Colon cancer screening and surveillance controversies

Current Opinion in Gastroenterology

Volumn 25, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 422-427

  Lieberman, David ^a  

^a PORTLAND VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Colonoscopy; Colorectal cancer screening; Computed tomographic colonography

Indexed keywords

DNA; GUAIAC;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ASCENDING COLON; BARIUM ENEMA; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER SCREENING; COLON POLYP; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL ADENOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC COLONOGRAPHY; DISEASE FREE INTERVAL; EARLY CANCER; HUMAN; HYPERPLASIA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INCIDENCE; INTESTINE PREPARATION; MORTALITY; OCCULT BLOOD TEST; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; QUALITY CONTROL; RACE DIFFERENCE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RECTUM POLYP; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCREENING TEST; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SIGMOIDOSCOPY;

AGE FACTORS; COLONOGRAPHY, COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; DNA, NEOPLASM; EARLY DETECTION OF CANCER; GUAIAC; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; OCCULT BLOOD; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SIGMOIDOSCOPY;

EID: 69749098927     PISSN: 02671379     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32832d1e2a     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58:71-96. Update of CRC incidence and mortality data from ACS.
2. Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1570-1595. ACS-MSTF-ACR screening guideline.
3. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149:627-637. Summary of USPSTF guideline.
4. Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Liles E, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: a targeted, updated systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149:638-658. Detailed USPRTF review of screening tests.
5. Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Fletcher RH, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy: a consensus update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on colorectal cancer and the American Cancer Society. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1872-1885. (Pubitemid 43668826)
6. Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, et al. Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the American Cancer Society and the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2006; 130:1865-1871. (Pubitemid 43668858)
7. Mandel JS,Bond JH,Church TR, et al.Reducing mortality fromcolorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1365-1371. (Pubitemid 23131388)
8. Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain J, Robinson MHE, et al. Randomised, controlled trial of faecal occult blood. Screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996;148:1472-1477.
9. Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, et al. Randomised study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal occult blood test. Lancet 1996; 148:14667-14671. (Pubitemid 26400241)
10. Ahlquist DA, Sargent DJ, Loprinzi CL, et al. Stool DNA and occult blood testing for screen detection of colorectal neoplasia. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:441-450. A new study evaluating both old and newer versions of stool DNA. This study highlights limitations of this test for detection of cancer precursor lesions.
11. Imperiale TF, Ransohoff DE, Itzkowitz SH, et al., Colorectal Cancer Study Group. Fecal DNA vs. fecal occult blood for colorectal cancer screening in an average-risk population. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:2704-2714. (Pubitemid 39665324)
12. Allison JE, Sakoda LC, Levin TR, et al. Screening for colorectal neoplasms with new fecal occult blood tests: update on performance characteristics. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1-9.
13. Levi Z, Rozen P, Hazazi R, et al. A quantitative immunochemical fecal occult blood test for colorectal neoplasia. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:244-255. (Pubitemid 351650610)
14. Rozen P, Levi Z, Hazai R, et al. Quantitative colonoscopic evaluation of relative efficiencies of an immunochemical faecal occult blood test and a sensitive guaiac test for detecting significant colorectal neoplasms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29:450-457. New study of FIT that demonstrates good sensitivity for cancer precursor lesions.
15. Hundt S, Haug U, Brenner H. Comparative evaluation of immunochemical fecal occult blood tests for colorectal adenoma detection. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:162-169. This study from Germany compares six FITs and gFOBT in patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. None of the tests was effective for detection of cancer precursor lesions. FIT was superior to gFOBT.
16. Itzkowitz SH, Jandorf L, Brand R, et al. Improved fecal DNA test for colorectal cancer screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5:111-117. (Pubitemid 46096834)
17. Economic models of colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults. Pignone M, Russell L, Wagner J, editors. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2005.
18. Mandel JS, Church TR, Bond JH, et al. The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1603-1607. (Pubitemid 32162983)
19. Nadel MR, Shapiro JA, Klabunde CN, et al. A national survey of primary care physicians' methods for screening for fecal occult blood. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142:86-94.
20. Winawer SJ, Stewart ET, Zauber AG, et al., NPS Workgroup. A comparison of colonoscopy and double-contrast barium enema for surveillance after polypectomy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1766-1772.
21. Pickhardt PJ, Choie R, Hwang I, et al. Computed tomographic virtual colonoscopy to screen for colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. N Engl JMed 2003; 349:2191-2200. (Pubitemid 37485135)
22. Cotton PB, Durkalski VL, Pineau BC, et al. Computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy): a multicenter comparison with standard colonoscopy for detection of colorectal neoplasms. JAMA 2004; 291:1713-1719.
23. Rockey DC, Paulson E, Niedzwiecki D, et al. Analysis of air contrast barium enema, computed tomographic colonography and colonoscopy: prospective comparison. Lancet 2005; 365:305-311. (Pubitemid 40139107)
24. Johnson CD, Chen M-H, Toledano AY, et al. Accuracy of CT colonography for detection of large adenomas and cancers. N Engl J Med 2008; 359:1207-1217. This large multicenter study evaluated CT colonography compared with optical colonoscopy. Detection rate for polyps of at least 10mm was 90%, but specificity was 86%.
25. Lieberman DA, Moravec M, Holub J, et al. Polyp size and advanced histology in patients undergoing colonoscopy screening: implications for CT colonography. Gastroenterology 2008; 135:1100-1105. This large study examined the histology of lesions discovered at screening colonoscopy. If the largest lesion found was 6-9 mm, 6.6% had advanced histology.
26. Halligan S, Altman DG, Mallett S, et al. Computed tomographic colonography: assessment of radiologist performance with and without computer-aided detection. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1690-1699. (Pubitemid 44958520)
27. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography: an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2277-2284. (Pubitemid 350190758)
28. Vijan S, Hwang I, Inadomi J, et al. The cost-effectiveness of CT colonography in screening for colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102:380-390. (Pubitemid 46160552)
29. Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Bond JH, et al., VACSP Group #380. Use of colonoscopy to screen asymtomatic adults for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:162-168. (Pubitemid 30489212)
30. Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY, et al. Risk of advanced proximal neoplasms in asymptomatic adults according to the distal colorectal findings. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:169-174.
31. Schoenfeld P, Cash B, Flood A, et al. Colonoscopic screening of average-risk women for colorectal neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2005; 352:2061-2068. (Pubitemid 40664307)
32. Regula J, Rupinski M, Kraszewska E, et al. Colonoscopy in colorectal-cancer screening for detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1863-1872. (Pubitemid 44664644)
33. Muller AD, Sonnenberg A. Prevention of colorectal cancer by flexible endoscopy and polypectomy: a case-control study of 32 702 veterans. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:904-910.
34. Singh H, Turner D, Xue L, et al. Risk of developing colorectal cancer following a negative colonoscopy examination. Evidence for a 10-year interval between colonoscopies. JAMA 2006; 295:2366-2373.
35. Baxter NN, Goldwasser MA, Paszat LF, et al. Association of colonoscopy and death from colorectal cancer: a population-based, case-control study. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150:1-8. This case-control study from Ontario found that patients exposed to colonoscopy had lower rates of distal cancer (OR 0.33) but no reduction in rates of proximal cancer. The results suggest that colonoscopy may not be protective in the proximal colon. Controversies surrounding this study are discussed in the text.
36. Barclay RL, Vicari JJ, Doughty AS, et al. Adenoma detection rates and colonoscoic withdrawal times during screening colonoscopy. N Engl J Med 2006; 355:2533-2541.
37. Soetikno RM, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV, et al. Prevalence of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasms in asymptomatic and symptomatic adults. JAMA 2008; 299:1027-1035. This study found that flat lesions are common in the USA, and that if such lesions have central depression, they may harbor advanced histologic features. (Pubitemid 351347059)
38. Lieberman D, Nadel M, Smith R, et al. Standardized colonoscopy reporting and data system (CO-RADS): report of the Quality Assurance Task Group of the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable. Gastrointest Endosc 2007;65:757-766. This study highlights key quality indicators that should be monitored in colonoscopy practice. (Pubitemid 46629071)
39. Lieberman D, Holub J, Moravec M, et al. Prevalence of colon polyps detected by colonoscopy screening in asymptomatic black and white patients. JAMA 2008; 300:1417-1422. This large study of patients undergoing colonoscopy screening found that black men and women had higher rates of polyps of more than 9 mm, after adjusting for age.
40. Pabby A, Schoen RE, Weissfeld JL, et al. Analysis of colorectal cancer occurrence during surveillance colonoscopy in the dietary polyp prevention trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2005; 61:385-391. (Pubitemid 40349030)
41. Sawney MS, Farrar WD, Gudiseva S, et al. Microsatellite instability in interval colon cancers. Gastroenterology 2006; 131:1700-1705. (Pubitemid 44958526)
42. Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Harford WV, et al. Five year colon surveillance after screening colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2007; 133:1077-1085. The 5-year follow-up of patients who received screening colonoscopy includes a subset with no neoplasia at baseline; 2.4% had advanced neoplasia at 5 years.
43. Imperiale TF, Glowinski EA, Lin-Cooper C, et al. Five-year risk of colorectal neoplasia after negative screening colonoscopy. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1218-1224. This large study repeated colonoscopy in over 1200 patients who had a negative baseline screening colonoscopy; 1.3% had advanced neoplasia at 5 years.
44. Schreiner MA, Weiss DG, Lieberman DA. Proximal hyperplastic polyps: prevalence and association with advanced neoplasia and tubular adenomas in the VA Cooperative Study Program # 380. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:AB 304.