A fluvial record of long-term steady-state uplift and erosion across the Cascadia forearc high, western Washington State

American Journal of Science

Volumn 301, Issue 4-5, 2001, Pages 385-431

  Pazzaglia, Frank J ^a   Brandon, Mark T ^b  

^a LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DOWNCUTTING; EROSION; FLUVIAL GEOMORPHOLOGY; FOREARC BASIN; QUATERNARY; RIVER TERRACE; UPLIFT;

UNITED STATES;

EID: 0035535907     PISSN: 00029599     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2475/ajs.301.4-5.385     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Adams, J., 1984, Active deformation of the Pacific Northwest continental margin: Tectonics, v. 3, p. 449-472.
2. Anderson, R. S., Densmore, A. L., and Ellis, M. A., 1999, The generation and degradation of marine terraces: Drainage Research, v. 11, p. 7-19.
3. Armentrout, J. M., 1981, Correlation and ages of Cenozoic chronostratigraphic units in Oregon and Washington, in Armentrout, J. M., editor, Pacific Northwest Cenozoic biostratigraphy: Geological Society of America Special Paper 184, p. 137-148.
4. Atwater, B. F., 1987, Evidence for great Holocene earthquakes along the outer coast of Washington State: Science, v. 236, p. 942-944.
5. _ 1996, Coastal evidence for great earthquakes in western Washington, in Rogers, A. M., Walsh, T. J., Kockelman, W. J., and Priest, G. R., editors, Assessing earthquake hazards and reducing risk in the Pacific Northwest; Volume 1.: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1560, p. 77-90.
6. Batt, G. E., Brandon, M. T., Parley, K. A., and Roden-Tice, M., in press, Tectonic synthesis of the Olympic Mountains segment of the Cascadia wedge, using 2-D thermal and kinematic modeling of isotopic ages: Journal of Geophysical Research.
7. Beaumont, C., Ellis, S., and Pfiffner, A., 1999, Dynamics of subduction-accretion at convergent margins: Short-term modes, long-term deformation, and tectonic implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 104, p. 17,573-17,602.
8. Bigelow, P. K., ms, 1987, The petrology, stratigraphy and drainage history of the Montesano Formation, southwestern Washington and Southern Olympic Peninsula: M.S. thesis, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, 263 p.
9. Bockheim, J., G., Kelsey, H. M., and Marshall, J. G., III., 1992, Soil development, relative dating, and correlation of late Quaternary marine terraces in southwestern Oregon: Quaternary Research, v. 37, p. 60-74.
10. Brandon, M. T., 1996, Probability density plots for fission-track grain age distributions: Radiation Measurements, v. 26, p. 663-676.
11. Brandon, M. T., and Calderwood, A. R., 1990, High-pressure metamorphism and uplift of the Olympic subduction complex: Geology, v. 18, p. 1252-1255.
12. Brandon, M. T., Roden-Tice, M. K., and Garver, J. I., 1998, Late Cenozoic exhumation of the Cascadia accretionary wedge in the Olympic Mountains, northwest Washington State: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 985-1009.
13. Brandon, M. T., and Vance, J. A., 1992, Tectonic evolution of the Cenozoic Olympic subduction complex, Washington State, as deduced from fission track ages for detrital zircons: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 565-636.
14. Bucknam, R. C., Hemphill-Haley, E., and Leopold, E. B., 1992, Abrupt uplift within the past 1700 years at southern Puget Sound, Washington: Science, v. 258, p. 1611-1614.
15. Bull, W. B., 1991, Geomorphic response to climatic change: New York, Oxford University Press, 326 p.
16. Burbank, D. W., Leland, J., Fielding, E., Anderson, R. S., Brozovic, N., Reid, M. R., and Duncan, C., 1996, Bedrock incision, rock uplift and threshold hillslopes in the northwestern Himalayas: Nature, v. 379, p. 505-510.
17. Byrne, D., Wang, W., and Davis, D., 1993, Mechanical role of backstops in the growth of forearcs: Tectonics, v. 12, no. 1, p. 123-144.
18. Campbell, K. A. and Nesbitt, E. A., 2000, High resolution architecture and paleoecology of an active margin, storm-flood influenced estuary, Quinault Formation (Pliocene), Washington: Palaios, v. 15, n. 6, p. 553-579.
19. Chappell, J., Omura, A., Esat, T., McCulloch, M., Pandolfi, J., Ota, Y., and Pillans, B., 1996, Reconciliation of late Quaternary sealevels derived from coral terraces at Huon Peninsula with deep sea oxygen isotope records: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 141, p. 227-236.
20. Chinn, T., 1981, Use of rock weathering-rind thickness for Holocene absolute age-dating in New Zealand: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 13, p. 33-45.
21. Cleveland, W. S., 1979, Robust locally weighted regression and smoothing scatterplots: Journal of the American Statistics Association, v. 74, p. 829-836.
22. _ 1981, LOWESS: A program for smoothing scatterplots by robust locally weighted regression: American Statistician, v. 35, p. 54.
23. Clowes, R. M., Brandon, M. T., Green, A. C., Yorath, C. J., Sutherland Brown, A., Kanasewich, E. R., and Spencer, C., 1987, LITHOPROBE - southern Vancouver Island: Cenozoic subduction complex imaged by deep seismic reflections: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 31-51.
24. Colman, S. M. and Pierce, K., 1981, Weathering rinds on andesitic and basaltic stones as a Quaternary age indicator, western United States: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1210, 56 p.
25. _ 1986, Glacial sequence near McCall, Idaho; weathering rinds, soil development, morphology, and other relative-age criteria: Quaternary Research, v. 25, p. 25-42.
26. Crandell, D. R., 1964, Pleistocene glaciations of the southwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 501-B, p. B135-B139.
27. _ 1965, The glacial history of western Washington and Oregon, in Wright, H.E., and Frey, D.G., editors, The Quaternary of the United States: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, p. 341-353.
28. Crosson, R. S., and Owens, T. J., 1987, Slab geometry of the Cascadia subduction zone beneath Washington from earthquake hypocenters and teleseismic converted waves: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 14, p. 824-827.
29. Darienzo, M. E. and Peterson, C. D., 1990, Episodic tectonic subsidence of late Holocene salt marshes, northern Oregon coast, central Cascadia margin, U.S.A.: Tectonics, v. 9, p. 1-22.
30. Daly, C., and Taylor, G., 1998, Washington Average Monthly or Annual Precipitation, 1961-90, Available: http://www.ocs.orst.edu/prism/prism_new.html; also published by: Water and Climate Center of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon.
31. Dean, R., 1991, Equilibrium beach profiles: Characteristics and Applications: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 7, no. 1, p. 53-84.
32. DeMets, C., and Dixon, T., 1999, New kinematic models for Pacific-North America motion from 3 Ma to present; I, Evidence for steady motion and biases in the NUVEL-IA model: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 26, no. 13, p. 1921-1924.
33. DeMets, C., Gordon, R. G., Argus, D. F., and Stein, S., 1990, Current plate motions: Geophysical Journal International, v. 101, p. 425-478.
34. Dragert, H., 1987, The fall (and rise) of central Vancouver Island: 1930-1985: Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 10586, p.689-697.
35. Dragert, H., Hyndman, R. D., Rogers, G. C., and Wang, K., 1994, Current deformation and the width of the seismogenic zone of the northern Cascadia subduction thrust: Journal of Geophysical Research B, v. 99, p. 653-668.
36. Easterbrook, D. J., 1986, Stratigraphy and chronology of Quaternary deposits of the Puget lowland and Olympic Mountains of Washington and the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, in Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q., and Richmond, G.M., editors, Quaternary glaciations in the northern hemisphere: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 5, p. 145-159.
37. Florer, L. E., 1972, Quaternary paleoecology and stratigraphy of the sea cliffs, western Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Quaternary Research, v. 2, p. 202-216.
38. Fuller, I. C., Macklin, M. G., Lewin, J., Passmore, D. G., and Wintle, A. G., 1998, River response to high-frequency climate oscillations in southern Europe over the past 200 k.y.: Geology, v. 26, p. 275-278.
39. Heusser, C. J., 1964, Palynology of four bog sections from the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Ecology, v. 45, p. 23-40.
40. _ 1972, Palynology and phytogeographical significance of a late Pleistocene refugium near Kalaloch, Washington: Quaternary Research, v. 2, p. 189-201.
41. _ 1973, Environmental sequence following the Fraser advance of the Juan de Fuca lobe, Washington: Quaternary Research, v. 3, p. 284-306.
42. _ 1974, Quaternary vegetation, climate, and glaciation of the Hoh River Valley, Washington: Geological Society of American Bulletin, v. 85, p. 1547-1560.
43. _ 1978, Palynology of Quaternary deposits of the lower Bogachiel River area, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 15, p. 1568-1578.
44. Holdahl, S. R., Faucher, F., and Dragert, H., 1989, Contemporary vertical crustal motion in the Pacific northwest, in Cohen, S. C. and Vanicek, P., editors, Slow deformation and transmission of stress in the earth: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 40, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Volume 4, p. 17-29.
45. Holt, W. E., and Haines, A. J., 1995, The kinematics of northern South Island, New Zealand, determined from geologic strain rates: Journal of Geophysical Research, v.100, p. 17991-18010.
46. Hovius, N., 2000, Macro-scale process systems of mountain belt erosion, in Summerfield, M. A., editor, Geomorphology and Global Tectonics: London, John Wiley and Sons, p. 77-105.
47. Hyndman, R. D., and Wang, K., 1993, Thermal constraints on the zone of major thrust earthquake failure: the Cascadia subduction zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 2039-2060.
48. James, T. D., Clague, J. J., Wang, K., and Hutchinson, I., 2000, Post-glacial rebound at the northern Cascadia subduction zone: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 19, p. 1527-1541.
49. Kelsey, H. M., 1990, Late Quaternary deformation of marine terraces on the Cascadia subduction zone near Cape Blanco, Oregon: Tectonics, v.9, p. 983-1014.
50. Kelsey, H. M. and Bockheim, J. G., 1994, Coastal landscape evolution as a function of eustasy and surface uplift rate, Cascadia margin, southern Oregon: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 840-854.
51. Knox, J. C., 1975, Concept of the graded stream, in Melhorn, W. N. and Flemal, R. C., editors, Theories of Landform Development, Proceedings of the 6th Geomorphology Symposium, Publications in Geomorphology: Binghamton, State University of New York at Binghamton, p. 169-198.
52. Knuepfer, P. L. K., 1988, Estimating ages of late Quaternary stream terraces from analysis of weathering rinds and soils: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, p. 1224-1236.
53. Koons, P., 1990, Two-sided orogen; collision and erosion from the sandbox to the Southern Alps, New Zealand: Geology, v. 18, p. 679-682.
54. Lajoie, K. R., 1986, Coastal tectonics, m Wallace, R. E. editor, Active Tectonics: Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences, p. 95-124.
55. Leopold, L. B. and Bull, W. B., 1979, Base level, aggradation, and grade: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, v. 123, p. 168-202.
56. McCrory, P. A., 1996, Tectonic model explaining divergent contraction directions along the Cascadia subduction margin, Washington: Geology, v. 24, p. 929-932.
57. _ 1997, Evidence for Quaternary tectonism along the Washington Coast: Washington Geology, v. 25, p. 14-19.
58. McNeill, L., Piper, K., Goldfinger, C., Kulm, L., and Yeats, R., 1997, Listric normal faulting on the Cascadia continental margin: Journal of Geophysical Research B, v. 102, p. 12,123-12,138.
59. McNeill, L. C., Goldfinger, C., Kulm, L. D., Yeats, R. S., 2000, Tectonics of the Neogene Cascadia forearc drainage; investigations of a deformed late Miocene unconformity: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 112, p. 1209-1224.
60. Mackin, J. H., 1948, Concept of the graded river: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 59, p. 463-512.
61. McSaveney, M., 1992, A manual of weathering-rind dating for sandstone clasts of the Torlessc Supergroup: Geological Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Publication 63A, 106 p.
62. Maddy, D., 1997, Uplift-driven valley incision and river terrace formation in southern England: Journal of Quaternary Science, v. 12, p. 539-545.
63. Mitchell, C. E., Vincent, P., Weldon R. J., and Richards, M., 1994, Present-day vertical deformation of the Cascadia margin, Pacific Northwest, U.S.A.: Journal of Geophysical Research B, v. 99, p. 12,257-12,277.
64. Moore, J. L., ms, 1965, Surficial geology of southwestern Olympic Peninsula: M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 63 p.
65. Muhs, D. R., 1992, The last interglacial-glacial transition in North America: Evidence from uranium-series dating of coastal deposits, in Clark, K. P., and Lea, P. D., editors, The Last Interglacial-Glacial Transition in North America, Geological Society of America Special Paper, p. 31-51.
66. National Data Buoy Center, 2000, Station Information, U.S. Northwest Region, http://seaboard.ndbc.noaa.gov/ stuff/northwest/nwstmap.shtml
67. Orange, D. L., 1990, Criteria helpful in recognizing shear-zone and diapiric melanges: Examples from the Hoh accretionary complex, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 102, p. 935-951.
68. Ouchi, S., 1985, Response of alluvial rivers to slow active tectonic movements: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 96, p. 504-515.
69. Palmer, S. P., and Lingley, W. S., Jr., 1989, An assessment of the oil and gas potential of the Washington outer continental shelf: University of Washington, Washington Sea Grant Program, p. 83.
70. Parsons, T., Trehu, A. M., Luetgert, J. H., Miller, K. C., Kilbride, F., Wells, R. E., Fisher, M. A., Flueh, E. R., ten Brink, U. S., Christensen, N. I., 1998, A new view into the Cascadia subduction zone and volcanic arc; implications for earthquake hazards along the Washington margin: Geology, v. 26, no. 3, p. 199-202.
71. Pazzaglia, F. J., Gardner, T. W., and Merritts, D., 1998, Bedrock fluvial incision and longitudinal profile development over geologic time scales determined by fluvial terraces, in Wohl E. and Tinkler, K., editors, Rivers over rock, Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph Series, 107, p. 207-236.
72. Personius, S. F., 1995, Late Quaternary stream incision and uplift in the forearc of the Cascadia subduction zone, western Oregon: Journal of Geophysical Research B, v. 100, p. 20,193-20,210.
73. Pillans, B., Chappell, J., and Naish, T. R., 1998, A review of the Milankovitch climatic beat: template for Plio-Pleistocene sea-level changes and sequence stratigraphy: Sedimentary Geology, v. 122, p. 5-21.
74. Porter, S. C., Pierce, K. L., and Hamilton, T. D., 1983, Late Wisconsin mountainous glaciation in the Western United States, in Wright, H. E., editor, Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Volume 1, The Late Pleistocene: Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 71-114.
75. Posamentier, H. W., Jervey, M. T., and Vail, P. R., 1988, Eustatic controls on clastic deposition: I, Conceptual framework, in Wilgus Cheryl, K., Hastings Bruce, S., Ross Charles, A., Posamentier Henry, W., Van Wagoner, J., and Kendall Christopher, G. S. C., editors, Sea-level changes; an integrated approach.: Special Publication - Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists: Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), p. 109-124.
76. Rau, W. W., 1970, Foraminifera, stratigraphy, and paleoecology of the Quinault Formation, Point Grenville-Raft River coastal area, Washington: Washington Department of Natural Resources Bulletin, v. 62, 34 p.
77. _ 1973, Geology of the Washington coast between Point Grenville and the Hoh River: Washington Department of Natural Resources, Geology and Earth Resources Division Bulletin 66, 58 p.
78. _ 1975, Geologic map of the Destruction Island and Taholah quadrangles, Washington: Washington Department of Natural Resources, Geology and Earth Resources Division Map GM-13, scale 1:62,500.
79. _ 1979, Geologic map in the vicinity of the lower Bogachiel and Hoh River valleys and the Washington coast: Department of Natural Resources, Geology and Earth Resources Division Map GM-24, scale 1:62,500.
80. Rau, W. W., and Grocock, G., 1974, Piercement structure outcrops along the Washington coast: State of Washington, Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mines and Geology, Information Circular, v. 51, 7 p.
81. Reilinger, R. and Adams, J., 1982, Geodetic evidence for active landward tilting of the Oregon and Washington Coastal ranges: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 9, p. 401-403.
82. Ricker, K., Chinn, T., and McSaveney, M., 1993, A late Quaternary moraine sequence dated by rock weathering rinds, Craigieburn Range, New Zealand: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 1861-1869.
83. Rogers, G. C., 1988, An assessment of megathrust earthquake potential of the Cascadia subduction zone: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 25, p. 844-852.
84. Saunders, I.R., Clague, J.J., and Roberts, M.C., 1987, Deglaciation of the Chilliwack River valley, British Columbia: Canadian Journal of Earth Science, v. 24, p. 915-923.
85. Savage, J. C., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W. H., 1981, Geodetic strain measurements in Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B, v. 86, p. 4929-4940.
86. _ 1991, Strain accumulation in western Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B, v. 96, p. 14,493-14,507.
87. Schumm, S. A., 1969, River metamorphosis: Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Journal of the Hydraulics Division, v. 95, p. 255-273.
88. _ 1973, Geomorphic thresholds and complex response of drainage systems, in Morisawa, M., editor, Fluvial Geomorphology: Proceedings of the 4th Geomorphology Symposium, Publications in Geomorphology: Binghamton, State University of New York at Binghamton, p. 299-310.
89. Schumm, S. A., Dumont, J. F., and Holbrook, J. M., 2000, Active tectonics and alluvial rivers: Cambridge, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 276 p.
90. Schumm, S. A. and Lichty, R. W., 1965, Time, space, and causality in geomorphology: American Journal of Science, v. 263, p. 110-119.
91. Soil Survey Staff, 1975, Soil Taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys: United States Department of Agriculture Handbook 436, 754 p.
92. Tabor, R. W. and Cady, W. M., 1978a, Geologic Map of the Olympic Peninsula: United States Geological Survey Map 1-994, 2 sheets, scale 1:125,000.
93. _ 1978b, The structure of the Olympic Mountains, Washington - analysis of a subduction zone: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1033, 38 p.
94. Thackray, G. D., ms, 1996, Glaciation and neotectonic deformation on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 139 p.
95. _ 1998, Convergent-margin deformation of Pleistocene strata on the Olympic coast of Washington, USA, in Stewart, I. S. and Vita-Finzi, C., editors, Coastal Tectonics: London, Geological Society Special Publication 146, p. 199-211.
96. _ 2001, Extensive Early and Middle Wisconsin glaciation on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the variability of Pacific moisture delivery to the northwestern United States: Quaternary Research, v. 55, p. 257-270.
97. Thackray, G. D. and Pazzaglia, F. J., 1994, Quaternary stratigraphy, tectonic geomorphology, and fluvial evolution of the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, in Swanson, D.A., and Haugerud, R.A., editors, Geologic field trips in the Pacific Northwest, 1994 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, p. 2A-1 - 2A-30.
98. Thorson, R. M., 1989, Glacio-isostatic response of the Puget Sound area, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, p. 1163-1174.
99. Trenhaile, A., 1997, Coastal Dynamics and Landforms: Oxford, Clarendon Press, 366 p.
100. von Huene, R., 1998, Forearc highs and backstop structure, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 79, p. F917.
101. von Huene, R., D. Klaeschen, M. Gutscher, and J. Fruehn, 1998, Mass and fluid flux during accretion at the Alaskan margin: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, p. 468-482.
102. Washington State Department of Transportation, 1988, Queets River Bridge Replacement: Geotechnical Report SR101, L-8287, C.S. 1601, No. 101/204 Replacement.
103. Wegmann, K., ms, 1999, Tectonic geomorphology of the Clearwater River drainage, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: M.S. thesis, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico, 217 p.
104. Weldon, R. J., ms, 1986, Late Cenozoic geology of Cajon Pass; implications for tectonics and sedimentation along the San Andreas fault: Ph.D. dissertation, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 400 p.
105. West, D. O., and McCrumb, D. R., 1988, Coastline uplift in Oregon and Washington and the nature of Cascadia subduction zone tectonics: Geology, v. 16, p. 169-172.
106. Willett, S., 1999, Orogeny and orography: The effects of erosion on the structure of mountain belts: Journal of Geophysical Research v. 104, p. 28,957-28,981.
107. Willett, S., Beaumont, C., and Fullsack, P., 1993, Mechanical models for the tectonics of doubly vergent compressional orogens: Geology, v. 21, p. 371-374.
108. Willett, S. D., Slingerland, R., and Hovius, N., 2001, Uplift, shortening, and steady state topography in active-mountain belts: American Journal of Science, v. 301, p.
109. Yeats, R. S., Graven, E. P., Werner, K. S., Goldfinger, C., and Popowski, T. A., 1996, Tectonics of the Willamette Valley, Oregon, in Rogers, A. M., Walsh, T. J., Kockelman, W. J., and Priest, G. R., editors, Assessing earthquake hazards and reducing risk in the Pacific Northwest; Volume 1.: United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1560, p.