Advances in applied anatomy of the eyelid and orbit

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

Volumn 15, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 422-425

  Gausas, Roberta E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Blepharoplasty; Eyelid; Lymphatics; Orbit; Vasculature

Indexed keywords

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;

ANATOMY; EYE BLOOD FLOW; EYELID; EYELID DISEASE; EYELID RECONSTRUCTION; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; LYMPH FLOW; ORBIT; ORBIT DISEASE; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PLASTIC SURGERY; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; VASCULARIZATION;

ANATOMY, CROSS-SECTIONAL; EYELIDS; HUMANS; ORBIT;

EID: 4644371131     PISSN: 10408738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.icu.0000139303.24272.8d     Document Type: Review

References (18)

1. Sires BS, Gausas RE, Cook BE, et al.: Orbit. In Adler's Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Application, 10th ed. Edited by Kaufman PL, Aim A. St. Louis: Mosby; 2003:3-15.
2. McNab A: Orbital vascular anatomy and vascular lesions. Orbit 2003, 22:77-79.
3. Cheung N, McNab AA: Venous anatomy of the orbit. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003, 44:988-995. This is an excellent review of the high variability of the orbital venous system. Variation in origin of superior ophthalmic vein is described and implication during carotid-cavernous sinus fistula embolization is discussed.
4. Rootman J: Vascular malformations of the orbit: hemodynamic concepts. Orbit 2003, 22:103-120. Orbital vascular malformations are categorized into three types based on blood flow characteristics.
5. Fogt F, et al.: Observation of lymphatic vessels in orbital fat of patients with inflammatory conditions: a form fruste of lymphangiogenesis? Int J Mol Med 2004, 13:681-683. Monoclonal antibody selective for lymphatic endothelial cells is found to be increased in orbital inflammatory conditions.
6. Fogt F, et al.: Proliferation of D2-40-expressing intestinal lymphatic vessels in the lamina propria in inflammatory bowel disease, Int J Mol Med 2004, 13:211-214.
7. Sherman DD, et al.: Identification of orbital lymphatics: enzyme histochemical light microscopic and electron microscopic studies. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1993, 9:153-169.
8. Gausas RE, et al.: Identification of human orbital lymphatics. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1999, 15:252-259.
9. Kawai K, et al.: Arterial anatomical features of the upper palpebra. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004, 113:479-484. Blood supply of the upper eyelid is provided by four arterial arcades, consisting of the marginal arcade, peripheral arcade, and superficial and deep orbital arcades.
10. Tucker SM, Linberg JV: Vascular anatomy of the eyelids. Ophthalmology 1994, 101:1118-1121.
11. Hwang K, et al.: Lateral septoaponeurotic artery: source of bleeding in blepharoplasty performed in Asians. Ann Plast Surg 2003, 50:156-159. Arterial variation in Asian eyelids is found during blepharoplasty.
12. Guerra AB, et al.: The bare area of the upper conjunctiva: a closer look at the anatomy of transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003, 111:1717-1722. This is a description of the surgical technique for performing removal of upper eyelid medial fat pad through a transconjunctival incision during blepharoplasty.
13. Guerra AB, Metzinger SE, Black EB 3rd: Transconjunctival upper blepharoplasty: a safe and effective addition to facial rejuvenation techniques. Ann Plast Surg 2002, 48:528-533.
14. Persichetti P, et al.: Adipose compartments of the upper eyelid: anatomy applied to blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004, 113:373-380.
15. Kestinbaum A: Applied Anatomy of the Eye. New York: Grune & Stratton; 1963.
16. Cook T, et al.: The horizontal dynamic of the medial and lateral canthus. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 2003, 19:297-304.
17. Putterman AM: Facial anatomy of the eyelids. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004, 113:1871-1873. Orbital septum attaches to the levator aponeurosis above the superior tarsal border and suborbicularis fascia has tarsal attachments.
18. Putterman AM, Urist MJ: Surgical anatomy of the orbital septum. Ann Ophthalmol 1974, 6:290-294.