The level of laboratory testing required for diagnosis or exclusion of a platelet function disorder using platelet aggregation and secretion assays

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 242-254

  Mezzano, Diego ^a   Quiroga, Teresa ^a   Pereira, Jaime ^a  

^a PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

Author keywords

Platelet aggregation tests; Platelet secretion defects; Platelet secretion tests

Indexed keywords

CARBON 14; PROCOAGULANT; SEROTONIN;

AFIBRINOGENEMIA; BERNARD SOULIER DISEASE; BLEEDING DISORDER; BLEEDING TIME; BLOOD CLOTTING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FIBRINOLYSIS; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GLANZMANN DISEASE; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; LABORATORY TEST; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POINT OF CARE TESTING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUEBEC PLATELET DISORDER; REVIEW; SCOTT SYNDROME; SCREENING TEST; SKIN BLEEDING; STORMORKEN SYNDROME; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE DISORDER; THROMBOCYTE DYSFUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE RELEASE REACTION; VON WILLEBRAND DISEASE; BLOOD; DIAGNOSIS, MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS; PHYSIOLOGY; THROMBOCYTE;

BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELETS; HUMANS; LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; PLATELET AGGREGATION;

EID: 69249209986     PISSN: 00946176     EISSN: 10989064     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1220785     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Quiroga T, Goycoolea M, Panes O, et al. High prevalence of bleeders of unknown cause among patients with inherited mucocutaneous bleeding. A prospective study of 280 patients and 299 controls. Haematologica 2007;92:357-365
2. Favaloro EJ. Investigating people with mucocutaneous bleeding suggestive of primary hemostatic defects: a low likelihood of a definitive diagnosis? Haematologica 2007;92:292-296
3. Pereira J, Quiroga T, Mezzano D. Laboratory assessment of familial, nonthrombocytopenic mucocutaneous bleeding: a definitive diagnosis is often not possible. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008;34:654-662
4. Cattaneo M. Inherited platelet-based bleeding disorders. J Thromb Haemost 2003;1:1628-1636
5. Rao AK, Jalagadugula G, Sun L. Inherited defects in platelet signaling mechanisms. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004;30:525-535 (Pubitemid 39426385)
6. George JN, Colman RW. Overview of platelet structure and function. In: Colman RW, Marder VJ, Clowes AW, George JN, Goldhaber SZ, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:437-441
7. Clemetson KJ, Clemetson JM. Platelet collagen receptors. Thromb Haemost 2001;86:189-197
8. Parise LV, Smyth S, Shet AS, Coller BS. Platelet morphology, biochemistry and function. In: Lichtman EB, Beutler E, Kipps TJ, Seligsohn U, Kaushansky K, Prchal JT, eds. Williams Hematology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:1-60
9. Solum NO. Procoagulant expression in platelets and defects leading to clinical disorders. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:2841-2846
10. Walsh PN. Platelet coagulation-protein interactions. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004;30:461-471
11. Monroe DM, Hoffman M. Coagulation factor interaction with platelets. Thromb Haemost 2002;88:179
12. Janeway CM, Rivard GE, Tracy PB, Mann KG, Factor V. Factor V Quebec revisited. Blood 1996;87:3571-3578
13. Oliver JA, Monroe DM, Church FC, Roberts HR, Hoffman M. Activated protein C cleaves factor Va more efficiently on endothelium than on platelet surfaces. Blood 2002;100:539-546 (Pubitemid 34761117)
14. Dale GL. Coated-platelets: an emerging component of the procoagulant response. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:2185-2192
15. Goel MS, Diamond SL. Factor VIIa-mediated tenase function on activated platelets under flow. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:1402-1410
16. Camera M, Frigerio M, Toschi V, et al. Platelet activation induces cell-surface immunoreactive tissue factor expression, which is modulated differently by antiplatelet drugs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:1690-1696 (Pubitemid 37108218)
17. Panes O,Matus V, Sáez CG, Quiroga T, Pereira J, Mezzano D. Human platelets synthesize and express functional tissue factor. Blood 2007;109:5242-5250 (Pubitemid 46890544)
18. Monroe DM, Hoffman M, Roberts HR. Platelets and thrombin generation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1381-1389
19. Rauch U, Bonderman D, Bohrmann B, et al. Transfer of tissue factor from leukocytes to platelets is mediated by CD15 and tissue factor. Blood 2000;96:170-175 (Pubitemid 30456467)
20. Siddiqui FA, Desai H, Amirkhosravi A, Amaya M, Francis JL. The presence and release of tissue factor from human platelets. Platelets 2002;13:247-253 (Pubitemid 34787736)
21. Schwertz H, Tolley ND, Foulks JM, et al. Signal-dependent splicing of tissue factor pre-mRNA modulates the thrombogenicity of human platelets. J Exp Med 2006;203:2433-2440 (Pubitemid 44664613)
22. Mezzano D, Matus V, Sáez CG, Pereira J, Panes O. Tissue factor storage, synthesis and function in normal and activated human platelets. Thromb Res 2008;122(Suppl 1):S31-S36
23. Panes O, Ibarra P, Matus V, Sáez CG, Pereira J, Mezzano D. Platelet tissue factor: expression of pro-coagulant activity depends on GPIbα activation and signaling through Lyn-mediated phosphorylation. A platelet-based model of hemostasis. Blood 2008;112:48(A113)
24. Weiss H. Impaired platelet procoagulant mechanisms in patients with bleeding disorders. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:233-241
25. Brogren H, Karlsson L, Andersson M, Wang L, Erlinge D, Jern S. Platelets synthesize large amounts of active plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Blood 2004;104:3943-3948 (Pubitemid 39620142)
26. Braaten JV, Handt S, Jerome WG, Kirkpatrick J, Lewis JC, Hantgan RR. Regulation of fibrinolysis by platelet-released plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: light scattering and ultrastructural examination of lysis of a model platelet-fibrin thrombus. Blood 1993;81:1290-1299 (Pubitemid 23067367)
27. Plow EF, Collen D. The presence and release of alpha 2-antiplasmin from human platelets. Blood 1981;58:1069-1074 (Pubitemid 12251129)
28. Reed GL, Matsueda GR, Haber E. Platelet factor XIII increases the fibrinolytic resistance of platelet-rich clots by accelerating the crosslinking of alpha 2-antiplasmin to fibrin. Thromb Haemost 1992;68:315-320
29. Mosnier LO, Buijtenhuijs P, Marx PF, Meijers JC, Bouma BN. Identification of thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in human platelets. Blood 2003;101:4844-4846 (Pubitemid 36857744)
30. Sheth PM, Kahr WH, Haq MA, Veljkovic DK, Rivard GE, Hayward CP. Intracellular activation of the fibrinolytic cascade in the Quebec platelet disorder. Thromb Haemost 2003;90:293-298
31. Gurewich V, Johnstone M, Loza JP, Pannell R. Prourokinase and prekallikrein are both associated with platelets. Implications for the intrinsic pathway of fibrinolysis and for therapeutic thrombolysis. FEBS Lett 1993;318:317-321
32. Veljkovic DK, Rivard GE, Diamandis M, et al. Increased expression of urokinase plasminogen activator in Quebec platelet disorder is linked to megakaryocyte differentiation. Blood 2009;113:1535-1542
33. Rao AK. Molecular and biochemical basis for the platelet dysfunction in myeloproliferative disorders. Semin Hematol 2004;41(2, Suppl 3):6-9
34. Coller BS, French DL. Hereditary qualitative platelet disorders. In: Lichtman MA, Beutler E, Kipps TJ, Seligsohn U, Kaushansky K, Prchal JT, eds.Williams Hematology. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:1551-1582
35. Cattaneo M. Light transmission aggregometry and ATP release for the diagnostic assessment of platelet function. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:158-167
36. Gobbi G, Sponzilli I, Mirandola P, et al. Efficient platelet delta-granule release induced by [Ca2+]i elevation is modulated by GPIIbIIIa. Int J Mol Med 2006;18:309-313
37. Nieuwenhuis HK, Akkerman JW, Sixma JJ. Patients with a prolonged bleeding time and normal aggregation tests may have storage pool deficiency: studies on one hundred six patients. Blood 1987;70:620-623
38. Israels SJ, McNicol A, Robertson C, Gerrard JM. Platelet storage pool deficiency: diagnosis in patients with prolonged bleeding times and normal platelet aggregation. Br J Haematol 1990;75:118-121 (Pubitemid 20157990)
39. Miller J. Glycoprotein analysis for the diagnostic evaluation of platelet disorders. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:224-232
40. Arthur JF, Dunkley S, Andrews RK. Platelet glycoprotein VI-related clinical defects. Br J Haematol 2007;139:363-372 (Pubitemid 47515353)
41. Nieuwenhuis HK, Sakariassen KS, Houdijk WP, Nievelstein PF, Sixma JJ. Deficiency of platelet membrane glycoprotein Ia associated with a decreased platelet adhesion to subendothelium: a defect in platelet spreading. Blood 1986;68:692-695
42. Jung SM, Moroi M. Activation of the platelet collagen receptor integrin alpha(2)beta(1): its mechanism and participation in the physiological functions of platelets. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2000;10:285-292
43. Miura Y, Takahashi T, Jung SM, Moroi M. Analysis of the interaction of platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) with collagen. A dimeric form of GPVI, but not the monomeric form, shows affinity to fibrous collagen. J Biol Chem 2002;277:46197-46204 (Pubitemid 35417611)
44. Nurden AT. Qualitative disorders of platelets and megakaryocytes. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:1773-1782
45. Salles II, Feys HB, Iserbyt BF, De Meyer SF, Vanhoorelbeke K, Deckmyn H. Inherited traits affecting platelet function. Blood Rev 2008;22:155-172
46. Hayward CP. Inherited platelet disorders. Curr Opin Hematol 2003;10:362-368
47. Nurden P, Nurden AT. Congenital disorders associated with platelet dysfunctions. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:253-263 (Pubitemid 351230953)
48. Sims PJ, Wiedmer T, Esmon CT, Weiss HJ, Shattil SJ. Assembly of the platelet prothrombinase complex is linked to vesiculation of the platelet plasma membrane. Studies in Scott syndrome: an isolated defect in platelet procoagulant activity. J Biol Chem 1989;264:17049-17057 (Pubitemid 19255533)
49. Diamandis M, Veljkovic DK, Maurer-Spurej E, Rivard GE, Hayward CP. Quebec platelet disorder: features, pathogenesis and treatment. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2008;19:109-119 (Pubitemid 351252988)
50. Gupta PK, Charan VD, Saxena R. Spectrum of von Willebrand disease and inherited platelet function disorders amongst Indian bleeders. Ann Hematol 2007;86:403-407 (Pubitemid 46630057)
51. Diamandis M, Adam F, Kahr WH, et al. Insights into abnormal hemostasis in the Quebec platelet disorder from analyses of clot lysis. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:1086-1094
52. Fay WP, Eitzman DT, Shapiro AD, Madison EL, Ginsburg D. Platelets inhibit fibrinolysis in vitro by both plasminogen activator inhibitor-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Blood 1994;83:351-356 (Pubitemid 24030558)
53. Fay WP, Shapiro AD, Shih JL, Schleef RR, Ginsburg D. Brief report: complete deficiency of plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 due to a frame-shift mutation. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1729-1733
54. Fay WP, Parker AC, Condrey LR, Shapiro AD. Human plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) deficiency: characterization of a large kindred with a null mutation in the PAI-1 gene. Blood 1997;90:204-208
55. Takahashi Y, Tanaka T, Minowa H, et al. Hereditary partial deficiency of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 associated with a lifelong bleeding tendency. Int J Hematol 1996;64:61-68 (Pubitemid 26228570)
56. Agren A, Wiman B, Stiller V, et al. Evaluation of low PAI-1 activity as a risk factor for hemorrhagic diathesis. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:201-208
57. Agren A, Wiman B, Schulman S. Laboratory evidence of hyperfibrinolysis in association with low plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 activity. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007;18:657-660 (Pubitemid 47479416)
58. Agren A, Kolmert T, Wiman B, Schulman S. Low PAI-1 activity in relation to the risk for perioperative bleeding complications in transurethral resection of the prostate. Thromb Res 2007;119:715-721 (Pubitemid 46441426)
59. Tosetto A, Castaman G, Rodeghiero F. Assessing bleeding in von Willebrand disease with bleeding score. Blood Rev 2007;21:89-97 (Pubitemid 46428464)
60. Pai M, Hayward C. Diagnostic assessment of platelet disorders: what are the challenges to standardization? Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:131-138
61. Rodgers RP, Levin J. A critical reappraisal of the bleeding time. Semin Thromb Hemost 1990;16:1-20
62. Lind SE. The bleeding time does not predict surgical bleeding. Blood 1991;77:2547-2552
63. Peterson P, Hayes TE, Arkin CF, et al. The preoperative bleeding time test lacks clinical benefit: College of American Pathologists' and American Society of Clinical Pathologists' position article. Arch Surg 1998;133:134-139 (Pubitemid 28092910)
64. Triplett DA. The bleeding time. Neither pariah or panacea. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1989;113:1207-1208
65. Favaloro EJ. Clinical utility of the PFA-100. Semin Thromb Hemost 2008;34:709-733
66. Harrison P, Mumford A. Screening tests of platelet function: update on their appropriate uses for diagnostic testing. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:150-157
67. Buyukasik Y, Karakus S, Goker H, et al. Rational use of the PFA-100 device for screening of platelet function disorders and von Willebrand disease. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002;13:349-353 (Pubitemid 35001876)
68. Harrison P, Robinson M, Liesner R, et al. The PFA-100: a potential rapid screening tool for the assessment of platelet dysfunction. Clin Lab Haematol 2002;24:225-232 (Pubitemid 34989253)
69. Favaloro EJ, Bonar R, Duncan E, Rodgers S, Marsden K; Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Program in Haematology. Utility of the PFA-100 as a screening test of platelet function: an audit of haemostasis laboratories in Australia and New Zealand. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2007;18:441-448
70. Favaloro EJ. Clinical application of the PFA-100. Curr Opin Hematol 2002;9:407-415
71. Cattaneo M, Lecchi A, Agati B, Lombardi R, Zighetti ML. Evaluation of platelet function with the PFA-100 system in patients with congenital defects of platelet secretion. Thromb Res 1999;96:213-217 (Pubitemid 29531569)
72. Kerényi A, Schlammadinger A, Ajzner E, et al. Comparison of PFA-100 closure time and template bleeding time of patients with inherited disorders causing defective platelet function. Thromb Res 1999;96:487-492
73. Quiroga T,Goycoolea M, Muñoz B, et al. Template bleeding time and PFA-100 have low sensitivity to screen patients with hereditary mucocutaneous hemorrhages: comparative study in 148 patients. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:892-898 (Pubitemid 40185736)
74. Podda GM, Bucciarelli P, Lussana F, Lecchi A, Cattaneo M. Usefulness of PFA-100 testing in the diagnostic screening of patients with suspected abnormalities of hemostasis: comparison with the bleeding time. J Thromb Haemost 2007;5:2393-2398 (Pubitemid 350154348)
75. Hayward CP, Harrison P, Cattaneo M, Ortel TL, Rao A; KThe Platelet Physiology Subcommittee of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Platelet function analyzer (PFA)-100 closure time in the evaluation of platelet disorders and platelet function. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:312-319
76. Baumgartner HR. The role of blood flow in platelet adhesion, fibrin deposition, and formation of mural thrombi. Microvasc Res 1973;5:167-179
77. Sakariassen KS, Hanson SR, Cadroy Y. Methods and models to evaluate shear-dependent and surface reactivity-dependent antithrombotic efficacy. Thromb Res 2001;104:149-174 (Pubitemid 32975811)
78. Born GV. Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature 1962;194:927-929
79. O'Brien JR. Platelet aggregation: part II. Some results from a new method of study. J Clin Pathol 1962;15:452-455
80. Michelson AD, Frelinger AL III, Furman MI. Current options in platelet function testing. Am J Cardiol 2006;98:4N-10N
81. Pockham M, Kinlough, Rathbone R-L, Musta JF. Aggregation and agglutination. In: Day HJ, Holmsen H, Zucker MB, eds. Platelet Function Testing. NIH Publication No. 78-1087. Bethesda, MD: DHEW; 1976:66-92
82. The British Society for Haematology BCSH Haemostasis and Thrombosis Task Force. Guidelines on platelet function testing. J Clin Pathol 1988;41:1322-1330
83. Christie DJAT, Carrington LR, Cohen E, et al. Platelet Function Testing by Aggregometry; Approved Guideline. Wayne, PA: Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute; 2008:1-43
84. Zhou L, Schmaier AH. Platelet aggregation testing in platelet-rich plasma: description of procedures with the aim to develop standards in the field. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:172-183 (Pubitemid 40194076)
85. Hayward CP, Eikelboom J. Platelet function testing: quality assurance. Semin Thromb Hemost 2007;33:273-282 (Pubitemid 46581382)
86. Favaloro EJ. Internal quality control and external quality assurance of platelet function tests. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:139-149
87. Moffat KA, Ledford-Kraemer MR, Nichols WL, Hayward CP; North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association. Variability in clinical laboratory practice in testing for disorders of platelet function: results of two surveys of the North American Specialized Coagulation Laboratory Association. Thromb Haemost 2005;93:549-553
88. Jennings IWT, Woods TA, Kitchen S, Walker ID. Platelet function testing: practice among UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Blood Coagulation participants, 2006. J Clin Pathol 2008;61:950-954
89. Duncan EM, Bonar R, Rodgers SE, Favaloro EJ, Marsden K; RCPA QAP in Haematology, Haemostasis Committee. Methodology and outcomes of platelet aggregation testing in Australia, New Zealand and the Asia-Pacific region: results of a survey from the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Haematology Quality Assurance Program. Int J Lab Hematol 2008; March 21 doi: 10-1111/j1751-553x.2008.01051.x
90. Hevelow ME, McKenzie SM, Siegel JE. Reproducibility of platelet function testing. Lab Hematol 2007;13:59-62
91. Ghosh K, Nair S, Kulkarni B, Khare A, Shetty S, Mohanty D. Platelet function tests using platelet aggregometry: need for repetition of the test for diagnosis of defective platelet function. Platelets 2003;14:351-354 (Pubitemid 38037256)
92. Hayward CP, Pai M, Liu Y, et al. Diagnostic utility of light transmission platelet aggregometry: results from a prospective study of individuals referred for bleeding disorder assessments. J Thromb Haemost 2009;7:676-684
93. Kambayashi J, Shinoki N, Nakamura T, et al. Prevalence of impaired responsiveness to epinephrine in platelets among Japanese. Thromb Res 1996;81:85-90 (Pubitemid 26030949)
94. Hayward CP, Moffat KA, Pai M, et al. An evaluation of methods for determining reference intervals for light transmission platelet aggregation tests on samples with normal or reduced platelet counts. Thromb Haemost 2008;100:134-145 (Pubitemid 351948755)
95. Gaxiola B, Friedl W, Propping P. Epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation. A twin study. Clin Genet 1984;26:543-548
96. Rao AK, Willis J, Kowalska MA, Wachtfogel YT, Colman RW. Differential requirements for platelet aggregation and inhibition of adenylate cyclase by epinephrine. Studies of a familial platelet alpha 2-adrenergic receptor defect. Blood 1988;71:494-501
97. Alexander RW, Cooper B, Handin RI. Characterization of the human platelet alpha-adrenergic receptor. Correlation of [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding with aggregation and adenylate cyclase inhibition. J Clin Invest 1978;61:1136-1144 (Pubitemid 8324137)
98. O'Brien JR. Variability in the aggregation of human platelets by adrenaline. Nature 1964;202:1188-1190
99. Cattaneo M. Are the bleeding time and PFA-100 useful in the initial screening of patients with mucocutaneous bleedings of hereditary nature? J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:890-891
100. Yee DL, Sun CW, Bergeron AL, Dong JF, Bray PF. Aggregometry detects platelet hyperreactivity in healthy individuals. Blood 2005;106:2723-2729
101. Holmsen H, Dangelmaier CA. Measurement of secretion of serotonin. Methods Enzymol 1989;169:205-210
102. McGlasson D, Fritsma G. Whole blood platelet aggregometry and platelet function testing. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009;35:168-180
103. Wall JE, Buijs-Wilts M, Arnold JT, et al. A flow cytometric assay using mepacrine for study of uptake and release of platelet dense granule contents. Br J Haematol 1995;89:380-385
104. White JG. Electron opaque structures in human platelets: which are or are not dense bodies? Platelets 2008;19:455-466
105. Kumar AM, Kumar M, Deepika K, Fernandez JB, Eisdorfer C. A modified HPLC technique for simultaneous measurement of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid, platelet and plasma. Life Sci 1990;47:1751-1759 (Pubitemid 20374729)
106. Maurer-Spurej E, Pittendreigh C, Wu JK. Diagnosing platelet delta-storage pool disease in children by flow cytometry. Am J Clin Pathol 2007;127:626-632 (Pubitemid 46587478)
107. Maurer-Spurej E, Dyker K, Gahl WA, Devine DV. A novel immunocytochemical assay for the detection of serotonin in platelets. Br J Haematol 2002;116:604-611 (Pubitemid 34178661)
108. Koch CA, Lasho TL, Tefferi A. Platelet-rich plasma serotonin levels in chronic myeloproliferative disorders: evaluation of diagnostic use and comparison with the neutrophil PRV-1 assay. Br J Haematol 2004;127:34-39 (Pubitemid 39331104)
109. Holmsen H, Dangelmaier CA. Measurement of secretion of adenine nucleotides. Methods Enzymol 1989;169:195-205
110. Edenbrandt CM, Murphy S. Adenine and guanine nucleotide metabolism during platelet storage at 22 degrees C. Blood 1990;76:1884-1892
111. White MM, Foust JT, Mauer AM, Robertson JT, Jennings LK. Assessment of lumiaggregometry for research and clinical laboratories. Thromb Haemost 1992;67:572-577
112. Axelson DA, Perel JM, Birmaher B, et al. Platelet serotonin reuptake inhibition and response to SSRIs in depressed adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162:802-804 (Pubitemid 40489149)
113. Nurden AT, Nurden P, Bermejo E, Combrié R, McVicar DW,Washington AV. Phenotypic heterogeneity in the gray platelet syndrome extends to the expression of TREM family member, TLT-1. Thromb Haemost 2008;100:45-51 (Pubitemid 351948744)
114. Weiss HJ, Witte LD, Kaplan KL, et al. Heterogeneity in storage pool deficiency: studies on granule-bound substances in 18 patients including variants deficient in alpha-granules, platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, and platelet-derived growth factor. Blood 1979;54:1296-1319
115. Lages B, Weiss HJ. Heterogeneous defects of platelet secretion and responses to weak agonists in patients with bleeding disorders. Br J Haematol 1988;68:53-62 (Pubitemid 18051942)
116. Rao AK. Acquired qualitative platelet defects. In: Colman RW, Marder VJ, Clowes AW, George JN, Goldhaber SZ, eds. Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:1045-1060
117. Sadler JE. Von Willebrand disease type 1: a diagnosis in search of a disease. Blood 2003;101:2089-2093 (Pubitemid 36302041)
118. Sadler JE. Slippery criteria for von Willebrand disease type 1. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:1720-1723 (Pubitemid 40192711)
119. Gerhardt A, Scharf RE, Beckmann MW, et al. Prothrombin and factor V mutations in women with a history of thrombosis during pregnancy and the puerperium. N Engl J Med 2000;342:374-380 (Pubitemid 30084535)
120. Anderson FA Jr, Spencer FA. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Circulation 2003;107(23, Suppl 1):I9-I16
121. Jennings LK, Ashmun RA, Wang WC, Dockter ME. Analysis of human platelet glycoproteins IIb-IIIa and Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in whole blood by flow cytometry. Blood 1986;68:173-179
122. Cohn RJ, Sherman GG, Glencross DK. Flow cytometric analysis of platelet surface glycoproteins in the diagnosis of Bernard-Soulier syndrome. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1997;14:43-50
123. Enjeti AK, Lincz LF, Seldon M. Detection and measurement of microparticles: an evolving research tool for vascular biology. Semin Thromb Hemost 2007;33:771-779 (Pubitemid 351158445)
124. van Engeland M, Nieland LJ, Ramaekers FC, Schutte B, Reutelingsperger CP. Annexin V-affinity assay: a review on an apoptosis detection system based on phosphatidylserine exposure. Cytometry 1998;31:1-9 (Pubitemid 28050057)
125. Bigalke B, Langer H, Geisler T, Lindemann S, Gawaz M. Platelet glycoprotein VI: a novel marker for acute coronary syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost 2007;33:179-184 (Pubitemid 46427761)
126. Michelson AD, Furman MI. Laboratory markers of platelet activation and their clinical significance. Curr Opin Hematol 1999;6:342-348 (Pubitemid 30763599)