The 'Irish model' and nineteenth-century canadian policing

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 25, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 193-218

  Marquis, Greg ^a  

^a SAINT MARY S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0031287832     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03086539708582998     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Clive Emsley, Policing and Its Context, 1750-1870 (London, 1983); 'Consent, Coercion and Colonial Control: Policing the Empire, 1830-1940', in David M. Anderson and David Killingray (eds.), Policing the Empire: Government, Authority and Control, 1830-1940 (New York, 1991), 1-15.
2. Clive Emsley, Policing and Its Context, 1750-1870 (London, 1983); 'Consent, Coercion and Colonial Control: Policing the Empire, 1830-1940', in David M. Anderson and David Killingray (eds.), Policing the Empire: Government, Authority and Control, 1830-1940 (New York, 1991), 1-15.
3. Stanley Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780-1850 (New York, 1988), 542-5; John J. Tobias, 'The British Colonial Police: An Alternative Police Style', in Philip J. Stead (ed.), Pioneers in Policing (Montclair, New Jersey, 1977), 241-61; M. Brogden, 'The Emergence of the Police: the Colonial Dimension', British Journal of Criminology, XXVII, 1 (1987), 3-14; Kent Fedorowich, 'The Problems of Disabandonment of the Royal Irish Constabulary and Imperial Migration', Irish Historical Studies, XXX, 117 (May 1996), 89.
4. Stanley Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780-1850 (New York, 1988), 542-5; John J. Tobias, 'The British Colonial Police: An Alternative Police Style', in Philip J. Stead (ed.), Pioneers in Policing (Montclair, New Jersey, 1977), 241-61; M. Brogden, 'The Emergence of the Police: the Colonial Dimension', British Journal of Criminology, XXVII, 1 (1987), 3-14; Kent Fedorowich, 'The Problems of Disabandonment of the Royal Irish Constabulary and Imperial Migration', Irish Historical Studies, XXX, 117 (May 1996), 89.
5. Stanley Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780-1850 (New York, 1988), 542-5; John J. Tobias, 'The British Colonial Police: An Alternative Police Style', in Philip J. Stead (ed.), Pioneers in Policing (Montclair, New Jersey, 1977), 241-61; M. Brogden, 'The Emergence of the Police: the Colonial Dimension', British Journal of Criminology, XXVII, 1 (1987), 3-14; Kent Fedorowich, 'The Problems of Disabandonment of the Royal Irish Constabulary and Imperial Migration', Irish Historical Studies, XXX, 117 (May 1996), 89.
6. Stanley Palmer, Police and Protest in England and Ireland, 1780-1850 (New York, 1988), 542-5; John J. Tobias, 'The British Colonial Police: An Alternative Police Style', in Philip J. Stead (ed.), Pioneers in Policing (Montclair, New Jersey, 1977), 241-61; M. Brogden, 'The Emergence of the Police: the Colonial Dimension', British Journal of Criminology, XXVII, 1 (1987), 3-14; Kent Fedorowich, 'The Problems of Disabandonment of the Royal Irish Constabulary and Imperial Migration', Irish Historical Studies, XXX, 117 (May 1996), 89.
7. Richard Hawkins, 'The "Irish Model" and the Empire: A Case for Reassessment', in Anderson and Killingray (eds.), Policing the Empire, Ch.2.
8. Howard Payne, The Police State of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte 1851-60 (Seattle, 1966), 130-1.
9. Keith Walden, Visions of Order: The Canadian Mounties in Symbol and Myth (Toronto, 1982); Nora and William Kelly, The RCMP: A Century of Service, 1873-1973 (Edmonton, 1973).
10. Keith Walden, Visions of Order: The Canadian Mounties in Symbol and Myth (Toronto, 1982); Nora and William Kelly, The RCMP: A Century of Service, 1873-1973 (Edmonton, 1973).
11. Conor Brady, Guardians of the Peace (Dublin, 1974).
12. C.W. Leatham, Sketches and Stories of the R.I.C. (Dublin, 1909); Galen Broeker, Rural Disorder and Police Reform in Ireland, 1812-1836 (Toronto, 1970); Sir Charles Jeffries, The Colonial Police (London, 1952). The Irish Constabulary was a model for England's county police. See, C. Steedman, Policing the Victorian Community: The Formation of English Provincial Police Forces, 1856-80 (Boston, 1984), 21-4.
13. C.W. Leatham, Sketches and Stories of the R.I.C. (Dublin, 1909); Galen Broeker, Rural Disorder and Police Reform in Ireland, 1812-1836 (Toronto, 1970); Sir Charles Jeffries, The Colonial Police (London, 1952). The Irish Constabulary was a model for England's county police. See, C. Steedman, Policing the Victorian Community: The Formation of English Provincial Police Forces, 1856-80 (Boston, 1984), 21-4.
14. C.W. Leatham, Sketches and Stories of the R.I.C. (Dublin, 1909); Galen Broeker, Rural Disorder and Police Reform in Ireland, 1812-1836 (Toronto, 1970); Sir Charles Jeffries, The Colonial Police (London, 1952). The Irish Constabulary was a model for England's county police. See, C. Steedman, Policing the Victorian Community: The Formation of English Provincial Police Forces, 1856-80 (Boston, 1984), 21-4.
15. C.W. Leatham, Sketches and Stories of the R.I.C. (Dublin, 1909); Galen Broeker, Rural Disorder and Police Reform in Ireland, 1812-1836 (Toronto, 1970); Sir Charles Jeffries, The Colonial Police (London, 1952). The Irish Constabulary was a model for England's county police. See, C. Steedman, Policing the Victorian Community: The Formation of English Provincial Police Forces, 1856-80 (Boston, 1984), 21-4.
16. Seamus Breathnach, The Irish Police (Dublin, 1974), 49.
17. Ibid., 59-60.
18. John McEldowney, 'Crown Prosecutions in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', in D. Hay and F. Snyder (eds.), Policing and Prosecution in Britain, 1750-1850 (Oxford, 1989), 430.
19. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
20. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
21. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
22. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
23. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
24. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
25. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
26. R.B. McDowell, The Irish Administration 1801-1914 (Toronto, 1964), 143-5; Hawkins; Gregory J. Fullam, 'James Shaw-Kennedy and the Reformation of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1838', Erie-Ireland, XVI (1981); John Brewer, The Royal Irish Constabulary: An Oral History (Belfast, 1990); Oliver MacDonagh, 'Ideas and Institutions, 1830-45', in W.E. Vaughan (ed.),A New History of Ireland V: Ireland under the Union 1801-70 (Oxford, 1989), 212-15; W.E. Vaughan, 'Ireland c. 1870', in A New History, 761-77; Brian Griffin, 'The Irish Police 1836-1914: A Social History', unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Loyola University of Chicago, 1990; W.J. Lowe and E. Malcolm, 'The Domestication of the Irish Constabulary, 1836-1922', Irish Economic and Social History, XIX (1992), 26-48; Ian Bridgeman, 'The Constabulary and the Criminal Justice System in Nineteenth-Century Ireland', Criminal Justice History, XV (1995), 95-127.
27. Anderson and Killingray, 4.
28. N. Rogers, 'Serving Toronto the Good: The City Police Department', in Victor Russell (ed.), Forging a Consensus: Historical Essays on Toronto (Toronto, 1984), 126; Greg Marquis, 'State or Community? Criminal Justice in Halifax, 1815-67', unpublished paper, 1995.
29. N. Rogers, 'Serving Toronto the Good: The City Police Department', in Victor Russell (ed.), Forging a Consensus: Historical Essays on Toronto (Toronto, 1984), 126; Greg Marquis, 'State or Community? Criminal Justice in Halifax, 1815-67', unpublished paper, 1995.
30. Charles Lucas (ed.), Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America (New York, 1912), II, 112; Greg Marquis, Policing Canada's Century: A History of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (Toronto, 1993), Ch. 1.
31. Charles Lucas (ed.), Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America (New York, 1912), II, 112; Greg Marquis, Policing Canada's Century: A History of the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police (Toronto, 1993), Ch. 1.
32. Allan Greer, The Patriots and the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada (Toronto, 1993); Elinor Kyte Senior, British Regulars in Montreal: An Imperial Garrison, 1832-1854 (Montreal, 1981), Ch. 3.
33. Allan Greer, The Patriots and the People: The Rebellion of 1837 in Rural Lower Canada (Toronto, 1993); Elinor Kyte Senior, British Regulars in Montreal: An Imperial Garrison, 1832-1854 (Montreal, 1981), Ch. 3.
34. Lucas, II, 130-3; Senior, British Regulars, 26, 216. In 1838 Durham expanded the Quebec Police, 'on the London plan', to seventy five.
35. National Archives of Canada, RG4 B14, 1840, File 1, T. Murdoch to D. Daly, n.d. [1840].
36. Report for the Governance of the Police Force Rural and City, Province of Canada (Montreal, 1841); Elinor Kyte Senior, 'The Influence of the British Garrison on the Development of the Montreal Police, 1832 to 1853', in R.C. Macleod (ed.), Lawful Authority: Readings in the History of Criminal Justice in Canada (Toronto, 1988), 85-97; Allan Greer, 'The Birth of the Police in Canada', in Greer and Ian Radforth (eds.), Colonial Leviathan: State Formation in Mid-Nineteenth Century Canada (Toronto, 1992), 11-49; RG4 B14, Vol.54, 1840-41.
37. Report for the Governance of the Police Force Rural and City, Province of Canada (Montreal, 1841); Elinor Kyte Senior, 'The Influence of the British Garrison on the Development of the Montreal Police, 1832 to 1853', in R.C. Macleod (ed.), Lawful Authority: Readings in the History of Criminal Justice in Canada (Toronto, 1988), 85-97; Allan Greer, 'The Birth of the Police in Canada', in Greer and Ian Radforth (eds.), Colonial Leviathan: State Formation in Mid-Nineteenth Century Canada (Toronto, 1992), 11-49; RG4 B14, Vol.54, 1840-41.
38. Report for the Governance of the Police Force Rural and City, Province of Canada (Montreal, 1841); Elinor Kyte Senior, 'The Influence of the British Garrison on the Development of the Montreal Police, 1832 to 1853', in R.C. Macleod (ed.), Lawful Authority: Readings in the History of Criminal Justice in Canada (Toronto, 1988), 85-97; Allan Greer, 'The Birth of the Police in Canada', in Greer and Ian Radforth (eds.), Colonial Leviathan: State Formation in Mid-Nineteenth Century Canada (Toronto, 1992), 11-49; RG4 B14, Vol.54, 1840-41.
39. Report for the Governance of the Police Force Rural and City, Province of Canada (Montreal, 1841); Elinor Kyte Senior, 'The Influence of the British Garrison on the Development of the Montreal Police, 1832 to 1853', in R.C. Macleod (ed.), Lawful Authority: Readings in the History of Criminal Justice in Canada (Toronto, 1988), 85-97; Allan Greer, 'The Birth of the Police in Canada', in Greer and Ian Radforth (eds.), Colonial Leviathan: State Formation in Mid-Nineteenth Century Canada (Toronto, 1992), 11-49; RG4 B14, Vol.54, 1840-41.
40. RG4 B14, Vol.23, Instructions for the direction and governance of the officers and men of the Police Establishment, Dist. of Montreal, 26 Dec. 1838.
41. Greer, 'The Birth of the Police'; The Patriots, 314.
42. RG4 B14, 1839, Vol.2, A. Gugy to W. Coffin, 9 Jan. 1839; Gazette, 1 Aug. 1840; 31 Jan. 1843.
43. RG4 B14, 1839, Vol.2, A. Gugy to W. Coffin, 9 Jan. 1839; Gazette, 1 Aug. 1840; 31 Jan. 1843.
44. RG4 B24, Lower Canada Police Records, File 1, 1829, Young to Major T.L. Goldie, 13 April 1839; Michael McCulloch, 'Most Assuredly Perpetual Motion: Police and Policing in Quebec City, 1838-58', Urban Historical Review, XIX (Oct. 1990), 110-12.
45. RG4 B24, Lower Canada Police Records, File 1, 1829, Young to Major T.L. Goldie, 13 April 1839; Michael McCulloch, 'Most Assuredly Perpetual Motion: Police and Policing in Quebec City, 1838-58', Urban Historical Review, XIX (Oct. 1990), 110-12.
46. Greg Marquis, 'The Nineteenth-Century Quebec River Police and Montreal Water Police', unpublished paper, 1992.
47. R. Bleasdale, 'Class Conflict on the Canals of Upper Canada in the 1840s', Labour/le Travailleur VII (1981), 9-39; Senior, 'The Influence of the British Garrison', 90-2.
48. R. Bleasdale, 'Class Conflict on the Canals of Upper Canada in the 1840s', Labour/le Travailleur VII (1981), 9-39; Senior, 'The Influence of the British Garrison', 90-2.
49. Marquis, Policing Canada's Century, ch.1; Peter Way, Common Labour: Workers and the Digging of North American Canals, 1780-1860 (New York, 1993), 177, 196, 249-53; 260-1.
50. Marquis, Policing Canada's Century, ch.1; Peter Way, Common Labour: Workers and the Digging of North American Canals, 1780-1860 (New York, 1993), 177, 196, 249-53; 260-1.
51. Grey to Elgin, 29 Dec. 1848, Arthur Doughty (ed.), The Elgin-Grey Papers (Ottawa, 1937), III, 1141-42.
52. Elgin to Grey, 30 April 1849, Elgin-Grey Papers, IV, 1462; Elgin to Grey, 16 Aug. 1848, ibid., I, 223-5; Senior, British Regulars, 75-6.
53. Elgin to Grey, 30 April 1849, Elgin-Grey Papers, IV, 1462; Elgin to Grey, 16 Aug. 1848, ibid., I, 223-5; Senior, British Regulars, 75-6.
54. Elgin to Grey, 30 April 1849, Elgin-Grey Papers, IV, 1462; Elgin to Grey, 16 Aug. 1848, ibid., I, 223-5; Senior, British Regulars, 75-6.
55. Senior, 'The Influence of the Garrison', 90-2; RG2 C2 Provincial Secretary Letterbook, Vols. 40-41; Grey to Elgin, 31 Jan. 1851, Elgin-Grey Papers, II, 797, note 1.
56. Senior, 'The Influence of the Garrison', 90-2; RG2 C2 Provincial Secretary Letterbook, Vols. 40-41; Grey to Elgin, 31 Jan. 1851, Elgin-Grey Papers, II, 797, note 1.
57. Senior, 'The Influence of the Garrison', 90-2; RG2 C2 Provincial Secretary Letterbook, Vols. 40-41; Grey to Elgin, 31 Jan. 1851, Elgin-Grey Papers, II, 797, note 1.
58. Emsley, 79-81; G. Marquis, 'The Police Force in Saint John, New Brunswick, 1860-90', unpublished M.A. thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1982, 29-31; 'Enforcing the Law: The Charlottetown Police Force', in Douglas Baldwin and Thomas Spira (eds.), Gaslights, Epidemics and Vagabond Cows: Charlottetown in the Victorian Era (Charlottetown, 1988), 88-9.
59. Emsley, 79-81; G. Marquis, 'The Police Force in Saint John, New Brunswick, 1860-90', unpublished M.A. thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1982, 29-31; 'Enforcing the Law: The Charlottetown Police Force', in Douglas Baldwin and Thomas Spira (eds.), Gaslights, Epidemics and Vagabond Cows: Charlottetown in the Victorian Era (Charlottetown, 1988), 88-9.
60. Senior, British Regulars, 120-2; Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Conduct of the Police Authorities on the Occasion of the Riot at Chalmers's Church, June 6, 1853 (Quebec, 1854).
61. Report des meilleurs moyens de reorganizer la milice en Canada (Quebec, 1855).
62. Daniel Blais (ed.), Debates of the Legislative Assembly of United Canada, XIII, 1856 (Montreal, 1970), 79, 98-99, 134, 171-184, 1856.
63. Dahn Higley, OPP: The History of the Ontario Provincial Police Force (Toronto, 1984).
64. 'Civil Service (In Ireland) Enquiry Commission: Dublin Metropolitan Police 1872', Parl. Papers 1873 (71) XII (hereafter 1872 Inquiry); Public Record Office, Kew, CO 884/9, Report on the Training and Organization of the Royal Irish Constabulary, 1905.
65. E.B. Lytton to James Douglas, 31 July 1858, Papers Relating to the Affairs of British Columbia, Part II (London, 1859), 44-5.
66. Douglas to Lytton, 12 Oct. 27 Dec. 1858, Papers, II, 11, 47-48; Lytton to Douglas, 11 April 1859, ibid., 83.
67. Douglas to Lytton, 12 Oct. 27 Dec. 1858, Papers, II, 11, 47-48; Lytton to Douglas, 11 April 1859, ibid., 83.
68. Lytton to Douglas, 11 April 1859, Papers, II, 82-3; Douglas to Lytton, 2 July 1859, Papers, III, 26-7; Cecil Clarke, Tales of the British Columbia Provincial Police (Sydney, B.C., 1971); Lynne Stonier-Newman, Policing a Pioneer Province: The British Columbia Provincial Police 1858-1950 (Madeira Park, B.C., 1991), Ch. 1; 93-94. See also, the BCPP publication The Shoulder Strap, 1935-42.
69. Lytton to Douglas, 11 April 1859, Papers, II, 82-3; Douglas to Lytton, 2 July 1859, Papers, III, 26-7; Cecil Clarke, Tales of the British Columbia Provincial Police (Sydney, B.C., 1971); Lynne Stonier-Newman, Policing a Pioneer Province: The British Columbia Provincial Police 1858-1950 (Madeira Park, B.C., 1991), Ch. 1; 93-94. See also, the BCPP publication The Shoulder Strap, 1935-42.
70. Lytton to Douglas, 11 April 1859, Papers, II, 82-3; Douglas to Lytton, 2 July 1859, Papers, III, 26-7; Cecil Clarke, Tales of the British Columbia Provincial Police (Sydney, B.C., 1971); Lynne Stonier-Newman, Policing a Pioneer Province: The British Columbia Provincial Police 1858-1950 (Madeira Park, B.C., 1991), Ch. 1; 93-94. See also, the BCPP publication The Shoulder Strap, 1935-42.
71. Lytton to Douglas, 11 April 1859, Papers, II, 82-3; Douglas to Lytton, 2 July 1859, Papers, III, 26-7; Cecil Clarke, Tales of the British Columbia Provincial Police (Sydney, B.C., 1971); Lynne Stonier-Newman, Policing a Pioneer Province: The British Columbia Provincial Police 1858-1950 (Madeira Park, B.C., 1991), Ch. 1; 93-94. See also, the BCPP publication The Shoulder Strap, 1935-42.
72. Lytton to Douglas, 11 April 1859, Papers, II, 82-3; Douglas to Lytton, 2 July 1859, Papers, III, 26-7; Cecil Clarke, Tales of the British Columbia Provincial Police (Sydney, B.C., 1971); Lynne Stonier-Newman, Policing a Pioneer Province: The British Columbia Provincial Police 1858-1950 (Madeira Park, B.C., 1991), Ch. 1; 93-94. See also, the BCPP publication The Shoulder Strap, 1935-42.
73. Mark Finnane, 'The Varieties of Policing: Colonial Queensland, 1860-1900', in Anderson and Killingray (eds.), Policing the Empire, 49.
74. Richard Mackie, 'The Colonization of Vancouver Island, 1849-1858', B.C. Studies, 96 (Winter 1992-93), 3-40; Barry Gough, Gunboat Frontier: British Maritime Authority and the North-West Coast Indians, 1846-90 (Vancouver, 1984), 42-55.
75. Richard Mackie, 'The Colonization of Vancouver Island, 1849-1858', B.C. Studies, 96 (Winter 1992-93), 3-40; Barry Gough, Gunboat Frontier: British Maritime Authority and the North-West Coast Indians, 1846-90 (Vancouver, 1984), 42-55.
76. Hamar Foster, 'Killing Mr. John: Law and Jurisdiction at Fort Stikine, 1842-1846', in J. McLaren, H. Foster, Chet Orloff (eds.), Law for the Elephant, Law for the Beaver: Essays in the Legal History of the North American West (Regina, 1992), 172-3.
77. William S. Thackray, 'Keeping the Peace on Vancouver Island: The Colonial Police and the Royal Navy, 1850-1866', unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of Victoria, 1981, Ch. 4.
78. British Colonist (hereafter BC), Victoria, 3 Feb. 1864; D.B. Smith, (ed.), The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastien Helmcken (Vancouver, 1975), 326; R.C. Macleod, 'Law and Order on the Western Canadian Frontier', in McLaren et al. (eds.) Law for Elephant, 94, 101-2. See also, Hamar Foster, '"The Queen's Law is Better Than Yours": International Homicide in Early British Columbia', in Foster and John McLaren (eds.), Essays in the History of Canadian Law: Crime and Criminal Justice (Toronto, 1994), 41-111.
79. British Colonist (hereafter BC), Victoria, 3 Feb. 1864; D.B. Smith, (ed.), The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastien Helmcken (Vancouver, 1975), 326; R.C. Macleod, 'Law and Order on the Western Canadian Frontier', in McLaren et al. (eds.) Law for Elephant, 94, 101-2. See also, Hamar Foster, '"The Queen's Law is Better Than Yours": International Homicide in Early British Columbia', in Foster and John McLaren (eds.), Essays in the History of Canadian Law: Crime and Criminal Justice (Toronto, 1994), 41-111.
80. British Colonist (hereafter BC), Victoria, 3 Feb. 1864; D.B. Smith, (ed.), The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastien Helmcken (Vancouver, 1975), 326; R.C. Macleod, 'Law and Order on the Western Canadian Frontier', in McLaren et al. (eds.) Law for Elephant, 94, 101-2. See also, Hamar Foster, '"The Queen's Law is Better Than Yours": International Homicide in Early British Columbia', in Foster and John McLaren (eds.), Essays in the History of Canadian Law: Crime and Criminal Justice (Toronto, 1994), 41-111.
81. British Colonist (hereafter BC), Victoria, 3 Feb. 1864; D.B. Smith, (ed.), The Reminiscences of Doctor John Sebastien Helmcken (Vancouver, 1975), 326; R.C. Macleod, 'Law and Order on the Western Canadian Frontier', in McLaren et al. (eds.) Law for Elephant, 94, 101-2. See also, Hamar Foster, '"The Queen's Law is Better Than Yours": International Homicide in Early British Columbia', in Foster and John McLaren (eds.), Essays in the History of Canadian Law: Crime and Criminal Justice (Toronto, 1994), 41-111.
82. BC, 26 Jan., 8 March, 30 June 1860, 2 June 1862, 14 Feb. 1866; Thackray, 'Keeping the Peace', Chs. 4-6; Gough. In 1866 colonists were displeased when a JP at Cowichan employed five 'full-blooded' Siwash constables to arrest a local white.
83. Thackray, Ch.6, Conclusion.
84. Tina Loo, Making Law, Order and Authority in British Columbia, 1821-1871 (Toronto, 1994), 16
85. Douglas to Lord Stanley, 15 June 1858; Douglas to E.B. Lytton, 30 Aug. 1858, Papers, I (London, 1859), 13-14, 30-1; Douglas to Lytton, 24 Dec. 1858, Papers, II, 46; M.M. Begbie to Sir James Douglas, 25 April 1858, Papers, III, 17-24; Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia (Toronto, 1991), 74-78; Dorothy Blakey Smith, '"Poor Gaggin": Irish Misfit in the Colonial Service', B.C. Studies, 32 (Winter 1976-77), 41-63.
86. Douglas to Lord Stanley, 15 June 1858; Douglas to E.B. Lytton, 30 Aug. 1858, Papers, I (London, 1859), 13-14, 30-1; Douglas to Lytton, 24 Dec. 1858, Papers, II, 46; M.M. Begbie to Sir James Douglas, 25 April 1858, Papers, III, 17-24; Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia (Toronto, 1991), 74-78; Dorothy Blakey Smith, '"Poor Gaggin": Irish Misfit in the Colonial Service', B.C. Studies, 32 (Winter 1976-77), 41-63.
87. Douglas to Lord Stanley, 15 June 1858; Douglas to E.B. Lytton, 30 Aug. 1858, Papers, I (London, 1859), 13-14, 30-1; Douglas to Lytton, 24 Dec. 1858, Papers, II, 46; M.M. Begbie to Sir James Douglas, 25 April 1858, Papers, III, 17-24; Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia (Toronto, 1991), 74-78; Dorothy Blakey Smith, '"Poor Gaggin": Irish Misfit in the Colonial Service', B.C. Studies, 32 (Winter 1976-77), 41-63.
88. Douglas to Lord Stanley, 15 June 1858; Douglas to E.B. Lytton, 30 Aug. 1858, Papers, I (London, 1859), 13-14, 30-1; Douglas to Lytton, 24 Dec. 1858, Papers, II, 46; M.M. Begbie to Sir James Douglas, 25 April 1858, Papers, III, 17-24; Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia (Toronto, 1991), 74-78; Dorothy Blakey Smith, '"Poor Gaggin": Irish Misfit in the Colonial Service', B.C. Studies, 32 (Winter 1976-77), 41-63.
89. Douglas to Lord Stanley, 15 June 1858; Douglas to E.B. Lytton, 30 Aug. 1858, Papers, I (London, 1859), 13-14, 30-1; Douglas to Lytton, 24 Dec. 1858, Papers, II, 46; M.M. Begbie to Sir James Douglas, 25 April 1858, Papers, III, 17-24; Jean Barman, The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia (Toronto, 1991), 74-78; Dorothy Blakey Smith, '"Poor Gaggin": Irish Misfit in the Colonial Service', B.C. Studies, 32 (Winter 1976-77), 41-63.
90. Loo, 150-1; Douglas to Lytton, 17, 27 Aug. 1858, Papers, II, 23; Douglas to Stanley, 15 June 1858, Papers, I, 16-17, 29-30; BC, 31 Oct. 1859, 12 May 1863; Gough, 199-207; Frances McNab, British Columbia For Settlers: Its Mines, Trade and Agriculture (London, 1898), 97.
91. Loo, 150-1; Douglas to Lytton, 17, 27 Aug. 1858, Papers, II, 23; Douglas to Stanley, 15 June 1858, Papers, I, 16-17, 29-30; BC, 31 Oct. 1859, 12 May 1863; Gough, 199-207; Frances McNab, British Columbia For Settlers: Its Mines, Trade and Agriculture (London, 1898), 97.
92. Loo, 150-1; Douglas to Lytton, 17, 27 Aug. 1858, Papers, II, 23; Douglas to Stanley, 15 June 1858, Papers, I, 16-17, 29-30; BC, 31 Oct. 1859, 12 May 1863; Gough, 199-207; Frances McNab, British Columbia For Settlers: Its Mines, Trade and Agriculture (London, 1898), 97.
93. Newfounlander (hereafter NF), St. John's 23 May 1871; Michael Wilkshire (ed.), A Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfounland (Ottawa, 1993), 147-57; Arthur Fox, The Newfounland Constabulary (St. John's, 1971).
94. Newfounlander (hereafter NF), St. John's 23 May 1871; Michael Wilkshire (ed.), A Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfounland (Ottawa, 1993), 147-57; Arthur Fox, The Newfounland Constabulary (St. John's, 1971).
95. Newfounlander (hereafter NF), St. John's 23 May 1871; Michael Wilkshire (ed.), A Gentleman in the Outports: Gobineau and Newfounland (Ottawa, 1993), 147-57; Arthur Fox, The Newfounland Constabulary (St. John's, 1971).
96. Public Arvhives of Nova Scotia, CO 194/168, Secretary of State Correspondence, Newfoundland, A. Bannerman to Col. J.J. Grant, 18 Feb. 1862; D.W. Prowse, History of Newfoundland from the English Conquest and Foreign Office Records (London, 1895), 438; Paul O'Neill, A Seaport Legacy: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland (Erin, Ont., 1976), 573-5; Elinor Senior, 'The Origins and Political Activities of the Orange Order in Newfoundland, 1863-1890', unpublished M.A. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1959, 22-4, 31-50; Linda Little, 'Collective Action in Outport Newfoundland: A Case Study from the 1830's, Labour/le Travail, 26 (Fall 1990), 8-35.
97. Public Arvhives of Nova Scotia, CO 194/168, Secretary of State Correspondence, Newfoundland, A. Bannerman to Col. J.J. Grant, 18 Feb. 1862; D.W. Prowse, History of Newfoundland from the English Conquest and Foreign Office Records (London, 1895), 438; Paul O'Neill, A Seaport Legacy: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland (Erin, Ont., 1976), 573-5; Elinor Senior, 'The Origins and Political Activities of the Orange Order in Newfoundland, 1863-1890', unpublished M.A. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1959, 22-4, 31-50; Linda Little, 'Collective Action in Outport Newfoundland: A Case Study from the 1830's, Labour/le Travail, 26 (Fall 1990), 8-35.
98. Public Arvhives of Nova Scotia, CO 194/168, Secretary of State Correspondence, Newfoundland, A. Bannerman to Col. J.J. Grant, 18 Feb. 1862; D.W. Prowse, History of Newfoundland from the English Conquest and Foreign Office Records (London, 1895), 438; Paul O'Neill, A Seaport Legacy: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland (Erin, Ont., 1976), 573-5; Elinor Senior, 'The Origins and Political Activities of the Orange Order in Newfoundland, 1863-1890', unpublished M.A. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1959, 22-4, 31-50; Linda Little, 'Collective Action in Outport Newfoundland: A Case Study from the 1830's, Labour/le Travail, 26 (Fall 1990), 8-35.
99. Public Arvhives of Nova Scotia, CO 194/168, Secretary of State Correspondence, Newfoundland, A. Bannerman to Col. J.J. Grant, 18 Feb. 1862; D.W. Prowse, History of Newfoundland from the English Conquest and Foreign Office Records (London, 1895), 438; Paul O'Neill, A Seaport Legacy: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland (Erin, Ont., 1976), 573-5; Elinor Senior, 'The Origins and Political Activities of the Orange Order in Newfoundland, 1863-1890', unpublished M.A. Thesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1959, 22-4, 31-50; Linda Little, 'Collective Action in Outport Newfoundland: A Case Study from the 1830's, Labour/le Travail, 26 (Fall 1990), 8-35.
100. CO 194/166, Testimony of Archibald Emmerson and Robert J. Pinsent, 13 July, 1861; CO 194/168, Bannerman to Grey, 27 Feb. 1862; Newfoundland Royal Gazette , 30 Jan. 1862; Fox, The Newfoundland Constabulary, 36; 'Sir Alexander Bannerman', Dictionary of Canadian Biography, IX, 29-31.
101. CO 194/166, Testimony of Archibald Emmerson and Robert J. Pinsent, 13 July, 1861; CO 194/168, Bannerman to Grey, 27 Feb. 1862; Newfoundland Royal Gazette , 30 Jan. 1862; Fox, The Newfoundland Constabulary, 36; 'Sir Alexander Bannerman', Dictionary of Canadian Biography, IX, 29-31.
102. CO 194/166, Testimony of Archibald Emmerson and Robert J. Pinsent, 13 July, 1861; CO 194/168, Bannerman to Grey, 27 Feb. 1862; Newfoundland Royal Gazette , 30 Jan. 1862; Fox, The Newfoundland Constabulary, 36; 'Sir Alexander Bannerman', Dictionary of Canadian Biography, IX, 29-31.
103. CO 194/168, Bannerman to Newcastle, 28 Feb. 1862; Bannerman to Newcastle, 19 Nov. 1862; Newcastle to Bannerman, 18 Dec. 1862.
104. Harvey, a War of 1812 veteran, had been RIC inspector general for Leinster from 1828 to 1836. Another Irish Constabulary inspector general with Canadian military experience was Colonel Duncan McGregor, a Scot who had served with the army during the 1837 rebellion.
105. Evening Telegram (hereafter ET), St. John's, 27 March 1895; Fox, The Newfoundland Constabulary.
106. Evening Telegram (hereafter ET), St. John's, 27 March 1895; Fox, The Newfoundland Constabulary.
107. CO 194/170, Bannerman to Newcastle, 20 April, 1863; CO 194/178, Stephen J. Hill to Granville, 7, 27 Sept., 27 Oct. 1869; CO 194/180, R.S. Pasley to Vice Admiral Wellesy, 7 Dec. 1869; R.B. McCrea, Lost Amid the Fogs: Sketches of Life in Newfoundland, England's Ancient Colony (London, 1869), 128-32; James Hiller, 'Confederation Defeated: The Newfoundland Election of 1869', in Hiller and Peter Neary (eds.), Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Toronto, 1980), 67-94.
108. CO 194/170, Bannerman to Newcastle, 20 April, 1863; CO 194/178, Stephen J. Hill to Granville, 7, 27 Sept., 27 Oct. 1869; CO 194/180, R.S. Pasley to Vice Admiral Wellesy, 7 Dec. 1869; R.B. McCrea, Lost Amid the Fogs: Sketches of Life in Newfoundland, England's Ancient Colony (London, 1869), 128-32; James Hiller, 'Confederation Defeated: The Newfoundland Election of 1869', in Hiller and Peter Neary (eds.), Newfoundland in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Toronto, 1980), 67-94.
109. CO 194/178, Minute Paper, 15 Nov. 1869, Hill to Granville, 20 Nov. 1869.
110. CO 194/178, Address of House of Assembly to Earl of Granville, Jan. 1870. Senior noted that Orangeism spread into the outports in the 1870s: Senior, 'The Origins and Political Activities', 99-101.
111. CO 194/178-179, Hill to Granville, 12-13 April, 5 July 1870; CO 194/180, Officer Commanding Troops in Newfoundland to Lord Granville, 1 April 1870; Public Ledger (hereafter PL), St. John's, 11 Nov. 1870.
112. CO 194/179, Hill to Kimberley, 23 Nov. 1870, Kimberley to H. Holland, 12 Dec. 1870; Charles F. Bennett, 26 Oct. 1870; CO 194/180, Chief Secretary's Office to Under Secretary, Home Office, 20 Dec. 1870; James K. Hiller, 'Charles Fox Bennett', DCB, XI, 67-69. Belfast in 1864 experienced bloody secretarian rioting, a factor that may have influenced Foley's recruitment for Newfoundland: Charles Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance Since 1848 (New York, 1983), 43-4, 84-8.
113. CO 194/179, Hill to Kimberley, 23 Nov. 1870, Kimberley to H. Holland, 12 Dec. 1870; Charles F. Bennett, 26 Oct. 1870; CO 194/180, Chief Secretary's Office to Under Secretary, Home Office, 20 Dec. 1870; James K. Hiller, 'Charles Fox Bennett', DCB, XI, 67-69. Belfast in 1864 experienced bloody secretarian rioting, a factor that may have influenced Foley's recruitment for Newfoundland: Charles Townshend, Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance Since 1848 (New York, 1983), 43-4, 84-8.
114. PL, 14 April, 4 July 1871; Senior, 'The Origins and Political Activities', 139-45; 162-8, 191; Prowse, 513-14. Further research will disclose the extent to which magistrates and police gradually displaced customary law in the small outports of Newfoundland and Labrador.
115. Fox, 41-2.
116. Ibid., 54-7.
117. R.C. Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873-1905 (Toronto, 1976), 8, 13-15; John Peter Turner, The North-West Mounted Police, 1873-1893, I (Ottawa, 1950); Ernest Chambers, The Royal North-West Mounted Police: A Corps History (Montreal, 1906), 12, 16.
118. R.C. Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873-1905 (Toronto, 1976), 8, 13-15; John Peter Turner, The North-West Mounted Police, 1873-1893, I (Ottawa, 1950); Ernest Chambers, The Royal North-West Mounted Police: A Corps History (Montreal, 1906), 12, 16.
119. R.C. Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873-1905 (Toronto, 1976), 8, 13-15; John Peter Turner, The North-West Mounted Police, 1873-1893, I (Ottawa, 1950); Ernest Chambers, The Royal North-West Mounted Police: A Corps History (Montreal, 1906), 12, 16.
120. Turner, 107.
121. Ibid., 551; S.W. Horall, 'The Royal North-West Mounted Police and Labour Unrest in Western Territories', in Macleod (ed.), Lawful Authority, 133-50. A key organizer of the NWMP was Comptroller Fred White, an English-born Department of Justice official.
122. Canada, H.C. Deb., (4 March 1889), 430; (21 March 1889), 769-71; (15 April 1889), 1272-74; (20 June 1894), 4678; William R. Morrison, 'Imposing the British Way: The Canadian Mounted Police and the Klondike Gold Rush', in Anderson and Killingray, 94. For police Freemasonry and Orangeism, see G. Marquis, 'Working Men in Uniform: The Early Twentieth-Century Toronto Police', Histoire sociale/Social History, XX (Nov. 1987), 259-77.
123. Canada, H.C. Deb., (4 March 1889), 430; (21 March 1889), 769-71; (15 April 1889), 1272-74; (20 June 1894), 4678; William R. Morrison, 'Imposing the British Way: The Canadian Mounted Police and the Klondike Gold Rush', in Anderson and Killingray, 94. For police Freemasonry and Orangeism, see G. Marquis, 'Working Men in Uniform: The Early Twentieth-Century Toronto Police', Histoire sociale/Social History, XX (Nov. 1987), 259-77.
124. Canada, H.C. Deb., (4 March 1889), 430; (21 March 1889), 769-71; (15 April 1889), 1272-74; (20 June 1894), 4678; William R. Morrison, 'Imposing the British Way: The Canadian Mounted Police and the Klondike Gold Rush', in Anderson and Killingray, 94. For police Freemasonry and Orangeism, see G. Marquis, 'Working Men in Uniform: The Early Twentieth-Century Toronto Police', Histoire sociale/Social History, XX (Nov. 1987), 259-77.
125. Canada, H.C. Deb. (1 Sept. 1891), 4824; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police, 9; Hawkins, 4; George F. Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions (Toronto, 1975), 127. From 1857 to 1861 Fort Garry was manned by a detachment of the Royal Canadian Rifles.
126. Canada, H.C. Deb. (1 Sept. 1891), 4824; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police, 9; Hawkins, 4; George F. Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions (Toronto, 1975), 127. From 1857 to 1861 Fort Garry was manned by a detachment of the Royal Canadian Rifles.
127. Canada, H.C. Deb. (1 Sept. 1891), 4824; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police, 9; Hawkins, 4; George F. Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions (Toronto, 1975), 127. From 1857 to 1861 Fort Garry was manned by a detachment of the Royal Canadian Rifles.
128. Garnet J. Wolseley, Narrative of the Red River Expedition (New York, 1871), 208, 258, 330-1; J. Jennings, 'The N.W.M.P and Indian Policy after the 1885 Rebellion', in F.L. Barron and J.B. Waldram, (eds.), 1885 and After: Native Society in Transition (Regina, 1986). Wolseley, born and raised near Dublin, would command the Army in Ireland during the 1880s Land War.
129. Garnet J. Wolseley, Narrative of the Red River Expedition (New York, 1871), 208, 258, 330-1; J. Jennings, 'The N.W.M.P and Indian Policy after the 1885 Rebellion', in F.L. Barron and J.B. Waldram, (eds.), 1885 and After: Native Society in Transition (Regina, 1986). Wolseley, born and raised near Dublin, would command the Army in Ireland during the 1880s Land War.
130. A.L. Haydon, The Riders of the Plains: A Record of the Royal North West Mounted Police of Canada, 1873-1910 (Toronto, 1912), 45.
131. Section 13 of the statute establishing the NWMP stated that recruits should 'be able to ride'. See, Opening Up the West: Being the Official Reports to Parliament of the Activities of the Royal North-West Mounted Police Force from 1874-1881 (Toronto, 1973), v.
132. Canada. H.C. Deb. (12 Feb. 1914), 708-9; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; William R. Morrison, Showing the Flag: the Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894-1925 (Vancouver, 1985); 'Imposing the British Way', 95. In 1912-13, owing to a perceived manpower shortage, the NWMP recruited nearly one hundred and thirty men, a third of them ex soldiers, in England.
133. Canada. H.C. Deb. (12 Feb. 1914), 708-9; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; William R. Morrison, Showing the Flag: the Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894-1925 (Vancouver, 1985); 'Imposing the British Way', 95. In 1912-13, owing to a perceived manpower shortage, the NWMP recruited nearly one hundred and thirty men, a third of them ex soldiers, in England.
134. Canada. H.C. Deb. (12 Feb. 1914), 708-9; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; William R. Morrison, Showing the Flag: the Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894-1925 (Vancouver, 1985); 'Imposing the British Way', 95. In 1912-13, owing to a perceived manpower shortage, the NWMP recruited nearly one hundred and thirty men, a third of them ex soldiers, in England.
135. Canada. H.C. Deb. (12 Feb. 1914), 708-9; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; William R. Morrison, Showing the Flag: the Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894-1925 (Vancouver, 1985); 'Imposing the British Way', 95. In 1912-13, owing to a perceived manpower shortage, the NWMP recruited nearly one hundred and thirty men, a third of them ex soldiers, in England.
136. John Jennings, 'The Plains Indians and the Law', in Hugh Dempsey (ed.), Men in Scarlet (Calgary, 1975), 55.
137. Alexander Morris, The Treaties of Canada With the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West-Teritories (1880) (Saskatoon, 1991), 249; Don McLean, Home From the Hill: A History of the Metis in Western Canada (Regina, 1987), 124.
138. Alexander Morris, The Treaties of Canada With the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West-Teritories (1880) (Saskatoon, 1991), 249; Don McLean, Home From the Hill: A History of the Metis in Western Canada (Regina, 1987), 124.
139. Morris, 73, 93, 98, 101, 206-7, 215-26, 257-62, 270-1, 286-7.
140. Morrison, 'Imposing the British Way', 100-1; Palmer, Appendixes, Table III.3; Canada H.C. Deb., (31 March 1890), 2685-87; (20 June 1894), 4666-7; (6 March 1902), 808; (6 May, 1904), 2686.
141. Morrison, 'Imposing the British Way', 100-1; Palmer, Appendixes, Table III.3; Canada H.C. Deb., (31 March 1890), 2685-87; (20 June 1894), 4666-7; (6 March 1902), 808; (6 May, 1904), 2686.
142. Jennings, 'The Plains Indians', 61-3; Burton Deane, Mounted Police Life in Canada: A Record of Thirty-One Years Service (Toronto, 1916), 9-10; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; Marquis, Policing Canada's Century, Ch. 1; Carl Betke, 'Pioneers and Police on the Canadian Prairies, 1885-1914', Canadian Historical Association, Historical Papers, 1980, 9-32.
143. Jennings, 'The Plains Indians', 61-3; Burton Deane, Mounted Police Life in Canada: A Record of Thirty-One Years Service (Toronto, 1916), 9-10; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; Marquis, Policing Canada's Century, Ch. 1; Carl Betke, 'Pioneers and Police on the Canadian Prairies, 1885-1914', Canadian Historical Association, Historical Papers, 1980, 9-32.
144. Jennings, 'The Plains Indians', 61-3; Burton Deane, Mounted Police Life in Canada: A Record of Thirty-One Years Service (Toronto, 1916), 9-10; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; Marquis, Policing Canada's Century, Ch. 1; Carl Betke, 'Pioneers and Police on the Canadian Prairies, 1885-1914', Canadian Historical Association, Historical Papers, 1980, 9-32.
145. Jennings, 'The Plains Indians', 61-3; Burton Deane, Mounted Police Life in Canada: A Record of Thirty-One Years Service (Toronto, 1916), 9-10; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; Marquis, Policing Canada's Century, Ch. 1; Carl Betke, 'Pioneers and Police on the Canadian Prairies, 1885-1914', Canadian Historical Association, Historical Papers, 1980, 9-32.
146. Jennings, 'The Plains Indians', 61-3; Burton Deane, Mounted Police Life in Canada: A Record of Thirty-One Years Service (Toronto, 1916), 9-10; Macleod, The North-West Mounted Police; Marquis, Policing Canada's Century, Ch. 1; Carl Betke, 'Pioneers and Police on the Canadian Prairies, 1885-1914', Canadian Historical Association, Historical Papers, 1980, 9-32.
147. Palmer, 27-34, 543-5.
148. Walden; Macleod, 'Law and Order', 101-2.
149. John A. Davis, Conflict and Control: Law and Order in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Atlantic Highlands, N.J., 1988).
150. Anderson and Killingray, 9-10.