Natural experiments in landscape evolution

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms

Volumn 34, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1450-1460

  Tucker, Gregory E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

Bedrock rivers; Landscape evolution; Numerical modeling; Tectonics

Indexed keywords

BEDROCK RIVERS; DRIVING FORCES; EROSION RATES; HIGH QUALITY; INITIAL CONDITIONS; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTIONS; LARGE SPACES; MATERIAL PROPERTY; NATURAL EXPERIMENT; NUMERICAL MODELING; ONE-FACTOR; STEADY CONDITIONS; TIME HISTORY; TOPOGRAPHIC DATA; TRANSIENT CONDITIONS;

COMPUTER SIMULATION; EROSION; FORECASTING; LANDFORMS; SOIL CONSERVATION; TECTONICS;

EXPERIMENTS;

BEDROCK; EROSION RATE; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; LANDSCAPE EVOLUTION; NUMERICAL MODEL; RIVER SYSTEM; TECTONIC SETTING; TECTONIC STRUCTURE;

EID: 69749087382     PISSN: 01979337     EISSN: 10969837     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/esp.1833     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Ahnert F. 1970. A comparison of theoretical slope models with slopes in the field. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie 9: 88-101.
2. Ahnert F. 1976. Brief description of a comprehensive three-dimensional process-response model of landform development. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband 25: 29-49.
3. Ahnert F. 1988. Modelling landform change. In Modelling Geomorphological Systems, Anderson MG (ed.). John Wiley and Sons: New York; 375-400.
4. Anderson RS. 1994. Evolution of the Santa Cruz Mountains, California, through tectonic growth and geomorphic decay. Journal of Geophysical Research 99: 20161-20179.
5. Attal M, Tucker GE, Whittaker AC, Cowie PA, Roberts GP. 2008. Modeling fluvial incision and transient landscape evolution: influence of dynamic channel adjustment. Journal of Geophysical Research 113.DOI: 10.1029/2007JF000893
6. Beaumont C, Fullsack P, Hamilton J. 1992. Erosional control of active compressional orogens. In Thrust Tectonics, McClay KR (ed.). Chapman Hall: New York; 1-18.
7. Berlin MM, Anderson RS. 2007. Modeling of knickpoint retreat on the Roan Plateau, western Colorado. Journal of Geophysical Research 112(F3): F03S06.
8. Berryman K et al. 2000. Tectonic and paleoclimatic significance of Quaternary river terraces of the Waipaoa River, east coast, North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 43(2): 229-245.
9. Beven K. 1996. Equifinality and uncertainty in geomorphological modeling. In The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology: The 27th Binghamtom Symposium in Geomorphology, Rhoads B, Thorn C (eds). John Wiley and Sons: New York; 290-313.
10. Bishop P. 2007. Long-term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface processes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32: 329-365.
11. Bonnet S, Crave A. 2006. Macroscale dynamics of experimental landscapes. In Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Crustal-scale Processes, Buiter SJH, Schreurs G (eds), Geological Society Special Publications. Geological Society of London: London; 327-339.
12. Brandon MT, Willett SD. 2002. On steady states in mountain belts. Geology 30(2): 175-178.
13. Brocard GY, van der Beek PA. 2006. Influence of incision rate, rock strength, and bedload supply on bedrock river gradients and valley-flat widths: field-based evidence and calibrations from western Alpine rivers (southeast France). In Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution, Willett SD, Hovius N, Brandon MT, Fisher D (eds), Geological Society of America Special Paper. Geological Society of America: Boulder, CO; 101-126.
14. Brocard GY, van der Beek PA, Bourles DL, Siame LL, Mugnier J-L. 2003. Long-term fluvial incision rates and postglacial river relaxation time in the French western Alps from 10Be dating of alluvial terraces with assessment of inheritance, soil development and wind ablation effects. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 209: 197-214.DOI: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00031-1
15. Codilean AT, Bishop P, Hoey TB. 2006. Surface process models and the links between tectonics and topography. Progress in Physical Geography 30: 307-333.DOI: 10.1191/0309133306pp480ra
16. Coulthard TJ. 2001. Landscape evolution models: a software review. Hydrological Processes (HP Today) 15: 165-173.
17. Cowie PA et al. 2006. Investigating the surface process response to fault interaction and linkage using a numerical modelling approach. Basin Research 18: 231-266.
18. Cowie PA et al. 2008. New constraints on sediment-flux-dependent river incision: implications for extracting tectonic signals from river profiles. Geology 36(7): 535-538.
19. Crave A, Davy P. 2001. A stochastic 'precipiton' model for simulating erosion/sedimentation dynamics. Computers and Geosciences 27: 815-827.
20. Crosby BT, Whipple KX. 2006. Knickpoint initiation and distribution within fluvial networks: 236 waterfalls in the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand. Geomorphology 82: 16-38.DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.08.023
21. Crosby BT, Whipple KX, Gasparini NM, Wobus CW. 2007. Formation of fluvial hanging valleys: theory and simulation. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S10.DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000566
22. Cyr AJ, Granger DE. 2008. Dynamic equilibrium among erosion, river incision, and coastal uplift in the northern and central Apennines, Italy. Geology 36(2): 103-106.
23. Davis WM. 1899. The geographical cycle. Geographical Journal 14: 481-504.
24. Densmore AL, Anderson RS, McAdoo BG, Ellis MA. 1997. Hillslope evolution by bedrock landslides. Science 275(5298): 369-372.
25. Densmore AL, Gupta S, Allen PA, Dawers NH. 2007. Transient landscapes at fault tips. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S08.DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000560
26. Dietrich W et al. 2003. Geomorphic transport laws for predicting landscape form and dynamics. Geophysical Monograph 135: 1-30.
27. Dietrich WE, Reiss R, Hsu ML, Montgomery DR. 1995. A process-based model for colluvial soil depth and shallow landsliding using digital elevation data. In Scale Issues in Hydrological/Environmental Modelling. John Wiley and Sons: New York; 383-400.
28. Duvall A, Kirby E, Burbank DW. 2004. Tectonic and lithologic controls on bedrock channel profiles and processes in coastal California. Journal of Geophysical Research 109(F3): 18.
29. Gasparini NM, Bras RL, Whipple KX. 2006. Numerical modeling of non-steady-state river profile evolution using a sediment-flux-dependent incision model. In Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution, Willett SD, Hovius N, Brandon MT, Fisher DM (eds), Special Paper - Geological Society of America. Geological Society of America: Boulder, CO; 127-141.
30. Gomez B, Page M, Bak P, Trustrum N. 2002. Self-organized criticality in layered, lacustrine sediments formed by landsliding. Geology 30(6): 519-522.
31. Goudie AS, Wright E, Viles HA. 2002. The roles of salt (sodium nitrate) and fog in weathering; a laboratory simulation of conditions in the northern Atacama Desert, Chile. Catena 48(4): 255-266.
32. Hack JT. 1960. Interpretation of erosion topography in humid temperate climate. American Journal of Science 258: 80-97.
33. Hancock G, Willgoose G. 2001. Use of a landscape simulator in the validation of the SIBERIA catchment evolution model; declining equilibrium landforms. Water Resources Research 37(7): 1981-1992.
34. Hancock GS, Anderson RS, Whipple KX. 1998. Beyond Power; Bedrock River Incision Process and Form, Rivers Over Rock; Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC; 35-60.
35. Hanks TC. 2000. The Age of Scarplike Landforms from Diffusion-equation Analysis, Quaternary Geochronology; Methods and Applications. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC; 313-338.
36. Harkins N, Kirby E, Heimsath A, Robinson R, Reiser U. 2007. Transient fluvial incision in the headwaters of the Yellow River, northeastern Tibet, China. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S04.DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000570
37. Hasbargen LE, Paola C. 2000. Landscape instability in an experimental drainage basin. Geology (Boulder) 28(12): 1067-1070.
38. Heimsath AM, Dietrich WE, Nishiizumi K, Finkel RC. 1997. The soil production function and landscape equilibrium. Nature (London) 388(6640): 358-361.
39. Hilley GE, Arrowsmith JR. 2008. Geomorphic response to uplift along the Dragon's Back pressure ridge, Carrizo Plain, California. Geology 36(5): 367-370.
40. Howard A. 1994. A detachment-limited model of drainage basin evolution. Water Resources Research 30(7): 2261-2285.
41. Howard A, Kerby G. 1983. Channel changes in badlands. Geological Society of America Bulletin 94(6): 739-752.
42. Howard A, Dietrich W, Seidl M. 1994. Modeling fluvial erosion on regional to continental scales. Journal of Geophysical Research 99(B7): 13971-13986.
43. Hurtrez J-E, Lucazeau F, Lave J, Avouac J-P. 1999. Investigation of the relationships between basin morphology, tectonic uplift, and denudation from the study of an active fold belt in the Siwalik Hills, central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research 104(B6): 12779-12796.
44. Izumi N, Parker G. 2000. Linear stability analysis of channel inception: downstream-driven theory. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 419: 239-262.
45. Jyotsna R, Haff PK. 1997. Microtopography as an indicator of modern hillslope diffusivity in arid terrain. Geology (Boulder) 25(8): 695-698.
46. Kirby E, Whipple K. 2001. Quantifying differential rock-uplift rates via stream profile analysis. Geology (Boulder) 29(5): 415-418.
47. Kirby E, Johnson C, Furlong K, Heimsath A. 2007. Transient channel incision along Bolinas Ridge, California: evidence for differential rock uplift adjacent to the San Andreas fault. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S07.DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000559
48. Kirkby MJ. 1971. Hillslope Process-response Models Based on the Continuity Equation, Slopes, Form and Process. Institute of British Geographers: London; 15-30.
49. Kirkby MJ. 1995. Modelling the links between vegetation and landforms. Geomorphology 13: 319-335.
50. Kirkby MJ, Bull LJ. 2000. Some factors controlling gully growth in fine-grained sediments: a model applied in southeast Spain. Catena 40: 127-146.
51. Koltermann C, Gorelick SM. 1992. Paleoclimatic signature in terrestrial flood deposits. Science 256: 1775-1782.
52. Lague D, Crave A, Davy P. 2003. Laboratory experiments simulating the geomorphic response to tectonic uplift. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth 108(B1).DOI: 10.1029/2002JB001785
53. Lavé J, Avouac J-P. 2000. Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research 105(3): 5735-5770.
54. Lavé J, Avouac J-P. 2001. Fluvial incision and tectonic uplift across the Himalayas of central Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research 106(11): 26561-26591.
55. Merritts DJ, Bull WB. 1989. Interpreting Quaternary uplift rates at the Mendocino triple junction, Northern California, from uplifted marine terraces. Geology 17(11): 1020-1024.
56. Merritts DJ, Vincent K. 1989. Geomorphic response of coastal streams to low, intermediate, and high rates of uplift, Mendocino junction region, northern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 101: 1373-1388.
57. Miller SR, Slingerland RL, Kirby E. 2007. Characteristics of steady state fluvial topography above fault-bend folds. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F04004.DOI: 10.1029/2007JF000772
58. Moglen GE, Bras RL. 1995. The effect of spatial heterogeneities on geomorphic expression in a model of basin evolution. Water Resources Research 31(10): 2613-2623.
59. Nash D. 1980. Forms of bluffs degraded for different lengths of time in Emmet County, Michigan, U.S.A. Earth Surface Processes 5(4): 331-345.
60. Oskin ME, Burbank D. 2007. Transient landscape evolution of basement-cored uplifts: example of the Kyrgyz Range, Tian Shan. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S03.DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000563
61. Pazzaglia FJ, Brandon MT. 2001. A fluvial record of long-term steady-state uplift and erosion across the Cascadia forearc high, Western Washington State. American Journal of Science 301(4): 385-431.
62. Pazzaglia FJ, Gardner TW, Merritts DJ. 1998. Bedrock fluvial incision and longitudinal profile development over geologic time scales determined by fluvial terraces. In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, Tinkler KJ, Wohl E (eds), Geophysical Monograph. American Geophysical Union: Washington, DC; 207-236.
63. Peakall J, Ashworth P, Best J. 1996. Physical modelling in fluvial geomorphology: principles, applications and unresolved issues. In The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology, Rhoads B, Thorn C (eds). John Wiley and Sons: Chichester.
64. Reinhardt LJ, Bishop P, Hoey TB, Dempster TJ, Sanderson DCW. 2007. Quantification of the transient response to base-level fall in a small mountain catchment: Sierra Nevada, southern Spain. Journal of Geophysical Research 112: F03S05.DOI: 10.1029/2006JF000524
65. Roberts GP, Michetti AM. 2004. Spatial and temporal variations in growth rates along active normal fault systems: an example from the Lazio-Abruzzo Apennines, central Italy. Journal of Structural Geology 26(2): 339-376.
66. Roering JJ. 2004. Soil creep and convex-upward velocity profiles: theoretical and experimental investigation of disturbance-driven sediment transport on hillslopes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29: 1597-1612.
67. Roering JJ. 2008. How well can hillslope evolution models 'explain' topography? Simulating soil transport and production with high-resolution topographic data. Geological Society of America Bulletin 120(9/10): 1248-1262.
68. Roering JJ, Kirchner JW, Dietrich WE. 1999. Evidence for nonlinear, diffusive sediment transport on hillslopes and implications for landscape morphology. Water Resources Research 35(3): 853-870.
69. Roering JJ, Kirchner JW, Sklar LS, Dietrich WE. 2001. Hillslope evolution by nonlinear creep and landsliding; an experimental study. Geology (Boulder) 29(2): 143-146.
70. Rosenbloom NA, Anderson RS. 1994. Hillslope and channel evolution in a marine terraced landscape, Santa Cruz, California. Journal of Geophysical Research B, Solid Earth and Planets 99(7): 14013-14029.
71. Ruhl KW, Hodges KV. 2005. The use of detrital mineral cooling ages to evaluate steady state assumptions in active orogens: an example from the central Nepalese Himalaya. Tectonics 24: TC4015.DOI:10.1029/2004TC001712
72. Schumm SA. 1956. Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey. Geological Society of America Bulletin 67: 597-646.
73. Schumm SA, Mosely MP, Weaver WE. 1987. Experimental Fluvial Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons: New York; 413 pp.
74. Seidl MA, Dietrich WE. 1992. The problem of channel erosion into bedrock. Catena Supplement 23: 101-124.
75. Seidl MA, Dietrich WE, Kirchner JW. 1994. Longitudinal profile development into bedrock: an analysis of Hawaiian channels. Journal of Geology 102(4): 457-474.
76. Sklar LS, Dietrich WE. 2004. A mechanistic model for river incision into bedrock by saltating bed load. Water Resources Research 40: W06301.DOI: 10.1029/2003WR002496
77. Snow RS, Slingerland RL. 1987. Mathematical modeling of graded river profiles. Journal of Geology 95: 15-33.
78. Snyder NP, Whipple KX, Tucker GE, Merritts DJ. 2000. Landscape response to tectonic forcing; digital elevation model analysis of stream profiles in the Mendocino triple junction region, Northern California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112(8): 1250-1263.
79. Snyder NP, Whipple KX, Tucker GE, Merritts DJ. 2002. Interactions between onshore bedrock-channel incision and nearshore wave- base erosion forced by eustasy and tectonics. Basin Research 14(2): 105-127.
80. Snyder NP, Whipple KX, Tucker GE, Merritts DJ. 2003a. Channel response to tectonic forcing: field analysis of stream morphology and hydrology in the Mendocino triple junction region, northern California. Geomorphology 53(1-2): 97-127.
81. Snyder NP, Whipple KX, Tucker GE, Merritts DJ. 2003b. Importance of a stochastic distribution of floods and erosion thresholds in the bedrock river incision problem. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth 108(2): ETG 17-1-17-15.
82. Stock JD, Montgomery DR. 1999. Geologic constraints on bedrock river incision using the stream power law. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth 104(3): 4983-4993.
83. Tippett JM, Hovius N. 2000. Geodynamic Processes in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Geomorphology and Global Tectonics. John Wiley and Sons: Chichester.
84. Tomkin JH, Brandon MT, Pazzaglia FJ, Barbour JR, Willett SD. 2003. Quantitative testing of bedrock incision models for the Clearwater River, NW Washington State. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth 108(6): ETG 10-1-10-19.
85. Tucker GE. 2004. Drainage basin sensitivity to tectonic and climatic forcing: implications of a stochastic model for the role of entrainment and erosion thresholds. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29(4): 401-422.
86. Tucker GE, Hancock GR. Landscape evolution modeling. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. Submitted for publication.
87. Tucker G, Lancaster S, Gasparini N, Bras R. 2001. The Channel-hillslope Integrated Landscape Development Model (CHILD), Landscape Erosion and Evolution Modeling. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers: New York.
88. Tucker GE, Whipple KX. 2002. Topographic outcomes predicted by stream erosion models: sensitivity analysis and intermodel comparison. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth 107(B9).DOI: 10.1029/2001JB000162
89. van der Beek P, Bishop P. 2003. Cenozoic river profile development in the Upper Lachlan catchment (SE Australia) as a test quantitative fluvial incision models. Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth 108(6): ETG 11-1-11-27.
90. Whipple KX. 2004. Bedrock rivers and the geomorphology of active orogens. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 32: 151-185.
91. Whipple KX, Tucker GE. 1999. Dynamics of the stream-power river incision model; implications for height limits of mountain ranges, landscape response timescales, and research needs. Journal of Geophysical Research B, Solid Earth and Planets 104(8): 17661-17674.
92. Whipple KX, Tucker GE. 2002. Implications of sediment-flux-dependent river incision models for landscape evolution. Journal of Geophysical Research B, Solid Earth and Planets 107: B2,2039.DOI: 10.1029/2000JB000044,2002
93. Whipple KX, Snyder NP, Dollenmayer K. 2000. Rates and processes of bedrock incision by the upper Ukak River since the 1912 Novarupta ash flow in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska. Geology (Boulder) 28(9): 835-838.
94. Whittaker AC, Attal M, Cowie PA, Tucker GE, Roberts GP. 2008. Decoding temporal and spatial patterns of fault uplift using transient river long profiles. Geomorphology 100: 506-526.DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.01.018
95. Whittaker AC, Cowie PA, Attal M, Tucker GE, Roberts GP. 2007a. Bedrock channel adjustment to tectonic forcing: implications for predicting river incision rates. Geology 35(2): 103-106.
96. Whittaker AC, Cowie PA, Attal M, Tucker GE, Roberts GP. 2007b. Contrasting transient and steady-state rivers crossing active normal faults: new field observations from the Central Apennines, Italy. Basin Research 19: 529-556.DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2007.00337.x
97. Willgoose G. 2005. Mathematical modeling of whole landscape evolution. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 33: 443-459.
98. Willgoose G, Bras RL, Rodriguez II. 1991. A coupled channel network growth and hillslope evolution model; 1, Theory. Water Resources Research 27(7): 1671-1684.