Implanting community policing in South Africa: A failure of history, of context, and of theory

Liverpool Law Review

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 157-179

  Brogden, Michael ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 6944220265     PISSN: 0144932X     EISSN: 15728625     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1023937614261     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. G. Marquis, "The 'Irish Model' and Nineteenth Century Canadian Policing", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 25 (1997), pp. 193-218.
2. M.E. Brogden, "An Act to Govern the Internal Lands of the Island", International Journal of the Sociology of Law 15'7 (1987).
3. S. Steele, Forty Years in Canada (London: Herbert Jenkins Ltd. 1915).
4. Supra n. 2; D.M. Anderson and D. Killingray (eds.), Policing the Empire: Government, Authority and Control (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991).
5. C. Emsley, Gendarmes and the State in Nineteenth Century Europe (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
6. F. Leishman, "Policing in Japan: East Asian Archetype?", in R.I. Mawby, ed., Policing across the World (London: UCL Press, 1998).
7. L. Shelley, Policing Soviet Society (London: Routledge, 1996).
8. E. van der Spuy, "Foreign Donor Assistance and Policing Reform in South Africa", Policing and Society 10 (2000).
9. B. Lia, "The Establishment of a Palestinian Police Force in the West Bank and Gaza Strip", in T.T. Holm and E.B. Eide, eds., Peacebuilding and Police Reform (London: Frank Cass, 2000).
10. O. Marenin, "The Goal of Democracy in International Police Assistance Programs", Policing 21/2 (1998), pp. 159-177;
11. "The Role of Bilateral Support for Police Reform Processes: the Case of the United States" in T.T. Holm and E.B. Eide, eds., Peacebuilding and Police Reform (London: Frank Cass, 2001).
12. Supra n. 10.
13. U. Zvekic, Conference on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (College of Police and Security Studies, Slovenia, 1996).
14. M.E. Brogden, "Community Policing as Cherry Pie", in R.I. Mawby, ed., Policing Across the World (London: UCL Press, 1998).
15. E. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1860-1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
16. See also S. Walker, "'Broken Windows' and Fractured History", in W.M. Oliver, ed., Community Policing: Classical Readings (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1999).
17. Supra n. 3.
18. B. Cole, "Post Colonial Systems", in R.I. Mawby, ed., Policing Across the World (London: UCL Press, 1998).
19. M. Findlay and U. Zvekic (eds.), "Introduction", Alternative Policing Styles (Boston: Kluwer, 1993).
20. Drawing heaving on socio-legal studies of informalism.
21. C.D. Shearing, "Toward Democratic Policing: Rethinking Strategies of Transformation", in Policing in Emerging Democracies: Workshop Papers and Highlights (US Department of Justice. NIJ Research Report, Washington: National Institute of Justice, 1995);
22. Changing Paradigms in Policing: The Significance of Community Policing for the Governance of Security (Occasional Paper No 34 Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, 1998);
23. C.D. Shearing and M. McMahon, "Re-Imagining Policing", paper read at Conference on Policing the Police (University College, Galway 1995).
24. Supra n. 15.
25. U. Zveki, "Policing and Attitudes Towards Police Private in Countries in Transition", paper given at the Conference on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (College of Police and Security Studies, Slovenia, 1996).
26. M. Shaw and C.D. Shearing, "Reshaping Security: An Examination of the Governance of Security in South Africa", African Security Review 7/3 (1998), pp. 3-12.
27. M.E. Brogden and C.D. Shearing, Policing for a New South Africa (London: Routledge, 1993).
28. Supra n. 7.
29. For example, in What Works in Policing, D. Bayley, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
30. Supra n. 20, p. 2.
31. L. Johnston, Policing Britain (Uffcolme: Willan Publishers, 2000).
32. A. Gunter Frank, Capitalism and Underdevelopment (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1969).
33. Supra n. 20 (1998).
34. Europol is the collective European Union policing agency established under the Schengen Treaty. UNCIVPOL is the United Nations agency that co-ordinates policing by foreign personnel of schismatic societies - on the latter see T.T. Holm and E.P. Eide (eds.), Peacebuilding and Police Reform (London: Frank Cass, 2001).
35. Supra n. 8, p. 17.
36. E.C. Call and M. Barnett, "Looking for a Few Good Cops: Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding, and CIVPOL", in T.T. Holm and E.P. Eide, eds., Peacebuilding and Police Reform (London: Frank Cass, 2001).
37. J. Travis, "Policing in Transition", 4th Biennial Conference: International Perspectives on Crime, Justice, and Order (Budapest, 1998).
38. Supra n. 33, p. 63.
39. Supra n. 14.
40. www.le.scarman.ac.uk
41. BBC Corespondent 11 May 2001.
42. Customizing Police Services (Toronto: Community Police Development Centre, 2001).
43. P.V. Philip, "Friends of the Police Movement", Conference on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (College of Police and Security Studies, Slovenia, 1996).
44. COLPI Newsletter 4,1 Spring 2001.
45. Quoted in ibid.
46. It is clearly difficult to assess claims such as this. But no matter what the reputation of the Institute behind them, they lend themselves to a high degree of incredulity - how does a brief visit by a few non-specialist RUC officers almost spontaneously transform the Soviet-inherited Mongolian police?
47. See M.E. Brogden, Community Policing in Hong Kong (Unit 4 Policing and Society Open University of Hong Kong, 2001).
48. A. Koci, "Legitimation and Culturalism: Towards Policing Changes in the European 'Post-Socialist' Countries", Conference on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (College of Police and Security Studies, Slovenia, 1996).
49. A. Koci, "Legitimation and Culturalism: Towards Policing Changes in the European 'Post-Socialist' Countries", Conference on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe 1996). Ibid.
50. Supra n. 12.
51. A. Dvorsek, "Applicability of Western Police Experience", Conference on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (College of Police and Security Studies, Slovenia, 1996).
52. W.C.M. Oliver, Community-Oriented Policing (Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2001), p. 422.
53. E. Pelser, The Challenge of Community Policing in South Africa Occasional Paper No 42 (Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, 1999).
54. M. Shaw and A. Louw, Stolen Opportunities: The Impact of Crime on South Africa's Poor, Monograph Series No. 14 (Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, 1997).
55. Supra n. 8.
56. M. Malan, "Peacebuilding in Southern Africa: Police Reform in Mozambique and South Africa", in T.T. Holm and E.B. Eide, eds., Peacebuilding and Police Reform (London: Frank Cass, 2000), p. 181.
57. M. Malan, "Peacebuilding in Southern Africa: Police Reform in Mozambique and South AfricaPeacebuilding and Police Reform 2000), p. 181. Ibid.
58. Nedcor Crime Index 4 (Johannesburg, 2000).
59. For example, in 1996, one in ten did not possess a driver's license.
60. A few other regions of the world- such as the state of Sao Paulo in Brazil - are even more exceptional with some 270 police being killed per year in that province.
61. The crime level is especially difficult to assess in South Africa because of a recent state moratorium on publishing criminal statistics.
62. A. Louw and M. Schonteich, "Playing the Numbers Game", in J. Steinberg, ed., Crime Wave: The South African Underworld and its Foes (Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2001).
63. Supra n. 53, p. 73.
64. D. Mistry, "The Dilemma of Case Withdrawal", in G. Mair and R. Tarling, eds., British Society of Criminology Papers, Vol. 3 (Liverpool, 2000).
65. J. Prinsloo, "Institutional Attitudes towards Policing in South Africa", Conference on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (College of Police and Security Studies, Slovenia, 1996).
66. Supra n. 53.
67. W. Scharf, G. Saban and M. Hauck, "Local Communities and Crime Prevention", in J. Steinberg, ed., Crime Wave: The South African Underworld and its Foes (Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 2001).
68. Supra n. 50.
69. A. Louw and M. Shaw, Stolen Opportunities, Monograph No. 14 (Institute for Security Studies, Halfway House, 2001).
70. Supra n. 65, p. 70.
71. Supra n. 8.
72. A. Hill, Policing Africa: Internal Security and Limits of Liberalisation (Boulder: Rienner Publishers, 2000).
73. Supra n. 24.
74. Supra n. 8.
75. A New Beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland (Patten Commission) (Belfast: Northern Ireland Office, 1999).