Upper eyelid anatomy: An update

Annals of Plastic Surgery

Volumn 63, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 336-343

  Kakizaki, Hirohiko ^a,b,c   Malhotra, Raman ^b   Selva, Dinesh ^c  

^a AICHI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b QUEEN VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Upper eyelid; Upper eyelid surgery

Indexed keywords

ADIPOSE TISSUE; APONEUROSIS; ARTICLE; CONJUNCTIVA; EYELID RECONSTRUCTION; HUMAN; LAMINA PROPRIA; LIGAMENT; MUELLER CELL; NEUROMUSCULAR SYNAPSE; ORBIT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURGICAL ANATOMY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; UPPER EYELID;

EYELIDS; HUMANS; OCULOMOTOR MUSCLES; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROGNOSIS; RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES; RISK FACTORS; SURGERY, PLASTIC; SURGICAL FLAPS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 69549103130     PISSN: 01487043     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0b013e31818b42f7     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Lockwood CB. The anatomy of the muscles, ligaments, and fasciae of the orbit, including an account of the capsule of Tenon, the check ligaments of the recti, and of the suspensory ligament of the eye. J Anat Physiol. 1885;20:1-25.
2. Whitnall SE. Anatomy of the Human Orbit and Accessory Organs of Vision. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc; 1932:148-163.
3. Jones LT. Epiphora II: its relation to the anatomic structure and surgery of the medial canthal region. Am J Ophthalmol. 1957;43:203-212.
4. Jones LT. The anatomy of the lower eyelid and its relation to the cause and cure of entropion. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960;49:29-36.
5. Jones LT. The anatomy of the upper eyelid and its relation to ptosis surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1964;57:943-959.
6. Jones LT. A new concept of the orbital fascia and rectus muscle sheaths and its surgical implications. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1968;72:755-764.
7. Koornneef L. The first results of a new anatomical method of approach to the human orbit following a clinical enquiry. Acta Morphol Neerl Scand. 1975;12:259-282.
8. Ettl A, Priglinger S, Kramer J, et al. Functional anatomy of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle and its connective tissue system. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996;80:702-707. (Pubitemid 26334912)
9. Anderson RL, Beard CB. The levator aponeurosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:1437-1441.
10. Doxanas MT, Anderson RL. Oriental eyelids-an anatomical study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1984;102:1232-1235.
11. Doxanas MT, Anderson RL. Clinical Orbital Anatomy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1984:64, 65, 77.
12. Jordan DR, Anderson RL. Surgical Anatomy of the Ocular Adnexa-A Clinical Approach. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 1996:16, 17, 26.
13. Anderson RL. Medial canthal tendon branches out. Arch Ophthalmol. 1977;95:2051-2052.
14. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. The levator aponeurosis consists of two layers that include smooth muscle. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;21:379-382. (Pubitemid 41099840)
15. Haramoto U, Kubo T, Tamatani M, et al. Anatomic study of the insertions of the levator aponeurosis and Müller's muscle in Oriental eyelids. Ann Plast Surg. 2001;47:528-533. (Pubitemid 33049583)
16. Bang YH, Park SH, Kim JH, et al. The role of Müller's muscle reconsidered. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101:1200-1204.
17. Werb A. Ptosis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc N Z. 1976;28:29-32.
18. Epstein E. Surgical anatomy of the levator palpebrae insertion. Br J Ophthalmol. 1962;46:503-509.
19. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Ide A, et al. Causes of undercorrection of medial palpebral fissures in blepharoptosis surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20:198-201. (Pubitemid 38679533)
20. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Mito H, et al. A guide to making a natural eyelid margin curvature in blepharoptosis surgery. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2004;82:240-241. (Pubitemid 38515389)
21. Kakizaki H. Modified marginal myotomy for thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction. Eur J Plast Surg. 2008;31:9-13.
22. Grove AS Jr. Levator lengthening by marginal myotomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:1433-1438.
23. Harvey JT, Anderson RL. The aponeurotic approach to eyelid retraction. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:513-524.
24. Older JJ. Surgical treatment of eyelid retraction associated with thyroid eye disease. Ophthalmic Surg. 1991;22:318-322.
25. Malbouisson JM, Baccega A, Cruz AA. The geometrical basis of the eyelid contour. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;16:427-431.
26. Cheng J, Xu Feng-Zhi. Anatomic microstructure of the upper eyelid in the oriental double eyelid. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:1665-1668. (Pubitemid 32577771)
27. Sayoc BT. Plastic construction of the superior palpebral fold. Am J Ophthalmol. 1954;38:556-559.
28. Bang YH, Chu HH, Park SH, et al. The fallacy of the levator expansion theory. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;103:1788-1791.
29. Kuwabara T, Cogan DG, Johnson CC. Structure of the muscles of the upper eyelid. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975;93:1189-1197.
30. Miyake I, Tange I, Hiraga Y. MRI findings of the upper eyelid and their relationship with single- and double-eyelid formation. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 1994;18:183-187. (Pubitemid 24129047)
31. Collin JR, Beard C, Wood I. Experimental and clinical data on the insertion of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85:792-801. (Pubitemid 8350237)
32. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Iwaki M. A guide determining center of levator aponeurosis and palpebral fissure width in blepharoptosis surgery. Eur J Plast Surg. 2007;29:309-311. (Pubitemid 46605885)
33. Frueh BR, Hassan AS, Musch DC. Horizontal eyelid movement on eyelid closure. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;21:109-111.
34. Shen S, Kanagasuntheram R, Fong KS, et al. Medial pretarsal adipose tissue in the Asian upper eyelid. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;24:40-42.
35. Millard DR Jr. The oriental eyelid and its surgical revision. Am J Ophthalmol. 1964;57:646-649.
36. Boo-Chai K. Aesthetic surgery for the oriental. In: Barron JN, Saad MN, eds. Operative Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1980:761-781.
37. Collin JRO. Mannual of Systemic Eyelid Surgery. 3rd ed. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Butterworth and Heinemann; 1989:3, 29, 42.
38. Beard C. Müller's superior tarsal muscle: anatomy, physiology, and clinical significance. Ann Plast Surg. 1985;14:324-333. (Pubitemid 15109267)
39. Jones LT, Quickert MH, Wobig JL. The cure of ptosis by aponeurotic repair. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975;93:629-634.
40. Berke RN, Wadsworth JA. Histology of levator muscle in congenital and acquired ptosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1955;53:413-428.
41. Miller JM, Demer JL, Poukens V, et al. Extraocular connective tissue architecture. J Vis. 2003;3:240-251.
42. Baldwin HC, Bhagey J, Khooshabeh R. Open sky Müller muscle-conjunctival resection in phenylephrine test-negative blepharoptosis patients. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 200l;21:276-280.
43. Carraway JH. Surgical anatomy of the eyelids. Clin Plast Surg. 1987;14:693-701.
44. Putterman AM, Fett DR. Müller's muscle in the treatment of upper eyelid ptosis: a ten-year study. Ophthalmic Surg. 1986;17:354-360. (Pubitemid 16087167)
45. Older JJ. Levator aponeurosis surgery for the correction of acquired ptosis. Analysis of 113 procedures. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:1056-1059.
46. Matsuo K. Stretching of the Mueller muscle results in involuntary contraction of the levator muscle. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;18:5-10. (Pubitemid 34094536)
47. Korzeniowska-Kromer E, Wojtowicz-Kaczmarek K. Muscle spindles in the levator palpebrae superioris muscle of human fetuses. Folia Morrphol (Warsz). 2000;62:289-290. (Pubitemid 37080988)
48. Putterman AM, Urist MJ. Müller muscle-conjunctiva resection. Technique for treatment of blepharoptosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975;93:619-623.
49. Ben Simon GJ, Lee S, Schwarcz RM, et al. External levator advancement vs. Müller's muscle-conjunctival resection for correction of upper eyelid involutional ptosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;140:426-432. (Pubitemid 41224832)
50. Ben Simon GJ, Lee S, Schwarcz RM, et al. Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection for correction of upper eyelid ptosis: relationship between phenylephrine testing and the amount of tissue resected with final eyelid position. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2007;9:413-417.
51. Ha SW, Lee JM, Jeung WJ, et al. Clinical effects of conjunctiva- Müller muscle resection in anophthalmic ptosis. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2007;21:65-69.
52. Karesh JW, Putterman AM, Fett DR. Conjunctiva-Müller's muscle excision to correct anophthalmic ptosis. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:1068-1071.
53. Glatt HJ, Putterman AM, Fett DR. Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection procedure in the treatment of ptosis in Horner's syndrome. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:93-96.
54. Escalas P. Ptosis treated by resection of the Muller muscle: analysis of a series of 51 patients. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2006;29:908-915. (Pubitemid 44673327)
55. Lake S, Mohammad-Ali FH, Khooshabeh R. Open sky Müller's muscle-conjunctiva resection for ptosis surgery. Eye. 2003;17:1008-1012. (Pubitemid 37541056)
56. Dailey RA, Saulny SM, Sullivan SA. Müller muscle-conjunctival resection: effect on tear production. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;18:421-425.
57. Shields M, Putterman A. Re: "Müller muscle-conjunctival resection: effect on tear production." Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;19:254-1245
58. Khooshabeh R, Baldwin HC. Isolated Muller's muscle resection for the correction of blepharoptosis. Eye. 2008;22:267-272. (Pubitemid 351266470)
59. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. Fibrous connective tissue between Müller's muscle and the palpebral conjunctiva as a reinforcement structure and a natural barrier for the upper eyelid. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2005;82:79-82. (Pubitemid 43097760)
60. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. Re: fibrous connective tissue between Müller's muscle and the palpebral conjunctiva as a reinforcement structure and a natural barrier for the upper eyelid. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn. 2006;83:33. (Pubitemid 44276619)
61. Iliff CE. A simplified ptosis operation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1954;37:529-533.
62. Hildreth HR. The insertions of the levator palpebrae muscle. Am J Ophthalmol. 1941;24:749-758.
63. Codere F, Tucker NA, Renaldi B. The anatomy of Whitnall ligament. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:2016-2019.
64. Lukas JR, Priglinger S, Denk M, et al. Two fibromuscular transverse ligaments related to the levator palpebrae superioris: Whitnall's ligament and an intermuscular transverse ligament. Anat Rec. 1996;246:415-422. (Pubitemid 26396891)
65. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. Intermuscular transverse ligament goes under the orbital part of the lacrimal gland and attaches to the lateral orbital wall. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2005;49:542-543. (Pubitemid 41821555)
66. Meyer DR, Linberg JV, Wobig JL, et al. Anatomy of the orbital septum and associated eyelid connective tissues. Implications for ptosis surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;7:104-113.
67. Putterman AM, Urist MJ. Surgical anatomy of the orbital septum. Ann Ophthalmol. 1974;6:290-294.
68. Zide BM. Anatomy of the eyelid. Clin Plast Surg. 1981;8:623-634.
69. Bremond-Gignac DS, Deplus S, Cussenot O, et al. Anatomic study of the orbital septum. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994;16:121-124.
70. Hwang K, Kim DJ, Chung RS, et al. An anatomical study of the junction of the orbital septum and the levator aponeurosis in Orientals. Br J Plast Surg. 1998;51:594-598. (Pubitemid 28563089)
71. Siegel R. Surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid fascia. Ann Plast Surg. 1984;13:263-273. (Pubitemid 15213482)
72. Malik KJ, Lee MS, Park DJ, et al. Lash ptosis in congenital and acquired blepharoptosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:1613-1615.
73. Reid RR, Said HK, Yu M, et al. Revisiting upper eyelid anatomy: introduction of the septal extension. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:65-70. (Pubitemid 44391548)
74. Lucarelli MJ, Dortzbach RK. Orbital septum revisited. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:918-919.
75. Hoffmann KT, Hosten N, Lemke AJ, et al. Septum orbitale: high-resolution MR in orbital anatomy. Am J Neuroradiol. 1998;19:91-94. (Pubitemid 30430589)
76. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Miyaishi O, et al. Posterior aspect of the orbital septum is reinforced by ligaments. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2005;49:477-480. (Pubitemid 41821539)
77. Baylis HI, Goldberg RA, Kerivan KM, et al. Blepharoplasty and periorbital surgery. Dermatol Clin. 1997;15:635-647.
78. Ichinose A, Tahara S. Extended preseptal fat resection in Asian blepharoplasty. Ann Plast Surg. 2008;60:121-126. (Pubitemid 351158705)
79. May JW Jr, Fearon J, Zingarelli P. Retro-orbicularis oculus fat (ROOF) resection in aesthetic blepharoplasty: a 6-year study in 63 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990;86:682-689. (Pubitemid 20319767)
80. Hwang K, Lee DK, Chung IH, et al. Patterns of oculomotor nerve distribution to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle, and correlation to temporary ptosis after blepharoplasty. Ann Plast Surg. 2001;47:381-384. (Pubitemid 32946668)
81. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. Myoneural junctions of extraocular muscles: distances from the orbital rim and widths. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220:87-93. (Pubitemid 43289450)
82. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Miyagawa T, et al. Myoneural junctions of extraocular muscles: distances from the orbital rim and widths: part 2. Ophthalmologica. 2006;220:347. (Pubitemid 44352658)
83. Erdogmus S, Govsa F, Celik S. Innervation features of the extraocular muscles. J Craniofac Surg. 2007;18:1439-1446.
84. Massry GG, Hornblass A, Rubin P, et al. Tarsal switch procedure for the surgical rehabilitation of the eyelid and socket deficiencies of the anophthalmic socket. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;15:333-340. (Pubitemid 32118262)
85. Kikkawa DO, Lemke BN. Orbital and eyelid anatomy. In: Dortsbach RK, ed. Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery. Prevention and Management of Complications. New York: Raven Press; 1994:1-29.
86. Castanares S. Blepharoplasty for herniated intraorbital fat. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1951;8:46-58.
87. Wolfram-Gabel R, Kahn JL. Adipose body of the orbit. Clin Anat. 2002;15:186-192.
88. Sires BS, Lemke BN, Dortzbach RK, et al. Characterization of human orbital fat and connective tissue. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;14:403-414. (Pubitemid 28536787)
89. Zinkernagel MS, Ebneter A, Ammann-Rauch D. Effect of upper eyelid surgery on corneal topography. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:1610-1612. (Pubitemid 350254871)
90. Niechajev IA, Ljungqvist A. Cantral (third) fat pad of the upper eyelid. Aesth Plast Surg. 1991;15:23-228.
91. Olivari N. Transpalpebral decompression of endocrine ophthalmopathy (Graves' disease) by removal of intraorbital fat: experience with 147 operations over 5 years. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87:627-641.
92. Persichetti P, Lella FD, Delfino S, et al. Adipose compartments of the upper eyelid: anatomy applied to blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:373-378. (Pubitemid 39202057)
93. Ullmann Y, Levi Y, Ben-Izhak O, et al. The surgical anatomy of the fat in the upper eyelid medial compartment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:658-661. (Pubitemid 27117956)
94. Qwsley JQ. Resection of the prominent lateral fat pad during upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1980;65:4-9.
95. Zide BM. Surgical Anatomy Around the Orbit. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2006:57-63.
96. Chen WP. Concept of triangular, trapezoidal, and rectangular debulking of eyelid tissues: application in Asian blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;97:212-218.
97. Gradinger GP. Cosmetic upper blepharoplasty. Clin Plast Surg. 1988;15:289-297.
98. Jordan DR. The brow fat pad. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;88:177.
99. Siegel RJ. Upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;87:1141-1142.
100. Aiache AE, Ramirez OH. The suborbicularis oculi fat pads: an anatomic and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;95:37-42.
101. Gausas RE. Advances in applied anatomy of the eyelid and orbit. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004;15:422-425.
102. Guerra AB, Berger A III, Black EB III, et al. The bare area of the upper conjunctiva: a closer look at the anatomy of transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:1717-1722.
103. Syniuta LA, Goldberg RA, Thacker NM, et al. Acquired strabismus following cosmetic blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;111:2053-2059.
104. Boo-Chai K. In Orientals, be careful when you're on the ROOF. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;88:178.
105. Anderson RL, Dixon RS. The role of Whitnall's ligament in ptosis surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:705-707.
106. Yuzuriha S, Matsuo K, Kushima H. An anatomical structure which results in puffiness of the upper eyelid and a narrow palpebral fissure in the Mongoloid eye. Br J Plast Surg. 2000;53:466-472. (Pubitemid 30649037)
107. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. Anatomical study of the lower-positioned transverse ligament. Br J Plast Surg. 2004;57:370-372. (Pubitemid 38735720)
108. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Iwaki M, et al. Modified course of the lower-positioned transverse ligament. Br J Plast Surg. 2005;58:1035-1036. (Pubitemid 41403703)
109. Kakizaki H, Takahashi Y, Kinoshita S, et al. Histological analysis of the lower-positioned transverse ligament. Open Ophthalmol J. 2007;1:17-19.
110. Kakizaki H, Zako M, Nakano T, et al. Medial horn supporting ligament in Asian upper eyelids. Orbit. 2008;27:91-96. (Pubitemid 351549787)
111. Hass AN, Penne RB, Stefanyszyn MA, et al. Incidence of postblepharoplasty orbital hemorrhage and associated visual loss. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20:426-432.
112. Anderson RL, Jordan DR, Dutton JJ. Whitnall's sling for poor function ptosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:1628-1632.
113. Holmström H, Santanelli F. Suspension of the eyelid to the check ligament of the superior fornix for congenital blepharoptosis. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2002;36:149-156. (Pubitemid 34620910)