메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 117, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1191-1194

Environmental health research and the observer's dilemma

Author keywords

Beneficence; Environmental health research; Ethics; Human subjects; Observation; Regulations; Risk; Risk communication

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BENEFICENCE; DECISION MAKING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; JUSTICE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESEARCH ETHICS; RESEARCH SUBJECT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 69249150080     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0900861     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (34)
  • 2
    • 0003727555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Anthropological Association, Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • American Anthropological Association. 1998. Code of Ethics. Available: http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/ethcode.htm [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (1998) Code of Ethics
  • 3
    • 0037919367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cassell J, Jacobs S, eds, Arlington, VA:American Anthropological Association. Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • Cassell J, Jacobs S, eds. 2006. Handbook of Ethical Issues in Anthropology. Arlington, VA:American Anthropological Association. Available: http://www.aaanet.org/committees/ethics/toc.htm [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (2006) Handbook of Ethical Issues in Anthropology
  • 7
    • 69249137338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Health and Human Services. 2005. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 45, Part 46: Protection of Human Subjects. Fed Reg 70(120):36325-36328
    • Department of Health and Human Services. 2005. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 45, Part 46: Protection of Human Subjects. Fed Reg 70(120):36325-36328.
  • 8
    • 0034737962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes clinical research ethical?
    • Emanuel E, Wendler D, Grady C. 2000. What makes clinical research ethical? JAMA 283:2701-2711.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.283 , pp. 2701-2711
    • Emanuel, E.1    Wendler, D.2    Grady, C.3
  • 9
    • 69249087564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA Food and Drug Administration, Clinical Investigators, and Sponsors. Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 1998. Information Sheet Guidances Guidance for Institutional Review Boards, Clinical Investigators, and Sponsors. Available: http://www.fda.gov/oc/ohrt/irbs/ informedconsent.html [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (1998) Information Sheet Guidances Guidance for Institutional Review Boards
  • 10
    • 69249091613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FDA (Food and Drug Administration, 2001. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 50: Protection of Human Subjects. Fed Reg 66(79):20589-20600
    • FDA (Food and Drug Administration). 2001. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Part 50: Protection of Human Subjects. Fed Reg 66(79):20589-20600.
  • 11
    • 0347831130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York:Oxford University Press
    • Gert B. 2007. Common Morality. New York:Oxford University Press.
    • (2007) Common Morality
    • Gert, B.1
  • 12
    • 40649113547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • San Francisco, CA:Pesticide Action Network, North America. Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • Kegley SE, Hill BR, Orme S, Choi AH. 2008. PAN Pesticide Database. San Francisco, CA:Pesticide Action Network, North America. Available: http://www.pesticideinfo.org [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (2008) PAN Pesticide Database
    • Kegley, S.E.1    Hill, B.R.2    Orme, S.3    Choi, A.H.4
  • 13
    • 45749084873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dietary intake and its contribution to longitudinal organophosphorus pesticide exposure in urban/suburban children
    • Lu C, Barr D, Pearson M, Waller L. 2008. Dietary intake and its contribution to longitudinal organophosphorus pesticide exposure in urban/suburban children. Environ Health Perspect 116:537-542.
    • (2008) Environ Health Perspect , vol.116 , pp. 537-542
    • Lu, C.1    Barr, D.2    Pearson, M.3    Waller, L.4
  • 14
    • 56449084785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concentrations, profiles, and estimated human exposures for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from electronic waste recycling facilities and a chemical industrial complex in eastern China
    • Ma J, Kannan K, Cheng J, Horii Y, Wu Q, Wang W. 2008. Concentrations, profiles, and estimated human exposures for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from electronic waste recycling facilities and a chemical industrial complex in eastern China. Environ Sci Technol 42(22):8252-8259.
    • (2008) Environ Sci Technol , vol.42 , Issue.22 , pp. 8252-8259
    • Ma, J.1    Kannan, K.2    Cheng, J.3    Horii, Y.4    Wu, Q.5    Wang, W.6
  • 15
    • 0036510817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What makes placebo-controlled trials unethical?
    • Miller F, Brody H. 2002. What makes placebo-controlled trials unethical? Am J Bioethics 2(2):3-9.
    • (2002) Am J Bioethics , vol.2 , Issue.2 , pp. 3-9
    • Miller, F.1    Brody, H.2
  • 16
    • 0003392972 scopus 로고
    • National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. 1979. The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Available: http://www. hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/guidance/belmont.htm [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (1979) The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research
  • 17
    • 69249128165 scopus 로고
    • Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
    • CAS No. 50-29-3. In:, 11th ed. Available:, accessed 21 May
    • National Toxicology Program. 1985. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). CAS No. 50-29-3. In: Report on Carcinogens. 11th ed. Available: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s064ddt.pdf [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (1985) Report on Carcinogens
  • 18
    • 69249139728 scopus 로고
    • Queens woman is stabbed to death in front of her home. New York Times 14 March:26
    • New York Times. 1964. Queens woman is stabbed to death in front of her home. New York Times 14 March:26.
    • (1964) New York Times
  • 19
    • 69249137717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuremberg Code. 1949. Nuremberg Code. In: Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, 2. Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, 181-182. Available: http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • Nuremberg Code. 1949. Nuremberg Code. In: Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Vol. 2. Washington, DC:U.S. Government Printing Office, 181-182. Available: http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/nuremberg.html [accessed 21 May 2009].
  • 20
    • 84908119667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Human Research Protections, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • Office of Human Research Protections, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008. Informed Consent - Frequently Asked Questions. Available: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/informconsfaq.html#q4 [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (2008) Informed Consent - Frequently Asked Questions
  • 21
    • 69249123131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Office of Human Research Protections, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. International Compilation of Human Research Protections. Available: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/international/ HSPCompilation.pdf [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • Office of Human Research Protections, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2009. International Compilation of Human Research Protections. Available: http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/international/ HSPCompilation.pdf [accessed 21 May 2009].
  • 22
    • 20444506087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamics and ethics of triage: Rationing care in hard times
    • Repine T, Lisagor P, Cohen D. 2005. The dynamics and ethics of triage: rationing care in hard times. Mil Med 170(6):505-509.
    • (2005) Mil Med , vol.170 , Issue.6 , pp. 505-509
    • Repine, T.1    Lisagor, P.2    Cohen, D.3
  • 23
    • 33847719480 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons learned from the Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study
    • Resnik D, Wing S. 2007. Lessons learned from the Children's Environmental Exposure Research Study. Am J Public Health 97(3):414-418.
    • (2007) Am J Public Health , vol.97 , Issue.3 , pp. 414-418
    • Resnik, D.1    Wing, S.2
  • 24
    • 42149183037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental health research on hazards in the home and the duty to warn
    • Resnik D, Zeldin D. 2008. Environmental health research on hazards in the home and the duty to warn. Bioethics 22(4):209-217.
    • (2008) Bioethics , vol.22 , Issue.4 , pp. 209-217
    • Resnik, D.1    Zeldin, D.2
  • 25
    • 3042525453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ancillary-care responsibilities of medical researchers: An ethical framework for thinking about the clinical care that researchers owe their subjects
    • Richardson H, Belsky L. 2004. The ancillary-care responsibilities of medical researchers: an ethical framework for thinking about the clinical care that researchers owe their subjects. Hastings Cent Rep 34(1):25-33.
    • (2004) Hastings Cent Rep , vol.34 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-33
    • Richardson, H.1    Belsky, L.2
  • 29
    • 59749103575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theis R, Dolwick Grieb S, Burr D, Siddiqui T, Asal N. 2008. Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer 8:387; doi: 10.1186/ 1471-2407-8-387 [Online 24 December 2008].
    • Theis R, Dolwick Grieb S, Burr D, Siddiqui T, Asal N. 2008. Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study. BMC Cancer 8:387; doi: 10.1186/ 1471-2407-8-387 [Online 24 December 2008].
  • 30
    • 69249089172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. EPA. 2006. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 26: Protections for Human Subjects. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fed Reg 71(24):6137-6176
    • U.S. EPA. 2006. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 26: Protections for Human Subjects. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Fed Reg 71(24):6137-6176.
  • 31
    • 68849098544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC:. Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • U.S. EPA. 2007. DDT Regulatory History: A Brief Survey (to 1975). Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/ddt/02.htm [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (2007) DDT Regulatory History: A Brief Survey (to 1975)
    • EPA, U.S.1
  • 32
    • 69249158929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, DC:. Available:, accessed 21 May 2009
    • U.S. EPA. 2009. Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available: http://www.epa.gov/lead/ index.html [accessed 21 May 2009].
    • (2009) Lead in Paint, Dust, and Soil
    • EPA, U.S.1
  • 33
    • 34547774733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing research risks systematically: The net risks test
    • Wendler D, Miller F. 2007. Assessing research risks systematically: the net risks test. J Med Ethics 33(8):481-486.
    • (2007) J Med Ethics , vol.33 , Issue.8 , pp. 481-486
    • Wendler, D.1    Miller, F.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.