Anal cancer prevention in HIV-positive men and women

Current Opinion in Oncology

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2009, Pages 433-438

  Palefsky, Joel M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anal cancer; Anal intraepithelial neoplasia; Cancer prevention; HIV; Human papillomavirus; Screening

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; CATECHIN; IMIQUIMOD; LIQUID NITROGEN; PODOPHYLLOTOXIN; SINECATECHIN DERIVATIVE; TRICHLOROACETIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; ANUS CANCER; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SCREENING; CAUTERIZATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLPOSCOPY; CONDYLOMA; CRYOTHERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LOW LEVEL LASER THERAPY; MALE HOMOSEXUAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT FAILURE; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERINE CERVIX CARCINOMA IN SITU; UTERINE CERVIX CYTOLOGY;

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; ANUS NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; MASS SCREENING; PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTIONS;

EID: 69549137034     PISSN: 10408746     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/CCO.0b013e32832f511a     Document Type: Review

References (17)

1. Hoots BE, Palefsky JM, Pimenta JM, Smith JS. Human papillomavirus type distribution in anal cancer and anal intraepithelial lesions. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2375-2383. This is a meta-analysis examining the prevalence of HPV in 992 invasive anal cancers, 472 HSIL cases and 360 LSIL cases. The prevalence of HPV in prevalence in anal cancer, HSIL, and LSIL was 71, 91 and 88%, respectively. The prevalence of HPV 16 or 18 specifically was 72% in invasive anal cancer, 69% in HSIL and 27% in LSIL.
2. Watson AJ, Smith BB, Whitehead MR, et al. Malignant progression of anal intra-epithelial neoplasia. ANZ J Surg 2006; 76:715-717.
3. Berry JM, Palefsky JM, Jay N, et al. Performance characteristics of anal cytology and human papillomavirus testing in patients with high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Dis Colon Rectum 2009; 52:239-247. This study examined the sensitivity of abnormal anal cytology to detect high-grade anal neoplasia. In HIV-positive men the sensitivity was 87% and in HIV-negative MSM it was 55%.
4. Chin-Hong PV, Berry JM, Cheng S-C, et al. A population-based study of human papillomavirus-associated anal neoplasia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men using self-collected specimens: the TPOP study. Annals Int Med 2008; 149:300-306. This study was a population-based study of HIV-positive and HIV-negative MSM in San Francisco. High-grade AIN was diagnosed in 43% of HIV-positive MSM and 25% of HIV-negative MSM. Oncogenic anal HPV infection was found in 72% of HIV-positive MSM and 34% of HIV-negative MSM. Self-sampling for anal cytology was noninferior to clinician-collected samples to detect AIN.
5. Saiag P, Bauhofer A, Bouscarat F, et al. Imiquimod 5% cream for external genital or perianal warts in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy: an open-label, noncomparative study. Br J Dermatol 2009 [E-pub ahead of print]. Warts were treated with imiqimod in 50 HIV-positive patients, with 32% clearance at week 16.
6. Piketty C, Selinger-Leneman H, Grabar S, et al. Marked increase in the incidence of invasive anal cancer among HIV-infected patients despite treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2008; 22:1203-1211. This study showed that the incidence of anal cancer was 75/100 000 among HIV-positive MSM in the French Hospital Database on HIV and increased from the pre- HAART era to the post-HAART era.
7. D'Souza G, Wiley DJ, Li X, et al. Incidence and epidemiology of anal cancer in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 48:491-499. This study showed that the incidence of anal cancer in the U.S. multicenter AIDS cohort study was 137/100 000 person-years among HIV-positive MSM since 1996.
8. Patel P, Hanson DL, Sullivan PS, et al. Incidence of types of cancer among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population in the United States, 1992-2003. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:728-736. Using a match from the Adult and Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project, the HIV Outpatient Study (6948 patients), and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program this study showed that the incidence of anal cancer among HIV-positive MSM was 78/100 000 person-years since 2000.
9. Wright TC Jr, Cox JT, Massad LS, et al. 2001 Consensus Guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities. J Am Med Assoc 2002; 287:2120-2129. (Pubitemid 34437347)
10. Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR 2008; 57 (RR). These are the United States Public Health Service's guidelines for screening and treatment of anal warts and anal intraepithelial neoplasia.
11. Singh JC, Kuohung V, Palefsky JM. Efficacy of trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive and HIV-negative men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr (in press). This is a retrospective chart review of the efficacy of 85% trichloroacetic acid to treat AIN. Although this is a small series, these are the first published data on use of TCA for this purpose.
12. Kreuter A, Potthoff A, Brockmeyer NH, et al. Imiquimod leads to a decrease of human papillomavirus DNA and to a sustained clearance of anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected men. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:2078-2083. This small open-label study of 17 patients showed that imiquimod treatment of AIN led to clearance of the lesion in 74% of HIV-positive MSM. More than half developed new lesions during the follow-up period. (Pubitemid 352001209)
13. Goldstone SE, Hundert JS, Huyett JW. Infrared coagulator ablation of high-grade anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in HIV-negative males who have sex with males. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:565-575.
14. Stier EA, Goldstone SE, Berry JM, et al. Infrared coagulator treatment of high-grade anal dysplasia in HIV-infected individuals: an AIDS malignancy consortium pilot study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47:56-61. This small multicenter phase I safety study showed that infra-red coagulation treatment of high-grade AIN in HIV-positive patients was well tolerated. Of the high-grade AIN lesions treated, 64% resolved with IRC treatment.
15. Pineda CE, Berry JM, Jay N, et al. High resolution anoscopy targeted surgical destruction of anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions: a ten year experience. Dis Col Rectum 2008; 51:829-835. This is a retrospective chart review of patients treated for high-grade AIN using surgery, guided by high-resolution anoscopy. The results showed a high resolution rate for HGAIN (86%) for HRA-guided surgery with repeated office-based HRA procedures as needed for recurrent lesions after an average of 36 months of follow-up. The complication rate was low. This study shows that surgery combined with office-based HRA could successfully treat a high proportion of HIV-positive patients with extensive AIN.
16. Paavonen J, Jenkins D, Bosch FX, et al. Efficacy of a prophylactic adjuvanted bivalent L1 virus-like-particle vaccine against infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: an interim analysis of a phase III double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 369:2161-2170. (Pubitemid 46977438)
17. Garland SM, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, et al. Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent anogenital diseases. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1928-1943. (Pubitemid 46740303)