Toward optimizing vision and cognition in term infants by dietary docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid supplementation: A review of randomized controlled trials

Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids

Volumn 81, Issue 2-3, 2009, Pages 151-158

  Hoffman, Dennis R ^a   Boettcher, Julia A ^b   Diersen Schade, Deborah A ^b  

^a RETINA FOUNDATION OF THE SOUTHWEST   (United States)

^b Mead Johnson Nutritionals   (United States)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid; Cognition; Docosahexaenoic acid; Infant nutrition; Intelligence quotient; Visual function

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; LINOLENIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; OMEGA 6 FATTY ACID;

ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL MILK; BLOOD LEVEL; BRAIN CORTEX; BREAST MILK; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS; FOOD COMPOSITION; HUMAN; INFANT; INFANT NUTRITION; MEDICAL RESEARCH; METHODOLOGY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; UNITED STATES; VISUAL ACUITY;

ARACHIDONIC ACID; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; COGNITION; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACIDS; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT FORMULA; INFANT NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; VISUAL ACUITY;

EID: 69449093280     PISSN: 09523278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2009.05.003     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Clandinin M.T., Chappell J.E., Leong S., Heim T., Swyer P.R., and Chance G.W. Intrauterine fatty acid accretion rates in human brain: implications for fatty acid requirements. Early Hum. Dev. 4 (1980) 121-129
2. Sanders T.A., and Naismith D.J. A comparison of the influence of breast-feeding and bottle-feeding on the fatty acid composition of the erythrocytes. Br. J. Nutr. 41 (1979) 619-623
3. Putnam J.C., Carlson S.E., DeVoe P.W., and Barness L.A. The effect of variations in dietary fatty acids on the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in human infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 36 (1982) 106-114
4. Benolken R.M., Anderson R.E., and Wheeler T.G. Membrane fatty acids associated with the electrical response in visual excitation. Science 182 (1973) 1253-1254
5. Neuringer M., Connor W.E., Van Petten C., and Barstad L. Dietary omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and visual loss in infant rhesus monkeys. J. Clin. Invest. 73 (1984) 272-276
6. Uauy R.D., Birch D.G., Birch E.E., Tyson J.E., and Hoffman D.R. Effect of dietary omega-3 fatty acids on retinal function of very-low-birth-weight neonates. Pediatr. Res. 28 (1990) 485-492
7. Carlson S.E., Werkman S.H., Rhodes P.G., and Tolley E.A. Visual-acuity development in healthy preterm infants: effect of marine-oil supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 58 (1993) 35-42
8. Carlson S.E., Werkman S.H., Peeples J.M., Cooke R.J., and Tolley E.A. Arachidonic acid status correlates with first year growth in preterm infants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90 (1993) 1073-1077
9. Carlson S.E., Werkman S.H., and Tolley E.A. Effect of long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on visual acuity and growth of preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63 (1996) 687-697
10. Ryan A.S., Montalto M.B., Groh-Wargo S., et al. Effect of DHA-containing formula on growth of preterm infants to 59 weeks postmenstrual age. Am. J. Human. Biol. 11 (1999) 457-467
11. Martinez M. Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. J. Pediatr. 120 (1992) S129-S138
12. Dobbing J., and Sands J. Quantitative growth and development of human brain. Arch. Dis. Child 48 (1973) 757-767
13. Huttenlocher P.R., and de Courten C. The development of synapses in striate cortex of man. Hum. Neurobiol. 6 (1987) 1-9
14. Fliesler S.J., and Anderson R.E. Chemistry and metabolism of lipids in the vertebrate retina. Prog. Lipid Res. 22 (1983) 79-131
15. Moore K.L., and Persaud T.V.N. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology. 6th ed (1998), W.B. Saunders Co, Philadelphia, PA
16. Birch E.E. Assessing infant acuity, fusion, and stereopsis with visual evoked potentials. In: Heckenlively J., and Arden G. (Eds). Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology. second ed (2006), Mosby Yearbook, St. Louis, MO 353-360
17. Brenna J.T., Varamini B., Jensen R.G., Diersen-Schade D.A., Boettcher J.A., and Arterburn L.M. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations in human breast milk worldwide. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 (2007) 1457-1464
18. Uauy R., Mena P., Wegher B., Nieto S., and Salem Jr. N. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid formation in neonates: effect of gestational age and intrauterine growth. Pediatr. Res. 47 (2000) 127-135
19. Hoffman D.R., Birch E.E., Birch D.G., et al. Impact of early dietary intake and blood lipid composition of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on later visual development. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 31 (2000) 540-553
20. Hoffman D.R., Wheaton D.K., James K.J., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of term infants receiving two levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 42 (2006) 287-292
21. Auestad N., Montalto M.B., Hall R.T., et al. Visual acuity, erythrocyte fatty acid composition, and growth in term infants fed formulas with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for one year. Ross Pediatric Lipid Study. Pediatr. Res. 41 (1997) 1-10
22. Makrides M., Neumann M.A., Jeffrey B., Lien E.L., and Gibson R.A. A randomized trial of different ratios of linoleic to alpha-linolenic acid in the diet of term infants: effects on visual function and growth. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (2000) 120-129
23. Auestad N., Halter R., Hall R.T., et al. Growth and development in term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: a double-masked, randomized, parallel, prospective, multivariate study. Pediatrics 108 (2001) 372-381
24. Farquharson J., Cockburn F., Patrick W.A., Jamieson E.C., and Logan R.W. Infant cerebral cortex phospholipid fatty-acid composition and diet. Lancet 340 (1992) 810-813
25. Makrides M., Neumann M.A., Byard R.W., Simmer K., and Gibson R.A. Fatty acid composition of brain, retina, and erythrocytes in breast- and formula-fed infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 60 (1994) 189-194
26. Agostoni C., Riva E., Trojan S., Bellu R., and Giovannini M. Docosahexaenoic acid status and developmental quotient of healthy term infants. Lancet 346 (1995) 638
27. Agostoni C., Trojan S., Bellu R., Riva E., Bruzzese M.G., and Giovannini M. Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: a follow up study. Arch. Dis. Child 76 (1997) 421-424
28. Gibson R.A., Neumann M.A., and Makrides M. Effect of increasing breast milk docosahexaenoic acid on plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acids and neural indices of exclusively breast fed infants. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 51 (1997) 578-584
29. Birch E.E., Garfield S., Hoffman D.R., Uauy R., and Birch D.G. A randomized controlled trial of early dietary supply of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and mental development in term infants. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 42 (2000) 174-181
30. Innis S.M., Gilley J., and Werker J. Are human milk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids related to visual and neural development in breast-fed term infants?. J. Pediatr. 139 (2001) 532-538
31. Innis S.M. Perinatal biochemistry and physiology of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. J. Pediatr. 143 (2003) S1-S8
32. Helland I.B., Smith L., Saarem K., Saugstad O.D., and Drevon C.A. Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 111 (2003) e39-e44
33. Makrides M., Neumann M., Simmer K., Pater J., and Gibson R. Are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids essential nutrients in infancy?. Lancet 345 (1995) 1463-1468
34. Birch E.E., Hoffman D.R., Uauy R., Birch D.G., and Prestidge C. Visual acuity and the essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in the diet of term infants. Pediatr, Res. 44 (1998) 201-209
35. Birch E.E., Hoffman D.R., Castaneda Y.S., Fawcett S.L., Birch D.G., and Uauy R.D. A randomized controlled trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of formula in term infants after weaning at 6 wk of age. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75 (2002) 570-580
36. Hoffman D.R., Birch E.E., Castaneda Y.S., et al. Maturation of visual and mental function in 18-month old infants receiving dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. FASEB J. 17 (2003) A727-A728
37. Hoffman D.R., Birch E.E., Castaneda Y.S., et al. Visual function in breast-fed term infants weaned to formula with or without long-chain polyunsaturates at 4 to 6 months: a randomized clinical trial. J. Pediatr. 142 (2003) 669-677
38. Lauritzen L., Jorgensen M.H., Mikkelsen T.B., et al. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on visual acuity and n-3 fatty acid content of infant erythrocytes. Lipids 39 (2004) 195-206
39. Hoffman D.R., Theuer R.C., Castaneda Y.S., et al. Maturation of visual acuity is accelerated in breast-fed term infants fed baby food containing DHA-enriched egg yolk. J. Nutr. 134 (2004) 2307-2313
40. Birch E.E., Castaneda Y.S., Wheaton D.H., Birch D.G., Uauy R.D., and Hoffman D.R. Visual maturation of term infants fed long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented or control formula for 12 mo. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81 (2005) 871-879
41. Jorgensen M., Holmer G., Lund P., Hernell O., and Michaelsen K.F. Effect of formula supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid and gamma-linolenic acid on fatty acid status and visual acuity in term infants. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 26 (1998) 412-421
42. Jensen C.L., Voigt R.G., Prager T.C., et al. Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid intake on visual function and neurodevelopment in breastfed term infants. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82 (2005) 125-132
43. Lauritzen L., Jorgensen M.H., Olsen S.F., Straarup E.M., and Michaelsen K.F. Maternal fish oil supplementation in lactation: effect on developmental outcome in breast-fed infants. Reprod. Nutr. Dev. 45 (2005) 535-547
44. Helland I.B., Smith L., Blomen B., Saarem K., Saugstad O.D., and Drevon C.A. Effect of supplementing pregnant and lactating mothers with n-3 very-long-chain fatty acids on children's IQ and body mass index at 7 years of age. Pediatrics 122 (2008) e472-e479
45. Scott D.T., Janowsky J.S., Carroll R.E., Taylor J.A., Auestad N., and Montalto M.B. Formula supplementation with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: are there developmental benefits?. Pediatrics 102 (1998) E59
46. Gartner L.M., Morton J., Lawrence R.A., et al. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 115 (2005) 496-506
47. World Health Organization, Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. In: Fifty-Fourth World Health Assembly, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2001.
48. Dietary Reference Intakes. The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006), The National Academies Press, Washington, DC
49. Jorgensen M.H., Hernell O., Hughes E., and Michaelsen K.F. Is there a relation between docosahexaenoic acid concentration in mothers' milk and visual development in term infants?. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 32 (2001) 293-296
50. Jensen C.L., Voigt R.G., Llorente A.M., et al. Effect of maternal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on neuropsychological and visual status of former breast-fed infants at five years of age. Pediatr. Res. 55 (2004) 181A
51. Birch E.E., Garfield S., Castaneda Y., Hughbanks-Wheaton D., Uauy R., and Hoffman D. Visual acuity and cognitive outcomes at 4 years of age in a double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented infant formula. Early Hum. Dev. 83 (2007) 279-284
52. J.A. Drover, D.R. Hoffman, Y.S. Castaneda, S.E. Morale, E.E. Birch. Three randomized controlled trials of early long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on means-end problems solving in nine month-olds, Child Dev. (2009), in press.
53. Makrides M., Neumann M.A., Simmer K., and Gibson R.A. A critical appraisal of the role of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on neural indices of term infants: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 105 (2000) 32-38
54. Lucas A., Stafford M., Morley R., et al. Efficacy and safety of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of infant-formula milk: a randomised trial. Lancet 354 (1999) 1948-1954
55. Lucas A., Morley R., Stephenson T., and Elias-Jones A. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant formula. Lancet 360 (2002) 1178
56. Agostoni C., Trojan S., Bellu R., Riva E., and Giovannini M. Neurodevelopmental quotient of healthy term infants at 4 months and feeding practice: the role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Pediatr. Res. 38 (1995) 262-266
57. Bouwstra H., Dijck-Brouwer D.A., Boehm G., Boersma E.R., Muskiet F.A., and Hadders-Algra M. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and neurological developmental outcome at 18 months in healthy term infants. Acta Paediatr. 94 (2005) 26-32
58. Ben X.M., Zhou X.Y., Zhao W.H., et al. Growth and development of term infants fed with milk with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 117 (2004) 1268-1270
59. Willatts P., Forsyth J.S., DiModugno M.K., Varma S., and Colvin M. Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age. Lancet 352 (1998) 688-691
60. Willatts P., Forsyth J.S., DiModugno M.K., Varma S., and Colvin M. Influence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on infant cognitive function. Lipids 33 (1998) 973-980
61. Auestad N., Scott D.T., Janowsky J.S., et al. Visual, cognitive, and language assessments at 39 months: a follow-up study of children fed formulas containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to 1 year of age. Pediatrics 112 (2003) e177-e183
62. Agostoni C., Zuccotti G.V., Radaelli G., et al. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation and time at achievement of gross motor milestones in healthy infants: a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89 (2009) 64-70
63. Singhal A., Morley R., Cole T.J., et al. Infant nutrition and stereoacuity at age 4-6 y. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 85 (2007) 152-159
64. Carlson S.E., Ford A.J., Werkman S.H., Peeples J.M., and Koo W.W. Visual acuity and fatty acid status of term infants fed human milk and formulas with and without docosahexaenoate and arachidonate from egg yolk lecithin. Pediatr. Res. 39 (1996) 882-888
65. E.E. Birch, S.E. Carlson, D.R. Hoffman, et al., The DIAMOND Study: a double-masked, randomized controlled clinical trial of the maturation of infant visual acuity as a function of the dietary level of docosahexaenoic acid, 2009, submitted for publication.
66. Simmer K., Patole S.K., and Rao S.C. Longchain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infants born at term. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2008) CD000376
67. Morale S.E., Hoffman D.R., Castaneda Y.S., Wheaton D.H., Burns R.A., and Birch E.E. Duration of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids availability in the diet and visual acuity. Early Hum. Dev. 81 (2005) 197-203
68. Caspi A., Williams B., Kim-Cohen J., et al. Moderation of breastfeeding effects on the IQ by genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104 (2007) 18860-18865
69. The British Nutrition Foundation. Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Nutritional and Physiological Significance (1992), Chapman & Hall, London
70. FAO/WHO Joint Expert Consultation. Lipids in early development. FAO Food Nutr. Paper 57 (1994) 49-55
71. Simopoulos A.P., Leaf A., and Salem Jr. N. Workshop on the essentiality of and recommended dietary intakes for omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 18 (1999) 487-489
72. Koletzko B., Agostoni C., Carlson S.E., et al. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and perinatal development. Acta Paediatr. 90 (2001) 460-464
73. Kris-Etherton P.M., Innis S., American Dietetic Association, and Dietitians of Canada. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: dietary fatty acids. J. Am. Diet Assoc. 107 (2007) 1599-1611
74. Koletzko B., Lien E., Agostoni C., et al. The roles of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy, lactation and infancy: review of current knowledge and consensus recommendations. J. Perinat. Med. 36 (2008) 5-14
75. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from Mead Johnson Nutritionals on DHA and ARA and visual development. EFSA J. 941 (2009) 1-14
76. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. Scientific opinion of the panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from Mead Johnson Nutritionals on DHA and ARA and brain development. EFSA J. 1000 (2009) 1-13