiol. 63:1989;42H-47H.
80. Carlson L.A., Rosenhamer G. Reduction of mortality in the Stockholm ischaemic heart disease secondary prevention study to combined treatment with clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand. 223:1988;405-418.
81. Kaplinsky E. The Bezabifrate Infarction Prevention Study. Paper presented at: Annual Meeting of the European Society of Cardiology; August 1998; Vienna, Austria.
82. Krauss R.M. Dense low density lipoproteins and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 75:1995;53B-57B.
83. Gardner C.D., Fortmann S.P., Krauss R.M. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA. 276:1996;875-881.
84. DeFronzo R.A., Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance a multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease . Diabetes Care. 14:1991;173-194.
85. Reaven G.M. Insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia role in hypertension, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease . Am Heart J. 121:1991;1283-1288.
86. Austin M.A., King M.-C., Vranizan K.M., Krauss R.M. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype a proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk . Circulation. 82:1990;495-506.
87. Stern M.P. Impaired glucose tolerance risk factor or diagnostic category . LeRoith D., Taylor S.I., Olefsky J.M. Diabetes Mellitus A Fundamental and Clinical Text . 1996;467-474 Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA.
88. Kannel W.B., McGee D.L. Diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors the Framingham Study . Circulation. 59:1979;8-13.
89. Kannel W.B., McGee D.L. Diabetes and glucose tolerance as risk factors for cardiovascular disease the Framingham Study . Diabetes Care. 2:1979;120-126.
90. Kannel W.B., McGee D.L. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease the Framingham Study . JAMA. 241:1979;2035-2038.
91. Mostaza J.M., Vega G.L., Snell P., Grundy S.M. Abnormal metabolism of free fatty acids in hypertriglyceridaemic men apparent insulin resistance of adipose tissue . J Intern Med. 243:1998;265-274.
92. Karhapaa P., Malkki M., Laakso M. Isolated low HDL cholesterol an insulin-resistance state . Diabetes. 43:1994;411-417.
93. Gerich J.E. Metabolic abnormalities in impaired glucose tolerance. Metabolism. 46:1997;40-43.
94. Pi-Sunyer F.X. Short-term medical benefits and adverse effects of weight loss. Ann Intern Med. 119:1993;722-726.
95. Perseghin G., Price T.B., Petersen K.F., et al. Increased glucose transport-phosphorylation and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise training in insulin-resistant subjects. N Engl J Med. 335:1996;1357-1362.
96. Beresford SA, Boushey CJ. Homocysteine, folic acid, and cardiovascular disease risk. In: Bendich A, Deckelbaum RJ, editors. Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1997.
97. Graham I.M., Daly L.E., Refsum H.M., et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease the European Concerted Action Project . JAMA. 277:1997;1775-1781.
98. Mayer E.L., Jacobsen D.W., Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 27:1996;517-527.
99. Malinow M.R., Bostom A.G., Krauss R.M. Homocyst(e)ine, diet, and cardiovascular diseases a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association . Circulation. 99:1999;178-182.
100. Landgren F., Israelsson B., Lindgren A., Hultberg B., Andersson A., Brattstrom L. Plasma homocysteine in acute myocardial infarction homocysteine-lowering effect of folic acid . J Intern Med. 237:1995;381-388.
101. Ubbink J.B., Becker P.J., Vermaak W.J., Delport R. Results of B-vitamin supplementation study used in a prediction model to define a reference range for plasma homocysteine. Clin Chem. 41:1995;1033-1037.
102. Dahlen G.H. Lp(a) lipoprotein in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 108:1994;111-126.
103. Bostom A.G., Cupples A., Jenner J.L., et al. Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease in men aged 55 years and younger a prospective study . JAMA. 276:1996;544-548.
104. Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Stampfer M.J. A prospective study of lipoprotein(a) and the risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 270:1993;2195-2199.
105. Moliterno D.J., Jokinen E.V., Miserez A.R., et al. No association between plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations and the presence or absence of coronary atherosclerosis in African-Americans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 15:1995;850-855.
106. Montalescot G., Collet J.P., Choussat R., Thomas D. Fibrinogen as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Eur Heart J. 19:(Suppl H):1998;H11-H17.
107. Meade T.W. Fibrinogen in ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J. 16:(Suppl A):1995;A31-A34.
108. Rigotti N.A., Pasternak R.C. Cigarette smoking and coronary heart disease risks and management . Cardiol Clin. 14:1996;51-68.
109. Anderson J.L., Carlquist J.F., Muhlestein J.B., Horne B.D., Elmer S.P. Evaluation of C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker, and infectious serology as risk factors for coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 32:1998;35-41.
110. Koenig W., Sund M., Frohlich M., et al. C-reactive protein, a sensitive marker of inflammation, predicts future risk of coronary heart disease in initially healthy middle-aged men results from the MONICA (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) Augsburg cohort study, 1984 to 1992 . Circulation. 99:1999;237-242.
111. Eda S., Kaufmann J., Roos W., Pohl S. Development of a new microparticle-enhanced turbidimetric assay for C-reactive protein with superior features in analytical sensitivity and dynamic range. J Clin Lab Anal. 12:1998;137-144.
112. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977-86.
113. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33): UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:837-53.
114. Pyorala K., Pederson T.R., Kjeksyhus J., Faergeman O., Olsson A.G., Thorgeirsson G. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) . Diabetes Care. 20:1997;614-620.
115. Goldberg R.B., Mellies M.J., Sacks F.M., et al. Cardiovascular events and their reduction with pravastatin in diabetic and glucose-intolerant myocardial infarction survivors with average cholesterol levels subgroup analyses in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial: the CARE Investigators . Circulation. 98:1998;2513-2519.