A social-cognitive perspective of terrorism risk perception and individual response in Canada

Risk Analysis

Volumn 29, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 1265-1280

  Lee, Jennifer E C ^a,b   Lemyre, Louise ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

^b DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CANADA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Individual preparedness; Risk perception; Social cognition; Terrorism; Worry

Indexed keywords

AFFECTIVE FACTORS; AFFECTIVE RESPONSE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; CHEMICAL , BIOLOGICAL , RADIOLOGICAL , NUCLEAR; COGNITIVE FACTORS; CONTEXTUAL FACTORS; COPING EFFICACY; INDIVIDUAL PREPAREDNESS; INFORMATION SEEKING; SEPTEMBER 11; SOCIAL-COGNITION; TERRORISM; TERRORISM RISKS; WORRY;

QUALITY ASSURANCE; RISK ANALYSIS;

RISK PERCEPTION;

CHEMICAL AGENT; EXPLOSIVE;

BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE; COGNITION; RISK PERCEPTION; TERRORISM;

ARTICLE; ATOMIC WARFARE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR; CANADA; COGNITION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MALE; PERCEPTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOCIAL ASPECT; TERRORISM;

CANADA; COGNITION; HUMANS; RISK ASSESSMENT; TERRORISM;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 69049096127     PISSN: 02724332     EISSN: 15396924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2009.01264.x     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Al-Krenawi A, Lev-Wiesel R, Sehwail MA. Psychological symptomatology among Palestinian male and female adolescents living under political violence 2004-2005. Community Mental Health Journal, 2007 43 : 49 56.
2. DiMaggio C, Galea S. The behavioral consequences of terrorism: A meta-analysis. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2006 13 : 559 566.
3. Hall MJ, Norwood AE, Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS. The psychological impacts of bioterrorism. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 2003 1 : 139 144.
4. Greenberg M, Craighill P, Greenberg A. Trying to understand behavioral responses to terrorism: Personal civil liberties, environmental hazards, and U.S. resident reactions to the September 11, 2001 attacks. Human Ecology Review, 2004 11 : 165 176.
5. Kron S, Mendlovic S. The mental health consequences of bioterrorism. Israel Medical Association Journal, 2002 4 : 524 527.
6. Schuster MA, Stein BD, Jaycox LH, Collins RL, Marshall GN, Elliott MN, Zhou AJ, Kanouse DE, Morrison JL, Berry SH. A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 2001 345 : 1507 1512.
7. Stein BD, Tanielian TL, Eisenman DP, Keyser DJ, Burnam MA, Pincus HA. Emotional and behavioral consequences of bioterrorism: Planning a public health response. Milbank Quarterly, 2004 82 : 413 455.
8. Rubin GJ, Brewin CR, Greenberg N, Simpson J, Wessely S. Psychological and behavioural reactions to the bombings on July 7 2005: Cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of Londoners. British Medical Journal, 2005 331 : 606 611.
9. Henstra D, McBean G. Canadian disaster management policy: Moving toward a paradigm shift Canadian Public Policy/Analyse de Politiques, 2005 31 : 303 318.
10. MacLeod I. Terror plot targeted Canadian jets. Ottawa Citizen, April 3, 2008. Available at : http://www.canada.com/globaltv/national/story.html?id= e9b8bae5-9bf2-4877-b897-09fb6ce1d75d&k=69579, Accessed on April 3, 2008.
11. Slovic P. The Perception of Risk. Sterling, VA : Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2002.
12. Duval TS, Mulilis J-P. A person-relative-to-event (PrE) approach to negative threat appeals and earthquake preparedness: A field study. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1999 29 : 495 516.
13. Mulilis J-P, Duval TS. Negative threat appeals and earthquake preparedness: A person-relative-to-event (PrE) model of coping with threat. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1995 25 : 1319 1339.
14. Mulilis J-P, Duval TS. The PrE model of coping and tornado preparedness: Moderating effects of responsibility. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1997 27 : 1750 1766.
15. Paton D, Smith L, Johnston D. When good intentions turn bad: Promoting natural hazard preparedness. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 2005 20 : 25 30.
16. Rogers RW. A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 1975 91 : 93 114.
17. Rogers RW. Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. Pp. 153 176 in Cacioppo JR, Petty RE (eds). Social Psychophysiology: A Source Book. New York : Guilford Press, 1983.
18. Witte K. Theory-Based Interventions and Evaluations of Outreach Efforts. Seattle, WA : National Network of Libraries of Medicine Pacific Northwest Region, Outreach Evaluation Resource Center Research Review, 1998. Available at : http://nnlm.gov/evaluation/pub/witte/, Accessed on March 9, 2007.
19. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1991 50 : 179 211.
20. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA : Addison-Wesley, 1975.
21. Quarantelli EL. Community crises: An exploratory comparison of characteristics and consequences of disasters and riots. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 1993 1 : 67 78.
22. Peek LA, Sutton JN. An exploratory comparison of disasters, riots, and terrorist acts. Disasters, 2003 27 : 319 335.
23. Fullerton CS, Ursano RJ, Norwood AE, Holloway HH. Trauma, terrorism, and disaster. Pp. 1 20 in Ursano RJ, Fullerton CS, Norwood AE (eds). Terrorism and Disaster: Individual and Community Mental Health Interventions. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2003.
24. Norris FH. Range, Magnitude, and Duration of the Effects of Disasters on Mental Health: Review Update 2005. White River Junction, VT : Research Education in Disaster Mental Health Report, 2005. Available at : http://www.redmh.org/ research/general/REDMH-effects.pdf, Accessed on December 5, 2008.
25. Sunstein CR. Terrorism and probability neglect. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2002 26 : 121 136.
26. Slovic P, Weber EU. Perception of risk posed by extreme events. Paper presented at the conference "Risk Management Strategies in an Uncertain World New York, April, 2002. Available at : http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/ ∼harperr3/slovic-wp.pdf, Accessed on December 19, 2008.
27. Eisenman DP, Wold C, Fielding J, Long A, Setodji C, Hickey S, Gelberg L. Differences in individual-level terrorism preparedness in Los Angeles County. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2006 30 : 1 6.
28. Fischhoff B, de Bruine WB, Perrin W, Downs J. Travel risks in a time of terror: Judgments and choices. Risk Analysis, 2004 24 : 1301 1309.
29. Goodwin R, Willson M, Gaines S Jr. Terror threat perception and its consequences in contemporary Britain. British Journal of Psychology, 2005 96 : 389 406.
30. Huddy L, Feldman S, Capelos T, Provost C. The consequences of terrorism: Disentangling the effects of personal and national threat. Political Psychology, 2002 23 : 485 509.
31. Bergstrom RL, McCaul KD. Perceived risk and worry: The effects of 9/11 on willingness to fly. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2004 34 : 1846 1856.
32. Kobbeltved T, Brun W, Johnsen BH, Eid J. Risk as feelings or risk and feelings? A cross-lagged panel analysis. Journal of Risk Research, 2005 8 : 417 437.
33. Lerner JS, Gonzalez RM, Small DA, Fischhoff B. Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment. Psychological Science, 2003 14 : 144 150.
34. Lee JEC, Dallaire C, Lemyre L. Qualitative analysis of cognitive and contextual determinants of individual response to terrorism. Health, Risk & Society, in press.
35. Lemyre L, Lee JEC, Krewski D. Canadian National Public Survey of Perceived CBRN Terrorism Threat and Preparedness: A Research Report for the CBRN Research and Technology Initiative. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : University of Ottawa, Institute of Population Health Report, 2005.
36. Lee JEC, Lemyre L, Krewski D. A multi-method, multi-hazard approach to explore the uniqueness of terrorism risk perceptions and worry. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, in press.
37. Mathews A. Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1990 28 : 455 468.
38. Dallaire C, Krewski D, Lemyre L, Bouchard L, Brand K, Mercier P. Project 1.1: Interviewing Canadians about health risk perception and acceptability. In Krewski D, Lemyre L, Bouchard L, Brand K, Dallaire C, Mercier P (eds). Public Perception and Acceptable Levels of Health Risk Among Canadians: A Research Report to Health Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : Health Canada, Research Management and Dissemination Division Report, No, 6795-15-2002 /4770021, 2005.
39. Krewski D, Lemyre L, Turner MC, Lee JEC, Dallaire C, Bouchard L, Brand K, Mercier P. Project 2.1: National survey of health risk perception and acceptability in Canadians. In Krewski D, Lemyre L, Bouchard L, Brand K, Dallaire C, Mercier P (eds). Public Perception and Acceptable Levels of Health Risk Among Canadians: A Research Report to Health Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : Health Canada, Research Management and Dissemination Division Report, No, 6795-15-2002/4770021, 2005.
40. Geffken-Graham S. The Threat of Terrorism: A Pilot Study of Cognitive Appraisals and Worry in the Canadian Population. Unpublished Honour's thesis, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : University of Ottawa, 2004.
41. Lee JEC, Lemyre L. Confiance envers les fonctionnaires de l'État et perception des risques de terrorisme au Canada. [Trust in government officials and the perception of terrorism risks in Canada]. Poster presented at the annual congress of the Association canadienne francophone pour l'avancement des sciences, Montréal, Québec, Canada, May, 2004.
42. Lindsay C. Coping with the Threat of Terrorism: Relationship Between Coping Behaviours and Worry in Various Life Domains. Unpublished Honour's thesis, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : University of Ottawa, 2004.
43. Lemyre L, Clément M, Gibson S. Summary Report on the Focus Groups Held with Members of the Public on the Psychosocial Aspects of CBRN Terrorism. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada : University of Ottawa, Institute of Population Health Report, 2004.
44. Davis LE, LaTourette T, Mosher DE, Davis LM, Howell DR. Individual Preparedness and Response to Chemical, Radiological, Nuclear, and Biological Terrorist Attacks: A Quick Guide. Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2003.
45. Lee JEC, Gibson S, Markon M-PL, Lemyre L. A preventive coping perspective of individual response to terrorism in Canada. Current Psychology: A Journal of Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 2009 28 : 69 84.
46. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986 51 : 1173 1182.
47. Sobel ME. Asymptomatic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equations models. Pp. 290 312 in Leinhart S (ed). Sociological Methodology. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass, 1982.
48. Soper DS. Sobel test calculator. In Free Statistics Calculators Online Software, 2007. Available at : http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc, Accessed on April 15, 2007.
49. Sjöberg L. Worry and risk perception. Risk Analysis, 1998 18 : 85 93.
50. Helsoot I, Ruitenberg A. Citizen response to disasters: A survey of literature and some practical implications. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 2004 12 : 98 111.
51. Lindell MK, Perry RW. Preparedness for emergency response: Guidelines for the emergency planning process. Disasters, 2003 27 : 336 350.
52. Bonetti D, Johnston M, Rodriguez-Marin J, Pastor M, Martin-Aragon M, Doherty E, Sheehan K. Dimensions of perceived control: A factor analysis of three measures and an examination of their relation to activity level and mood in a student and cross-cultural patient sample. Psychology and Health, 2001 16 : 655 674.
53. Klar Y, Zakay D, Sharvit K. "If I don't get blown up..." Realism in the face of terrorism in an Israeli nationwide sample. Risk Decision and Policy, 2002 7 : 203 219.
54. Walker J. Control and the Psychology of Health. Buckingham, UK : Open University Press, 2001.
55. Wallston KA, Wallston BS. Health locus of control scales. Pp. 189 244 in Lefcourt HM (ed). Research with the Locus of Control Construct, Volume 1. Assessment methods. New York : Academic Press, 1981.
56. Weinstein ND. The precaution adoption process. Health Psychology, 1988 7 : 355 386.
57. Weinstein ND. Testing four competing theories of health-protective behaviour. Health Psychology, 1993 12 : 324 333.
58. Weinstein ND. Perceived probability, perceived severity, and health-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 2000 19 : 65 74.
59. Weinstein ND, Sandman PM, Roberts NE. Determinants of self-protective behavior: Home radon testing. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1990 20 : 783 801.
60. Baranowski T, Perry CL, Parcel GS. How individuals, environments, and health behavior interact. Pp. 165 184 in Glanz K, Rimer BK, Lewis FM (eds). Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass, 2002.
61. Janz NK, Becker MH. The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 1984 11 : 1 47.
62. Tierney KJ. Disaster Preparedness and Response: Research Findings and Guidance from the Social Science Literature. Newark, DE : Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware Report, preliminary paper No. 193, 1993. Available at : http://www.udel.edu/DRC/preliminary/193.pdf, Accessed on April 14, 2007.
63. Weinstein ND, Nicholich M. Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Health Psychology, 1993 12 : 235 245.
64. Allen M, Ambrose D, Halpenny G, Simmie T. Telephone refusal rates still rising: Results of the 2002 Response Rate Survey, 2003. Available at : http://www.mria-arim.ca/COMMITTEES/ResponseArticle01.asp, Accessed on June 21, 2007.
65. Wilson K, Roe B, Wright L. Telephone or face-to-face interviews? A decision made on the basis of a pilot study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 1998 35 : 314 321.
66. Palmer RF, Graham JW, Taylor B, Tatterson J. Construct validity in health behavior research: Interpreting latent variable models involving self-report and objective measures. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2002 25 : 525 550.
67. Gebhardt WA, Maes S. Integrating social-psychological frameworks for health behavior research. American Journal of Health Behavior, 2001 25 : 528 536.
68. Ogden J. Some problems with social cognition models: A pragmatic and conceptual analysis. Health Psychology, 2003 22 : 424 428.
69. Sutton S. Predicting and explaining intentions and behavior: How well are we doing Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 1998 28 : 1317 1338.
70. Finnis K. Creating a Resilient New Zealand: Can Public Education and Community Development Campaigns Create Prepared Communities? An Examination of Preparedness Motivation Strategies. Wellington, New Zealand : Ministry of Civil Defence & Emergency Management Report, 2004. Available at : http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN019474.pdf, Accessed on April 14, 2007.
71. Brenot J, Bonnefous S, Marris C. Testing the cultural theory of risk in France. Risk Analysis, 1998 18 : 729 739.
72. Tulloch J, Lupton D. Risk and Everyday Life. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, 2003.