Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: Current applications, advantages and limits for the evaluation of the left ventricle;Ecocardiografia tridimensionale in tempo reale. Attuali applicazioni, vantaggi e limiti per lo studio del ventricolo sinistro

Giornale Italiano di Cardiologia

Volumn 10, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 516-532

  Mele, Donato ^a   Agricola, Eustachio ^b   Galderisi, Maurizio ^b   Sciomer, Susanna ^b   Nistri, Stefano ^b   Ballo, Piercarlo ^b   Buralli, Simona ^b   D'Andrea, Antonello ^b   D'Errico, Arcangelo ^b   Losi, Maria Angela ^b   Mondillo, Sergio ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF FERRARA   (Italy)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Left ventricle; Myocardial dyssynchrony; Three dimensional echocardiography

Indexed keywords

DOBUTAMINE;

DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART DISEASE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE EJECTION FRACTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE VOLUME; HUMAN; IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION; MYOCARDIAL DYSSYNCHRONY; REAL TIME ECHOGRAPHY; REVIEW; STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING;

COMPUTER SYSTEMS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, THREE-DIMENSIONAL; HEART DISEASES; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 69149092949     PISSN: 18276806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Mele D. Ecocardiografia tridimensionale. Tecniche e applicazioni allo studio del ventricolo sinistro. G Ital Cardiol 1995; 25: 365-375
2. Sugeng L, Weinert L, Lang RM. Left ventricular assessment using real time three dimensional echocardiography. Heart 2003; 89 (Suppl III): III29-III36. (Pubitemid 37311143)
3. Lang RM, Mor-Avi V, Sugeng L, Nieman PS, Sahn DJ. Three-dimensional echocardiography: the benefits of the additional dimension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 2053-2069 (Pubitemid 44738445)
4. Hung J, Lang R, Flachskampf F, et al. 3D echocardiography: a review of the current status and future directions. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 213-233 Messa a punto sugli aspetti tecnici e le principali applicazioni dell'ecocardiografia tridimensionale in tempo reale. (Pubitemid 46320878)
5. Kisslo J, Firek B, Ota T, et al. Real-time volumetric echocardiography: the technology and the possibilites. Echocardiography 2000; 17: 773-779 (Pubitemid 32096997)
6. Caiani EG, Corsi C, Zamorano J, et al. Improved semiautomated quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using 3-dimensional echocardiography with a full matrix-array transducer: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 779-788 (Pubitemid 41111557)
7. Takuma S, Ota T, Muro T, et al. Assessment of left ventricular function by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography compared with conventional noninvasive methods. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001; 14: 275-284 (Pubitemid 33095693)
8. van den Bosch AE, Robbers-Visser D, Krenning BJ, et al. Real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction in congenital heart disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 1-6. (Pubitemid 43105352)
9. Mårtensson M, Winter R, Cederlund K, et al. Assessment of left ventricular volumes using simplified 3-D echocardiography and computed tomography - a phantom and clinical study. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 26. (Pubitemid 351814585)
10. Shiota T, McCarthy PM, White RD, et al. Initial clinical experience of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with ischemic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 1068-1073 (Pubitemid 29505377)
11. Lee D, Fuisz AR, Fan PH, Hsu TL, Liu CP, Chiang HT. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular volume: correlation with magnetic resonance imaging - a validation study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001; 14: 1001-1009 (Pubitemid 33095612)
12. Zeidan Z, Erbel R, Barkhausen J, Hunold P, Bartel T, Buck T. Analysis of global systolic and diastolic left ventricular performance using volume-time curves by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16: 29-37. (Pubitemid 36522814)
13. Kühl HP, Schreckenberg M, Rulands D, et al. High-resolution transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: quantitation of cardiac volumes and function using semi-automatic border detection and comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 2083-2090 (Pubitemid 38686806)
14. Jenkins C, Bricknell K, Hanekom L, Marwick TH. Reproducibility and accuracy of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular parameters using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44: 878-886 (Pubitemid 39099588)
15. Corsi C, Lang RM, Veronesi F, et al. Volumetric quantification of global and regional left ventricular function from real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic images. Circulation 2005; 112: 1161-1170
16. Gutiérrez-Chico JL, Zamorano JL, Pérez de Isla L, et al. Comparison of left ventricular volumes and ejection fractions measured by three-dimensional echocardiography versus by two-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with various cardiomyopathies. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 809-813
17. Chan J, Jenkins C, Khafagi F, Du L, Marwick TH. What is the optimal clinical technique for measurement of left ventricular volume after myocardial infarction? A comparative study of 3-dimensional echocardiography, single photon emission computed tomography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 192-201. (Pubitemid 43187163)
18. Sugeng L, Mor-Avi V, Weinert L, et al. Quantitative assessment of left ventricular size and function: side-by-side comparison of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography and computed tomography with magnetic resonance reference. Circulation 2006; 114: 654-661. Studio di confronto fra l'ecocardiografia tridimensionale in tempo reale ed altre tecniche di imaging nella valutazione quantitativa del ventricolo sinistro.
19. Nikitin NP, Constantin C, Loh PH, et al. New generation 3-dimensional echocardiography for left ventricular volumetric and functional measurements: comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur J Echocardiogr 2006; 7: 365-372 (Pubitemid 44283933)
20. Jacobs LD, Salgo IS, Goonewardena S, et al. Rapid online quantification of left ventricular volume from real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic data. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 460-468 (Pubitemid 43209172)
21. Pouleur AC, le Polain de Waroux JB, Pasquet A, et al. Assessment of left ventricular mass and volumes by three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with or without wall motion abnormalities: comparison against cine magnetic resonance imaging. Heart 2008; 94: 1050-1057 (Pubitemid 352039890)
22. Qi X, Cogar B, Hsiung MC, et al. Live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Echocardiography 2007; 24: 166-173 (Pubitemid 46204402)
23. Bicudo LS, Tsutsui JM, Shiozaki A, et al. Value of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Echocardiography 2008; 25: 717-726
24. Li F, Wang Q, Yao GH, et al. Impact of the number of image planes of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography on the accuracy of left atrial and ventricular volume measurements. Ultrasound Med Biol 2008; 34: 40-46 (Pubitemid 350258591)
25. Arai K, Hozumi T, Matsumura Y, et al. Accuracy of measurement of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction by new real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with wall motion abnormalities secondary to myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 552-558 (Pubitemid 39165831)
26. Bu L, Munns S, Zhang H, et al. Rapid full volume data acquisition by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessment of left ventricular indexes in children: a validation study compared with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 299-305. (Pubitemid 40470392)
27. Lu X, Xie M, Tomberlin D, et al. How accurately, reproducibly, and efficiently can we measure left ventricular indices using M-mode, 2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional echocardiography in children? Am Heart J 2008; 155: 946-953
28. Riehle TJ, Mahle WT, Parks WJ, Sallee D 3rd, Fyfe DA. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic acquisition and quantification of left ventricular indices in children and young adults with congenital heart disease: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 78-83.
29. Soriano BD, Hoch M, Ithuralde A, et al. Matrix-array 3-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of volumes, mass, and ejection fraction in young pediatric patients with a functional single ventricle: a comparison study with cardiac magnetic resonance. Circulation 2008; 117: 1842-1848
30. Iino M, Shiraishi H, Ichihashi K, et al. Volume measurement of the left ventricle in children using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with ventriculography. J Cardiol 2007; 49: 221-229
31. Baker G, Flack E, Hlavacek A, et al. Variability and resource utilization of bedside three-dimensional echocardiographic quantitative measurements of left ventricular volume in congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis 2006; 1: 309-314 (Pubitemid 44756295)
32. Nosir YF, Vlerter WB, Boersma E, et al. The apical long-axis rather than the two-chamber view should be used in combination with the four-chamber view for accurate assessment of left ventricular volumes and function. Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 1175-1185 (Pubitemid 27271891)
33. Malm S, Sagberg E, Larsson H, Skjaerpe T. Choosing apical long-axis instead of two-chamber view gives more accurate biplane echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 1044-1050 (Pubitemid 41411939)
34. Jenkins C, Leano R, Chan J, Marwick TH. Reconstructed versus real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 862-868 (Pubitemid 47016901)
35. Tighe DA, Rosetti M, Vinch CS, et al. Influence of image quality on the accuracy of real time three-dimensional echocardiography to measure left ventricular volumes in unselected patients: a comparison with gated-SPECT imaging. Echocardiography 2007; 24: 1073-1080 (Pubitemid 350125438)
36. Caiani EG, Coon P, Corsi C, et al. Dual triggering improves the accuracy of left ventricular volume measurements by contrast-enhanced real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 1292-1298 (Pubitemid 41821173)
37. Krenning BJ, Kirschbaum SW, Soliman OI, et al. Comparison of contrast agent-enhanced versus non-contrast agent-enhanced real-time three-dimensional echocardiography for analysis of left ventricular systolic function. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 1485-1489
38. Soliman OI, Krenning BJ, Geleijnse ML, et al. Quantification of left ventricular volumes and function in patients with cardiomyopathies by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a head-to-head comparison between two different semiautomated endocardial border detection algorithms. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 1042-1049
39. Soliman OI, Krenning BJ, Geleijnse ML, et al. A comparison between QLAB and TomTec full volume reconstruction for real time three-dimensional echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular volumes. Echocardiography 2007; 24: 967-74.
40. Pini R, Giannazzo G, Di Bari M, et al. Transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of left and right ventricles: in vitro validation and comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J 1997; 133: 221-229 (Pubitemid 27069157)
41. Tsujino H, Jones M, Shiota T, et al. Impact of temporal resolution on flow quantification by real-time 3D color Doppler echocardiography: numerical modeling and animal validation study. Comput Cardiol 2000; 27: 761-764 (Pubitemid 32188015)
42. Tsujino H, Jones M, Qin JX, et al. Combination of pulsed-wave Doppler and real-time three-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography for quantifying the stroke volume in the left ventricular outflow tract. Ultrasound Med Biol 2004; 30: 1441-1446 (Pubitemid 39601105)
43. Pemberton J, Li X, Karamlou T, et al. The use of live three-dimensional Doppler echocardiography in the measurement of cardiac output: an in vivo animal study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 433-438 (Pubitemid 40186796)
44. Pemberton J, Li X, Kenny A, Davies CH, Minette MS, Sahn DJ. Real-time 3-dimensional Doppler echocardiography for the assessment of stroke volume: an in vivo human study compared with standard 2-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 1030-1036 (Pubitemid 41411937)
45. Lodato JA, Weinert L, Baumann R, et al. Use of 3-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography to measure stroke volume in human beings: comparison with thermodilution. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 103-112 (Pubitemid 46176561)
46. Lu X, Nadvoretskiy V, Klas B, et al. Measurement of volumetric flow by real-time 3-dimensional Doppler echocardiography in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 915-920
47. Shin MS, Fukuda S, Song JM, et al. Relationship between left atrial and left ventricular function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a real-time 3-dimensional echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 796-801. (Pubitemid 43817465)
48. Shahgaldi K, Söderqvist E, Gudmundsson P, Winter R, Nowak J, Brodin LA. Flow-volume loops derived from three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel approach to the assessment of left ventricular hemodynamics. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 13. (Pubitemid 351559588)
49. Takuma S, Zwas DR, Fard A, et al. Real-time, 3-dimensional echocardiography acquires all standard 2-dimensional images from 2 volume sets: a clinical demonstration in 45 patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12: 1-6. (Pubitemid 29061762)
50. Collins M, Hsieh A, Ohazama CJ, et al. Assessment of regional wall motion abnormalities with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12: 7-14. (Pubitemid 29061764)
51. Schiller NB. Two-dimensional echocardiographic determination of left ventricular volume, systolic function, and mass. Summary and discussion of the 1989 recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation 1991; 84 (3 Suppl): I280-I287.
52. Jaochim Nesser H, Sugeng L, Corsi C, et al. Volumetric analysis of regional left ventricular function with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: validation by magnetic resonance and clinical utility testing. Heart 2007; 93: 572-578
53. Corsi C, Coon P, Goonewardena S, et al. Quantification of regional left ventricular wall motion from real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography in patients with poor acoustic windows: effects of contrast enhancement tested against cardiac magnetic resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 886-893 (Pubitemid 43974917)
54. Li XC, Yao GH, Zhang C, et al. Quantification of regional volume and systolic function of the left ventricle by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Ultrasound Med Biol 2008; 34: 379-384 (Pubitemid 351625442)
55. Sengupta PP, Chandrasekaran K, Prince DJ, Dyke RA, Khandheria BK. Role of biplane echocardiography in a large-volume clinical practice: revamping strategies for echocardiography in a limited time. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 757-760 (Pubitemid 40909861)
56. Sugeng L, Kirkpatrick J, Lang RM, et al. Biplane stress echocardiography using a prototype matrix-array transducer. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16: 937-941 (Pubitemid 37390994)
57. Zwas DR, Takuma S, Mullis-Jansson S, et al. Feasibility of real-time 3-dimensional treadmill stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1999; 12: 285-289 (Pubitemid 29227958)
58. Takuma S, Cardinale C, Homma S. Real-time three-dimensional stress echocardiography: a review of current applications. Echocardiography 2000; 17: 791-794 (Pubitemid 32097000)
59. Armstrong WF. Stress echocardiography: introduction, history, and methods. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1997; 39: 499-522. (Pubitemid 27225070)
60. Armstrong WF, Pellikka PA, Ryan T, Crouse L, Zoghbi WA. Stress echocardiography: recommendations for performance and interpretation of stress echocardiography. Stress Echocardiography Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998; 11: 97-104.
61. Ahmad M, Xie T, McCulloch M, Abreo G, Runge M. Real-time three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography in assessment of ischemia: comparison with two-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 1303-1309 (Pubitemid 32295591)
62. Yang HS, Pellikka PA, McCully RB, et al. Role of biplane and biplane echocardiographically guided 3-dimensional echocardiography during dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 1136-1143
63. Matsumura Y, Hozumi T, Arai K, et al. Non-invasive assessment of myocardial ischaemia using new real-time three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography: comparison with conventional two-dimensional methods. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 1625-1632 (Pubitemid 41389693)
64. Eroglu E, D'hooge J, Herbots L, et al. Comparison of real-time tri-plane and conventional 2D dobutamine stress echocardiography for the assessment of coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 1719-1724
65. Pulerwitz T, Hirata K, Abe Y, et al. Feasibility of using a real-time 3-dimensional technique for contrast dobutamine stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 540-545
66. Aggeli C, Giannopoulos G, Misovoulos P, et al. Real-time three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography for coronary artery disease diagnosis: validation with coronary angiography. Heart 2007; 93: 672-675 (Pubitemid 46808263)
67. Nemes A, Geleijnse ML, Vlerter WB, Krenning BJ, Soliman OI, ten Cate FJ. Role of parasternal data acquisition during contrast enhanced real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Echocardiography 2007; 24: 1081-1085
68. Nemes A, Geleijnse ML, van Geuns RJ, et al. Dobutamine stress MRI versus threedimensional contrast echocardiography: It's all Black and White. Neth Heart J 2008; 16: 217-218
69. Takeuchi M, Otani S, Weinert L, Spencer KT, Lang RM. Comparison of contrast-enhanced real-time live 3-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography with contrast 2-dimensional echocardiography for detecting stress-induced wall-motion abnormalities. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 294-299 (Pubitemid 43267453)
70. Geleijnse ML, Nemes A, Vlerter WB. Response to: "Contrast-enhanced real-time 3-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography". J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 1076. (Pubitemid 44118706)
71. Krenning BJ, Nemes A, Soliman OI, et al. Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional dobutamine stress echocardiography: between Scylla and Charybdis? Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9: 757-60.
72. Varnero S, Santagata P, Pratali L, Basso M, Gandolfo A, Bellotti P. Head to head comparison of 2D vs real time 3D dipyridamole stress echocardiography. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 31.
73. Walimbe V, Garcia M, Lalude O, Thomas J, Shekhar R. Quantitative real-time 3-dimensional stress echocardiography: a preliminary investigation of feasibility and effectiveness. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 13-22. (Pubitemid 46048979)
74. Pellikka PA, Nagueh SF, Elhendy AA, Kuehl CA, Sawada SG, for the American Society of Echocardiography. American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for performance, interpretation, and application of stress echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 1021-1041
75. Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, et al. Stress echocardiography expert consensus statement: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9: 415-437
76. Toledo E, Lang RM, Collins KA, et al. Imaging and quantification of myocardial perfusion using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 146-154 (Pubitemid 43005179)
77. Bhan A, Kapetanakis S, Rana BS, et al. Real-time three-dimensional myocardial contrast echocardiography: is it clinically feasible? Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9: 761-765
78. Anderson LJ, Miyazaki C, Sutherland GR, Oh JK. Patient selection and echocardiographic assessment of dyssynchrony in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 2008; 117: 2009-2023 (Pubitemid 351543477)
79. Horstman JA, Monaghan MJ, Gill EA. Intraventricular dyssynchrony assessment by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Cardiol Clin 2007; 25: 253-260
80. Krenning BJ, Szili-Torok T, Voormolen MM, et al. Guiding and optimization of resynchronization therapy with dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography and segmental volume-time curves: a feasibility study. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 619-625 (Pubitemid 39070517)
81. Kapetanakis S, Kearney MT, Siva A, Gall N, Cooklin M, Monaghan MJ. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony. Circulation 2005; 112: 992-1000.
82. Marsan NA, Bleeker GB, Ypenburg C, et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography permits quantification of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony and predicts acute response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2008; 19: 392-399
83. van Dijk J, Knaapen P, Russel IK, et al. Mechanical dyssynchrony by 3D echo correlates with acute haemodynamic response to biventricular pacing in heart failure patients. Europace 2008; 10: 63-68 (Pubitemid 351767263)
84. Takeuchi M, Jacobs A, Sugeng L, et al. Assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony with real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with Doppler tissue imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007; 20: 1321-1329 (Pubitemid 350181329)
85. Burgess Ml, Jenkins C, Chan J, Marwick TH. Measurement of left ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: a comparison of real-time three-dimensional and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Heart 2007; 93: 1191-1196 (Pubitemid 47492901)
86. van Dijk J, Dijkmans PA, Götte MJ, Spreeuwenberg MD, Visser CA, Kamp O. Evaluation of global left ventricular function and mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with an asymptomatic left bundle branch block: a real-time 3D echocardiography study. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9: 40-46
87. Baker GH, Hlavacek AM, Chessa KS, Fleming DM, Shirali GS. Left ventricular dysfunction is associated with intraventricular dyssynchrony by 3-dimensional echocardiography in children. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 230-233
88. Liu WH, Chen MC, Chen YL, et al. Right ventricular apical pacing acutely impairs left ventricular function and induces mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with sick sinus syndrome: a real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 224-229
89. Wu CT, Wang CL, Luqman N, Kuo CT. Pacing-related acute pulmonary edema and mechanical asynchrony illustrated by three-dimensional echocardiography. Europace 2007; 9: 325-7. (Pubitemid 47079253)
90. Porciani MC, Rao CM, Mochi M, et al. A real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic validation of an intracardiac electrogram-based method for optimizing cardiac resynchronization therapy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2008; 31: 56-63.
91. Becker M, Hoffmann R, Schmitz F, et al. Relation of optimal lead positioning as defined by three-dimensional echocardiography to long-term benefit of cardiac resynchronization. Am J Cardiol 2007; 100: 1671-1676 (Pubitemid 350122330)
92. Marsan NA, Henneman MM, Chen J, et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography as a novel approach to quantify left ventricular dyssynchrony: a comparison study with phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2008; 21: 801-807
93. Mor-Avi V, Sugeng L, Weinert L, et al. Fast measurement of left ventricular mass with real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2004; 110: 1814-1818 (Pubitemid 39299223)
94. Caiani EG, Corsi C, Sugeng L, et al. Improved quantification of left ventricular mass based on endocardial and epicardial surface detection with real time three dimensional echocardiography. Heart 2006; 92: 213-219 (Pubitemid 43131964)
95. Qin JX, Shiota T, Thomas JD. Determination of left ventricular volume, ejection fraction, and myocardial mass by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Echocardiography 2000; 17: 781-786 (Pubitemid 32096998)
96. Oe H, Hozumi T, Arai K, et al. Comparison of accurate measurement of left ventricular mass in patients with hypertrophied hearts by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography versus magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2005; 95: 1263-1267 (Pubitemid 40616440)
97. van den Bosch AE, Robbers-Visser D, Krenning BJ, et al. Comparison of real-time three-dimensional echocardiography to magnetic resonance imaging for assessment of left ventricular mass. Am J Cardiol 2006; 97: 113-117 (Pubitemid 41828133)
98. Badano LP, Dall'Armellina E, Monaghan MJ, et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: technological gadget or clinical tool? J Cardiovasc Med 2007; 8: 144-162
99. Yap SC, van Geuns RJ, Nemes A, et al. Rapid and accurate measurement of LV mass by biplane real-time 3D echocardiography in patients with concentric LV hypertrophy: comparison to CMR. Eur J Echocardiogr 2008; 9: 255-260 (Pubitemid 351665192)
100. Hare JL, Jenkins C, Nakatani S, Ogawa A, Yu CM, Marwick TH. Feasibility and clinical decision-making with 3D echocardiography in routine practice. Heart 2008; 94: 440-445 Studio sull'impatto dell'ecocardiografia tridimensionale in tempo reale sulle decisioni cliniche nella pratica cardiologica di routine.
101. Mannaerts HF, van der Heide JA, Kamp O, Stoel MG, Twisk J, Visser CA. Early identification of left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction, assessed by transthoracic 3D echocardiography. Eur Heart J 2004; 25: 680-687 (Pubitemid 38579497)
102. Yang NI, Hung MJ, Cherng WJ, Wang CH, Cheng CW, Kuo LT. Analysis of left ventricular changes after acute myocardial infarction using transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Angiology 2008; 59: 688-694
103. Mele D, Teoli R, Cittanti C, et al. Assessment of left ventricular volume and function by integration of simplified 3D echocardiography, tissue harmonic imaging and automated extraction of endocardial borders. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2004; 20: 191-202. (Pubitemid 38519147)
104. Krenning BJ, Voormolen MM, Geleijnse ML, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis of left ventricular function during hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract 2007; 107: c43-c49. (Pubitemid 47557267)
105. Butter C, Wellnhofer E, Seifert M, et al. Time course of left ventricular volumes in severe congestive heart failure patients treated by optimized AV sequential left ventricular pacing alone - a 3-dimensional echocardiographic study. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 115-123 (Pubitemid 41815339)
106. Chuang ML, Hibberd MG, Salton CJ, et al. Importance of imaging method over imaging modality in noninvasive determination of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction: assessment by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 477-484
107. Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Kim WY, et al. Tissue Doppler imaging predicts improved systolic performance and reversed left ventricular remodeling during long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 723-730 (Pubitemid 34928268)
108. Kim WY, Sogaard P, Egeblad H, Andersen NT, Kristensen B. Three-dimensional echocardiography with tissue harmonic imaging shows excellent reproducibility in assessment of left ventricular volumes. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2001; 14: 612-617 (Pubitemid 33100005)
109. Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC, Poulsen SH, et al. Biventricular pacing preserves left ventricular performance in patients with high-grade atrio-ventricular block: a randomized comparison with DDD(R) pacing in 50 consecutive patients. Europace 2008; 10: 314-320
110. Albertsen AE, Nielsen JC, Poulsen SH, et al. DDD(R)-pacing, but not AAI(R)-pacing induces left ventricular desynchronization in patients with sick sinus syndrome: tissue-Doppler and 3D echocardiographic evaluation in a randomized controlled comparison. Europace 2008; 10: 127-133
111. Galzerano D, Tammaro P, Cerciello A, et al. Freehand three-dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of the effect of telmisartan compared with hydrochlorothiazide on left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension: a multicentre study. J Hum Hypertens 2004; 18: 53-59 (Pubitemid 38165522)
112. Galzerano D, Tammaro P, del Viscovo L, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiographic and magnetic resonance assessment of the effect of telmisartan compared with carvedilol on left ventricular mass a multicenter, randomized, longitudinal study. Am J Hypertens 2005; 18: 1563-1569 (Pubitemid 41818964)
113. Gopal AS, Schnellbaecher MJ, Shen Z, Boxt LM, Katz J, King DL. Freehand three-dimensional echocardiography for determination of left ventricular volume and mass in patients with abnormal ventricles: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1997; 10: 853-861 (Pubitemid 127799966)
114. Pepi M, Tamborini G, Pontone G, et al. Initial experience with a new on-line transthoracic three-dimensional technique: assessment of feasibility and of diagnostic potential. Ital Heart J 2003; 4: 544-550
115. Correale M, leva R, Balzano M, Di Biase M. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a pilot feasibility study in an Italian cardiologic center. J Cardiovasc Med 2007; 8: 265-273